Deck 15: Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

Why do prokaryotes reproduce more rapidly than single-celled eukaryotes?

A) Only prokaryotes use asexual reproduction.
B) Prokaryotes have much less DNA than eukaryotes.
C) Prokaryotes live in more diverse environments.
D) Prokaryotes use pili to adhere to each other.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of these comparisons is correct?

A) Eukaryotes are more abundant than prokaryotes.
B) Prokaryotes reproduce at a slower rate than eukaryotes.
C) Bacteria are more widespread than archaeans.
D) Prokaryotes show more diversity in metabolism than eukaryotes.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Individuals who participate in research as experimental subjects are

A) data collectors.
B) citizen scientists.
C) professional scientists.
D) data analyzers.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Prokaryotes are capable of reproducing more rapidly than eukaryotes because prokaryotes

A) have smaller ribosomes.
B) use asexual reproduction.
C) have less genetic material.
D) have more flexible plasma membranes.

Question 5

Which of the following pairs of domains are MOST closely related?

A) Bacteria and Archaea
B) Bacteria and Eukarya
C) Archaea and Eukarya
D) Domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya are equally related.

Question 6

The generation time for a prokaryote is 30 minutes.If one cell is present on a petri dish,how many cells will be present after three hours?

A) 16
B) 32
C) 64
D) 86

Question 7

Escherichia coli,a bacterium that normally lives in the gut of humans,will have the shortest generation time when it is found

A) on foods in a refrigerator set to a low temperature.
B) on the inside of a toilet at room temperature.
C) in an incubator set close to human body temperature.
D) on foods left out at room temperature.

Question 8

Which of the following groups of characteristics defines prokaryotes?

A) single-celled, membrane-enclosed organelles, nucleus, asexual reproduction
B) single or multicellular, no nucleus, single loop of DNA, sexual reproduction
C) single-celled, single loop of DNA, no membrane-enclosed organelles, asexual reproduction
D) single or multicellular, no nucleus, single loop of DNA, sexual reproduction

Question 9

Professional scientists benefit from citizen science because citizens

A) review their experimental designs.
B) increase their ability to collect samples.
C) help report results from studies to other citizens.
D) help make science fun.

Question 10

Citizens use an app to document the location of ash trees in their community.These citizen scientists are participating

A) in data analysis.
B) in experimental design.
C) in data collection.
D) as experimental subjects.

Question 11

Bacteria and archaea are both classified as

A) eukaryotes.
B) protists.
C) fungi.
D) prokaryotes.

Question 12

If a professional scientist is trying to build an extensive database of bacterial swabs from humans in all parts of the world,what is the most cost-effective way to increase the number of samples collected in a one-year time period?

A) Train citizens to collect samples from the public.
B) Hire more researchers to travel around the world.
C) Send a single professional scientist to locations throughout the world.
D) Pay for citizens around the world to travel to a central laboratory where samples will be collected.

Question 13

Citizen science projects contribute to scientific research by the public

A) collectively forming hypotheses for experiments.
B) designing and carrying out experiments.
C) participating in the collection of data.
D) peer-reviewing professional research.

Question 14

Many bacteria have a shorter generation time at warmer temperatures.Why do food safety guidelines recommend rapidly cooling leftover foods and maintaining them at refrigerator temperatures?

A) Prokaryotes are incapable of reproducing at refrigerator temperatures.
B) Many bacteria reach disease-causing levels rapidly when food is warm.
C) Refrigerator temperatures reduce the amount of oxygen available for aerobic bacteria.
D) Prokaryotes require light for reproduction and the inside of a refrigerator is dark.

Question 15

A prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell are placed in an environment ideal for growth of both cells.After 24 hours it is observed that the prokaryote cell population is significantly higher than the eukaryote cell population.This has occurred because prokaryotes

A) use quorum sensing to inhibit growth of eukaryotes.
B) have a simpler structure, which allows more rapid reproduction.
C) were the earliest life-forms on Earth.
D) are single-celled and eukaryotes are all multicellular.

Question 16

Prokaryotes have an optimum temperature for growth.If a prokaryote can divide into two cells every 20 minutes when the temperature is 37ᵒC,what would happen if the temperature dropped to 35ᵒC?

A) The prokaryote would continue to divide every 20 minutes.
B) The generation time would increase.
C) The generation time would decrease.
D) The prokaryote would be unable to divide.

Question 17

As shown in the figure below,a single bacterium has a generation time of 10 minutes.Approximately how much time will have passed when the population is 100 cells?

A) 20 minutes
B) 50 minutes
C) 70 minutes
D) 100 minutes

Question 18

An experiment is performed to see if an antiseptic will change the skin microbiome.Skin swabs are used before an antiseptic is applied,after the antiseptic is applied,and on the same area 48 hours later.It is observed that the antiseptic drastically reduced the numbers of Staphyloccocus and other bacteria.After 48 hours Staphylococcus reappears as the most common species.What can be inferred from these results?

A) Antiseptics are only effective against one type of bacteria.
B) Staphylococcus has a short generation time.
C) Staphylococcus tolerates oxygen better than other bacteria.
D) Staphylococcus uses sporulation to survive antiseptic treatment.

Question 19

As a group,prokaryotes

A) live in extreme environments and lack a nucleus.
B) are single-celled and possess pili.
C) are single-celled and lack a nucleus.
D) obtain energy from inorganic chemicals.

Question 20

A single-celled organism has linear DNA enclosed within a nucleus.This organism must be a(n)

A) eukaryote because it has a nucleus.
B) bacterium because it is single-celled.
C) archaean because it has linear DNA.
D) prokaryote because it has a nucleus.

Question 21

In which of the following environments would archaea be expected but not bacteria?

A) a hydrothermal vent
B) a belly button
C) water in a cave
D) dead matter in shallow water

Question 22

The term "extremophiles" is sometimes used to describe ________ based on the environments in which they live.

A) archaeans
B) bacteria
C) prokaryotes
D) eukaryotes

Question 23

Which of the following prokaryotes would be MOST likely to survive a full year in a freezing arctic tundra?

A) an anaerobic bacterium
B) an aerobic bacterium
C) a bacterium capable of sporulation
D) a nitrogen-fixing bacterium

Question 24

Cells that lack membrane-enclosed organelles and have a single loop of DNA may be

A) bacteria only.
B) archaea only.
C) eukaryotes only.
D) either bacteria or archaea.

Question 25

If one forgets to brush his or her teeth,bacteria may use ________ to attach onto the surface of the teeth.

A) flagella
B) pili
C) capsules
D) plasma membranes

Question 26

Archaeans found in deep-sea hydrothermal vents would be expected to

A) use carbon dioxide in photosynthesis.
B) obtain energy from inorganic chemicals.
C) produce oxygen gas as a by-product.
D) obtain energy from sunlight.

Question 27

A water sample is taken from a mineral hot spring.The water is found to be highly acidic.Which of the following organisms is MOST likely to be living in this sample?

A) a eukaryotic rotifer
B) a bacterium typically found living in belly buttons
C) an archaean
D) a multicellular eukaryote

Question 28

Structures produced by bacteria,but not archaeans,that are extremely resistant to boiling and freezing temperatures are

A) spores.
B) plasmids.
C) ribosomes.
D) pili.

Question 29

Small loops of extra DNA in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes are called

A) spores.
B) plasmids.
C) ribosomes.
D) pili.

Question 30

A disease-causing bacterium may be protected from the immune system by a slippery

A) pilus.
B) flagellum.
C) capsule.
D) cell wall.

Question 31

Prokaryotes that are observed attaching onto nonliving surfaces most likely possess

A) pili.
B) a capsule.
C) a flagellum.
D) a nucleus.

Question 32

Bacterial conjugation is the process in which a bacterium

A) splits in two.
B) exchanges DNA directly with another bacterium.
C) adheres to a surface to form a biofilm.
D) takes in DNA from its environment.

Question 33

Compared to the domain Bacteria,the domain Archaea tends to live

A) in environments with more oxygen.
B) more frequently on human skin.
C) in more mild environments.
D) in more extreme environments.

Question 34

Archaeans known as halophiles would most likely be found living in a(n)

A) salt lake.
B) mineral hot spring.
C) deep-sea hydrothermal vent.
D) abandoned copper mine.

Question 35

Archaeans are often referred to as "extremophiles" because they are

A) capable of living in extreme environments where other organisms cannot function.
B) the only living organisms to reproduce using binary fission, an extreme form of asexual reproduction.
C) examples of the earliest life-forms on Earth and have existed for an extremely long time.
D) single-celled organisms that have extreme mechanisms for causing diseases in humans.

Question 36

Archaea are able to live in extreme environments because they have

A) simpler cells than eukaryotes.
B) evolutionary adaptations that other organisms lack.
C) a thick capsule.
D) flagella that other organisms lack.

Question 37

Prokaryotes may pick up pieces of DNA from the environment or other bacteria and incorporate these pieces into their own genome through

A) vertical gene transfer.
B) horizontal gene transfer.
C) sexual reproduction.
D) binary fission.

Question 38

Disease-causing bacteria in a human begin to multiply rapidly when they sense that their numbers are high enough to overpower an immune response.This is possible because of

A) quorum sensing.
B) a bacterial cell wall.
C) a limited amount of DNA in the bacteria.
D) sporulation.

Question 39

Microbes that make up the domains Bacteria and Archaea are most similar in their

A) DNA sequences.
B) plasma membrane structures.
C) metabolism.
D) lack of membrane-enclosed organelles.

Question 40

Prokaryotes that are observed "swimming" through a liquid environment most likely possess

A) pili.
B) a capsule.
C) a flagellum.
D) a nucleus.

Question 41

One of the earliest prokaryotes on Earth played an important role in the evolution of multicellular eukaryotes.These early prokaryotes changed Earth's chemistry when they began

A) recycling nutrients locked in organic matter.
B) to produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis.
C) capturing energy from inorganic iron ore.
D) to exist in oxygen-free environments.

Question 42

Prokaryotes can be found in most habitats because they

A) are smaller than eukaryotes.
B) can survive in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-free environments.
C) have a single loop of DNA.
D) can obtain energy from sunlight.

Question 43

A prokaryote living in a hot hydrothermal vent deep in the ocean is most likely a(n)________.

Question 44

The belly button project has used citizen scientists to collect information about the prevalence of different belly button species.Using the graphic shown below,determine species abundance from most abundant to least abundant.

A) Staphylococcaceae, Porphyromonos, Corynebacterium, Anaerococcus
B) Porphyromonos, Anaerococcus, Staphylococcaceae, Corynebacterium
C) Corynebacterium, Staphylococcaceae, Anaerococcus, Porphyromonos
D) Anaerococcus, Porphyromonos, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcaceae

Question 45

An individual with a deep,closed belly button is more likely to have more ________ bacteria living in his or her belly button compared to an individual with a shallow,open belly button.

A) anaerobic
B) aerobic
C) nitrogen-fixing
D) photoheterotrophic

Question 46

List three characteristics shared between bacteria and archaea.

Question 47

Prokaryotes described as chemoautotrophs are represented by the category labeled ________ in the figure below.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 48

The prokaryotic structures used to link bacteria together and adhere to surfaces are called ________.

Question 49

Prokaryotes typically reproduce by splitting in two through a process called ________.

Question 50

Plaque that form on the surface of teeth are an example of a(n)________.

Question 51

Anaerobic archaeans living in hydrogen-rich environments may feed on hydrogen and release ________ gas as a by-product.

A) oxygen
B) carbon dioxide
C) methane
D) nitrogen

Question 52

A photosynthetic,heterotrophic prokaryote fits in the category represented by the letter ________ in the figure below.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 53

Which of the following organisms found in the human microbiome is NOT known to be a pathogen?

A) archaeans
B) gut bacteria
C) fungi
D) skin bacteria

Question 54

Eukaryote cells require hours for mitosis to occur.Prokaryotes can often divide into two cells in 10-30 minutes.What cell characteristics explain the difference in the length of time required for division?

Question 55

A citizen scientist documenting dates when migratory birds arrive in an area are participating in data ________.

Question 56

A prokaryote that uses carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and sunlight for energy is called a(n)________.

Question 57

A photosynthetic,autotrophic prokaryote fits in the category represented by the letter ________ in the figure below.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 58

A prokaryote living in a deep-sea environment that has limited gases and a deep layer of dead organic matter most likely fits in the category represented by the letter ________ in the figure below.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 59

Bacteria and archaea are together referred to as ________.

Question 60

Heterotrophic bacteria and archaeans that are decomposers are important in

A) water cycling.
B) nutrient cycling.
C) capturing sunlight energy.
D) carbon fixation.

Question 61

MATCHING
spins like a propeller to allow movement through a liquid environment

Question 62

An experiment is designed to test whether plants grow better in a sterile environment free of bacteria than they do in environments with bacteria.The soil,growing containers,and all materials are sterilized and seeds are planted.The seeds sprout but all of the seedlings die very quickly from nitrogen deficiency.Why?

Question 63

Explain why the growth curve shown in the figure below changes from a relatively flat line to a steeper upward line as the generation number increases.

Question 64

A bacterium that normally resides on human skin and does not cause disease has a very short generation time compared to disease-causing bacteria.How might this short generation time be beneficial to the human?

Question 65

After boiling water for a short period of time,the water is checked for the presence of living cells.When it is determined that no active,living cells are present,the water is used to make agar,a media used for bacterial growth.Within 48 hours there are numerous colonies of cells growing on the agar.What type of prokaryote is growing? Why was the organism not detected in the water?

Question 66

MATCHING
helps protect disease-causing bacteria from destruction by the immune system

Question 67

A biofilm within a medical device is formed by several bacteria species.A bacterium that is part of this biofilm has a mutation that prevents the formation of the slimy secretion used to protect a developing biofilm.Will this mutation prevent the formation of the biofilm?

Question 68

Beginning with a single bacterium for generation 0,calculate the number of cells present at
generation 4.

Question 69

Explain how bacteria can incorporate a gene for antibiotic resistance from another bacterial cell.

Question 70

If prokaryotes were unable to convert nitrogen gas into ammonia or nitrate,how would life on Earth be different than it is today?

Question 71

MATCHING
used for protein synthesis

Question 72

In some cases,science is advanced when the public participates in collecting,and sometimes analyzing,data.Name one way in which citizen scientists benefit from this type of collaborative effort.

Question 73

Ben drinks directly out of a new milk container and then leaves the milk out of the refrigerator for at least an hour before remembering to put it away.The next morning,his roommate complains that the milk he just bought has already turned sour.Why did the milk turn sour more quickly than usual?

Question 74

If the generation time for the bacterium shown in the figure below is 30 minutes,how much time will have gone by when the population has reached 1,000?

Question 75

MATCHING
contains information used to construct proteins

Question 76

MATCHING
allow bacteria to adhere to each other or to a surface in their environment

Question 77

What role do pili serve in the formation of a biofilm?

Question 78

Determine whether a cell structure is found in prokaryotes only,eukaryotes only,or both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
a.prokaryotes only
b.eukaryotes only
c.both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
cell membrane

Question 79

In what way do prokaryotes directly help plants?

Question 80

What is the phenomenon referred to as dysbiosis? What problems may occur as a result of dysbiosis?