Deck 12: Forces of Evolutionary Change

Question 1

The geologist who suggested that natural processes are slow and steady and that the Earth is much older than 6,000 years was

A) Charles Darwin.
B) Charles Lyell.
C) Alfred Russel Wallace.
D) Jean Lamarck.
E) Georges Buffon.

Answer 1

B
Explanation: We now know that Earth's age is in the order of billions of years.

Question 2

The mode of natural selection in which two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype is

A) directional selection.
B) stabilizing selection.
C) disruptive selection.
D) artificial selection.
E) uniformitarianism.

Answer 2

C
Explanation: Disruptive selection tends to drive a population into two segments which can evolve further into separate species.

Question 3

Changes in heritable traits in a population through multiple generations is called

A) heredity.
B) mitosis.
C) phenotype.
D) evolution.
E) genotype.

Answer 3

D
Explanation: Evolution explains the change in the organisms we see and their connection to past life forms.

Question 4

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p + q = 1,p and q represent the frequency of alleles in a population of diploid organisms if

A) two or more alleles exist for that gene.
B) two or more genes are needed to express a trait.
C) only two alleles exist for that gene.
D) the trait is polygenic.
E) only one allele exists for that gene.

Question 5

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will not occur in a population in which

A) mutations do not occur.
B) individuals mate at random.
C) natural selection does not occur.
D) individuals immigrate or emigrate.
E) sexual selection does not occur.

Question 6

Who authored the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection?

A) Alfred Russel Wallace
B) Jean Lamarck
C) Georges Buffon
D) Charles Darwin
E) Charles Lyell

Question 7

The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is

A) directional selection.
B) disruptive selection.
C) stabilizing selection.
D) artificial selection.
E) uniformitarianism.

Question 8

At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,allele frequencies

A) change from one generation to the next so evolution occurs.
B) remain constant from one generation to the next so evolution occurs.
C) change from one generation to the next so evolution does not occur.
D) remain constant from one generation to the next so evolution does not occur.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 9

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p² + 2pq + q² = 1,2pq represents the frequency of

A) homozygous recessive individuals.
B) homozygous dominant individuals.
C) heterozygous individuals.
D) homozygous recessive and heterozygous individuals.
E) homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals.

Question 10

The observable properties of genes is an organism's

A) genotype.
B) phenotype.
C) allele frequency.
D) gene pool.
E) macroevolution.

Question 11

In 1749,________,a French naturalist,became one of the first scientists to suggest that closely related species arose from a common ancestor.

A) Charles Darwin
B) Georges Buffon
C) James Hutton
D) Georges Cuvier
E) Charles Lyell

Question 12

If you were going to apply the principles of Darwin to business,you would allow employees to submit a wide range of ideas and then test many,keeping the winners because in evolution,natural selection 

A) neither preserves nor rejects harmful variations in a population.
B) preserves harmful variations and rejects favorable variations in a population.
C) preserves favorable and harmful variations in a population.
D) preserves favorable variations and rejects harmful variations in a population.
E) No answer is correct.

Question 13

The entire collection of genes and alleles is a population's

A) genotype.
B) phenotype.
C) dominant traits.
D) recessive traits.
E) gene pool.

Question 14

Individuals,who have one normal allele and one sickle cell allele,are able to resist malaria.This gives them a better chance of reaching reproductive age.This is known as

A) heterozygote advantage.
B) homozygote advantage.
C) artificial selection.
D) heterozygote disadvantage.
E) dominant advantage.

Question 15

Small,generation-by-generation changes to a population's gene pool is

A) uniformitarianism.
B) artificial selection.
C) microevolution.
D) natural selection.
E) macroevolution.

Question 16

The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is

A) directional selection.
B) disruptive selection.
C) stabilizing selection.
D) artificial selection.
E) uniformitarianism.

Question 17

The three types of natural selection are

A) directional selection, artificial selection, and disruptive selection.
B) directional selection, artificial selection, and normalizing selection.
C) disruptive selection, stabilizing selection, and normalizing selection.
D) disruptive selection, stabilizing selection, and artificial selection.
E) directional selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection.

Question 18

Darwin referred to a gradual change from an ancestral type as

A) uniformitarianism.
B) descent with modification.
C) fossils.
D) natural selection.
E) special creation.

Question 19

In 1809,________,a French taxonomist,suggested that organisms that use one part of their body repeatedly would increase their abilities.

A) Charles Darwin
B) Alfred Russel Wallace
C) Jean Lamarck
D) Georges Buffon
E) Charles Lyell

Question 20

Antibiotic resistance is becoming more common in disease-causing bacteria because

A) antibiotics are used in feed for livestock.
B) antibiotics are sometimes prescribed for viral infections (due to pressure from patients).
C) some patients do not take the antibiotics as directed.
D) antibiotics are used to treat infections in cattle, chickens, and other animals used for agricultural purposes.
E) All answers are correct.

Question 21

The few ancestors of the Galápagos finches who colonized the islands is an example of

A) the bottleneck effect.
B) natural selection.
C) increased mutation rate.
D) artificial selection.
E) the founder effect.

Question 22

Darwin obtained which of the following in the Essay on the Principle of Population by Malthus?

A) Organisms are varied and some variations are inherited.
B) Populations grow constantly.
C) An individual's chance of survival is random.
D) Species do not change over time.
E) More individuals of a population are born than survive to reproduce.

Question 23

Use the Hardy-Weinberg equations: p + q = 1 and p² + 2pq + q² = 1.If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8,what percent of the population will be homozygous dominant?

A) 0.32
B) 0.16
C) 0.04
D) 0.64
E) 0.40

Question 24

The North American bison was hunted to near-extinction in the 1800s.It has since recovered,but with decreased genetic diversity.This is an example of

A) the founder effect.
B) the bottleneck effect.
C) natural selection.
D) increased mutation rate.
E) artificial selection.

Question 25

Evolution answers the question of how life began.

Question 26

Ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food.This led to ________ for giraffes with longer necks.

A) stabilizing selection
B) disruptive selection
C) artificial selection
D) sexual selection
E) directional selection

Question 27

Natural selection is a random process.

Question 28

Darwin believed that because of "differential reproductive success" a population would change over time.

Question 29

A male peacock has enormous tail feathers that it uses in mating displays to attract females.While the tail feathers are an advantage in mating,what is the potential disadvantage of these feathers to the male?

A) The feathers require a lot of energy to produce.
B) Bright feathers make males less susceptible to predation.
C) The feathers make the male more attractive to other males.
D) There are no disadvantages to having large tail feathers.
E) The large tail feathers would make it easier to fly.

Question 30

Sexually dimorphic features do not include

A) colored plumage.
B) intelligence.
C) antlers.
D) body size.
E) horns.

Question 31

The hundreds of dog breeds are a product of natural selection.

Question 32

Ancestors of the Galápagos finches had two different types of seeds to eat on some islands.Some seeds were very small and required small beaks to handle.Other seeds were very large and required large strong beaks to crack.This led to ________ among the Galápagos finches.

A) directional selection
B) stabilizing selection
C) disruptive selection
D) artificial selection
E) sexual selection

Question 33

Ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food.This led to ________ for giraffes with longer necks.

A) stabilizing selection
B) disruptive selection
C) artificial selection
D) sexual selection
E) directional selection

Question 34

If an environment changes rapidly,organisms with ________ will be more likely to survive and reproduce.

A) existing beneficial mutations
B) existing neutral mutations
C) the ability to produce beneficial mutations
D) the ability to adapt their genotype
E) All the answer choices are correct.

Question 35

The founder effect occurs when

A) large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves.
B) small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves.
C) many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity.
D) many members of a population reproduce causing too much genetic diversity within the population.
E) small groups of individuals leave their home population and join established settlements, and mating with natives.

Question 36

Use the Hardy-Weinberg equations: p + q = 1 and p² + 2pq + q² = 1.If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8,what percentage of the population will be heterozygous?

A) 32%
B) 16%
C) 64%
D) 4%
E) 20%

Question 37

Artificial selection is responsible for many vegetable varieties.

Question 38

Babies that are at a low birth weight are more likely to have health problems,while women will have difficulty delivering babies with high birth weight.Together this leads to ________ for babies of average birth weight.

A) stabilizing selection
B) disruptive selection
C) directional selection
D) artificial selection
E) sexual selection

Question 39

Farmers and horticulturalists bred broccoli,cauliflower,kale,and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through

A) artificial selection.
B) evolution.
C) genetic drift.
D) natural selection.
E) sexual selection.

Question 40

Which type of genetic drift occurs when many members of a population die,resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity?

A) the founder effect
B) the bottleneck effect
C) the directional effect
D) the selective effect
E) None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 41

Sexual selection is a type of natural selection resulting from variation in the ability to obtain mates.

Question 42

The frequency of the sickle cell allele is kept up by the heterozygote advantage under natural selection.

Question 43

Natural populations usually fulfill the conditions needed for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Question 44

In an evolutionary sense,"fitness" refers to an organism's contribution to the next generation's gene pool.

Question 45

Evolution occurs in individuals,not populations.

Question 46

The chance that a mutation will occur is independent of whether a new phenotype will benefit a population.

Question 47

Since the conditions needed for the Hardy-Weinberg principle do not occur in real populations,this principle has no importance in population studies.

Question 48

Evolution occurs

A) over generations.
B) during one lifetime.
C) at birth of an organism.
D) when a mutation occurs.
E) All answers are correct.

Question 49

You observe that red sea turtles have become more common over time in a previously all-green population.You attribute the change to a selective advantage for the red phenotype,leading to a change in allele frequency.

Question 50

Evolution must include a change in

A) the gene pool of a population.
B) the genes of an individual.
C) the dominant phenotype.
D) the recessive phenotype.
E) the percentage of individuals in a population with the dominant phenotype.