Deck 7: Patterns of Inheritance

Question 1

Why did Mendel analyze thousands of plants while conducting his research?

A) to allow him to control the environment of his pea plants
B) The likelihood of seeing a clear pattern is higher with a larger data set.
C) Mendel knew that chromosomes undergo recombination during meiosis.
D) to eliminate the probability of mutations affecting his data

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment both have their biological basis in events that take place during

A) chromosome formation.
B) mutation.
C) mitosis.
D) meiosis.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following does NOT represent a phenotype?

A) a person's susceptibility to Addison's disease
B) the height of a draft horse
C) the alleles in a mouse that control hair color
D) the extent to which an individual is shy

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Based on Mendelian inheritance,would it be necessary to have both the genotype and phenotype for an organism when attempting to predict the inheritance pattern for a trait,such as hair color,in offspring?

A) Yes; individuals with different genotypes often have the same phenotype.
B) Yes; individuals with different phenotypes often have the same genotype.
C) No; knowing the phenotype will indicate the genotype.
D) No; knowing the genotype will indicate the phenotype.

Question 5

When comparing a human sperm cell to a skin cell from the same individual,what differences would be expected?

A) The sperm cell would contain four alleles for a given gene; the skin cell would contain two alleles.
B) The sperm cell would contain only one allele for a given gene; the skin cell would contain two alleles.
C) Both sperm and skin cells may carry different alleles for an individual gene.
D) Both sperm and skin cells would contain 46 chromosomes found as homologous pairs.

Question 6

Mendel used ________ as his research organism to study patterns of genetic inheritance.

A) garden peas
B) snapdragons
C) mice
D) Siamese cats

Question 7

The figure shown below illustrates

A) the law of independent assortment.
B) the law of segregation.
C) a dihybrid cross.
D) a monohybrid cross.

Question 8

When Mendel proposed the law of segregation,which of the following pieces of information did he NOT have?

A) data on the outcomes of crossing two true-breeding pea plants
B) ratios to predict the outcome of crossing two heterozygous pea plants
C) a prediction for how a single trait is inherited
D) knowledge of the location of the alleles for flower color

Question 9

In Mendel's controlled mating experiments,the individuals produced by crossing two true-breeding parents are referred to as

A) the P generation.
B) the F1 generation.
C) the F2 generation.
D) dihybrids.

Question 10

Which of the following statements regarding genes is NOT true?

A) Genes are located on chromosomes.
B) Genes consist of a long sequence of DNA.
C) Genes are the basic unit of information affecting a genetic trait.
D) Genes are found as single copies in cells other than sperm or egg.

Question 11

Mendel's manuscript discussing his pea-breeding results is considered one of the two most important scientific papers of the nineteenth century because he was the first to explain how

A) mutations produced the variety of alleles displayed by individuals of the same species.
B) traits are passed from one generation to the next.
C) meiosis controls the distribution of alleles to each gamete.
D) genes are arranged on chromosomes in the cell.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Two organisms with the same phenotype may have different genotypes.
B) Two organisms with the same genotype are homozygous.
C) A heterozygous organism may have the same phenotype as a homozygous organism.
D) A heterozygous organism has fewer alleles for a given gene than a homozygous organism.

Question 13

A Thoroughbred racehorse could have at most ________ alleles of the same gene.

A) 16
B) 8
C) 4
D) 2

Question 14

Mutations will affect the

A) genotype without affecting the phenotype.
B) phenotype without affecting the genotype.
C) genotype, which may affect the phenotype.
D) phenotype, which may affect the genotype.

Question 15

An allele is

A) a version of a gene.
B) a trait that can be affected by the external environment.
C) always codominant to its counterpart in another chromosome.
D) the result of a change in phenotype.

Question 16

Which of the following did Gregor Mendel notice in garden peas?

A) Some plants always produced offspring with flowers that were the same color as the parent plants' flowers.
B) The first generation from a genetic cross of true-breeding plants always produced offspring that were intermediate in their phenotype and did not look like either parent.
C) Garden peas always produce a variety of phenotypes in their offspring, which result from frequent mutations.
D) Any individual pea plant carries at least three different alleles for flower color.

Question 17

The 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes that occurs in the F2 generation of the cross shown below can be explained using

A) blending inheritance.
B) Mendel's law of segregation only.
C) Mendel's law of independent assortment only.
D) both the laws of segregation and independent assortment.

Question 18

Which of the following choices represents the genotype of an individual diploid organism?

A) BbCCdd
B) BCd
C) bcd
D) BbCd

Question 19

Mendel's laws

A) are less accurate than Punnett square results.
B) determine whether an allele is dominant.
C) explain how genes are inherited.
D) predict inheritance of complex traits.

Question 20

Which of the following expresses Mendel's law of segregation?

A) All dominant alleles of different genes divide into different cells from the recessive alleles.
B) Two alleles of a gene separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes.
C) When gametes form, the genes originally from one parent all end up in different gametes from the genes originally from the other parent.
D) Gametes with recessive alleles will fuse only with each other.

Question 21

In the Punnett square shown below,the lettered circles on the top and left of the square (indicated by the arrows)represent the

A) offspring that will be produced by the cross.
B) genotypes of the parents involved in the cross.
C) gametes that may be produced by each parent involved in the cross.
D) offspring that could be produced by the cross.

Question 22

The leaf color of a certain plant is controlled by one gene.For that gene,the allele G = orange and g = green.You have a plant with orange leaves but do not know whether that plant's genotype is GG or Gg.Which of the following would help you determine the plant's genotype?

A) cross the plant to another plant with orange leaves
B) cross the plant to a plant with green leaves
C) cross two true-breeding, orange-leaved plants to each other and then cross one of their offspring to the plant with the unknown genotype
D) change the environment in which the plant grows to find the conditions that cause the leaves to produce the orange color

Question 23

Two organisms that are true-breeding for a certain genetic characteristic are mated and their offspring analyzed.Which of the following statements about this situation is true?

A) Both parents are heterozygotes.
B) The offspring are either 100 percent homozygotes or 100 percent heterozygotes.
C) The offspring represent the P generation.
D) The gametes produced by the offspring will carry two alleles for this gene.

Question 24

A chestnut-colored (red-colored)horse is mated with a cremello (cream-colored)horse.Over a 10-year period,all of their offspring are palominos (gold-colored).This pattern of inheritance is best explained by

A) complete dominance.
B) incomplete dominance.
C) multiple gene effects.
D) environmental effects on genes.

Question 25

What is the smallest number of traits that are needed to test Mendel's law of independent assortment?

A) one
B) two
C) four
D) eight

Question 26

In a particular plant,two genes control leaf shape and color.Round leaves (R)are dominant to jagged leaves (r).Yellow fruits (Y)are dominant to white fruits (y).A true-breeding round-leaved,yellow-fruited plant is mated with a true-breeding jagged-leaved,white-fruited plant.What are the genotypes of the plants involved in this cross?

A) RRYY × RRYY
B) RRYY × rryy
C) RrYy × RrYy
D) cannot determine from the information given

Question 27

Most human genetic characters are

A) controlled by one gene.
B) not inherited according to Mendel's laws.
C) controlled by more than one gene.
D) not heritable.

Question 28

If two different alleles for the same trait have an equal effect on the phenotype,the alleles are

A) codominant.
B) recessive.
C) epistatic.
D) incompletely dominant.

Question 29

Feather color in a certain species of bird is controlled by a pair of alleles that exhibit incomplete dominance.If birds that are homozygous for one allele are black and birds that are homozygous for the other allele are white,then heterozygous birds would be

A) black.
B) white.
C) gray.
D) black with white stripes.

Question 30

In a genetic cross of Gg with Gg guinea pigs,none of the four offspring were gg.This

A) disproves Mendel's law of independent assortment.
B) neither supports nor disproves Mendel's law of independent assortment.
C) supports Mendel's law of independent assortment.
D) supports Mendel's law of segregation.

Question 31

A pea plant that is heterozygous for the flower color gene makes gametes.What is the probability that a specific gamete contains the recessive allele for flower color?

A) 0 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 32

Which of the following did Mendel use to help him form the law of independent assortment?

A) dihybrid crosses between pea plants
B) monohybrid crosses between pea plants
C) traits that were codominant
D) traits with incomplete dominance

Question 33

Two genes control fur color in Labrador retrievers.The first gene determines whether the pigment to be deposited in the hairs will be black or brown.The second gene determines whether the pigments are put into the dog's hairs at all.A dog homozygous for the recessive allele of this second gene will be yellow because no pigment is deposited in its hairs.This is an example of

A) epistasis.
B) pleiotropy.
C) codominance.
D) incomplete dominance.

Question 34

A Punnett square is used to

A) determine the source of new alleles.
B) determine how many genes control a given trait.
C) predict the gametes that will be produced by an organism.
D) predict the genotypes and phenotypes of a genetic cross.

Question 35

The observation that individuals afflicted with albinism also always have vision problems is an example of

A) codominance.
B) incomplete dominance.
C) pleiotropy.
D) epistasis.

Question 36

Suppose D were dominant and d were recessive,and you could label the D allele in the P generation with a radioactive substance that could be inherited over several generations.You create hybrids by mating your radioactive DD individuals to dd individuals.Finally,you cross two F1 individuals (with the Dd genotype).In 1,000 offspring,how many would you predict would be radioactive?

A) 250
B) 500
C) 750
D) 1,000

Question 37

Which of the following is the mechanism described by Mendel that results in a new combination of alleles in a pea plant seed?

A) mutation of multiple alleles during mitosis
B) mutation of multiple alleles during meiosis
C) separation of alleles for two different genes during meiosis
D) separation of alleles for a single gene during meiosis

Question 38

Which of the following statements is a basic summary of one of Mendel's laws?

A) All beneficial human genetic traits are dominant, and harmful traits are recessive.
B) The pattern of inherited characteristics of organisms is not predictable.
C) The separation of alleles for one gene does not affect the separation of alleles for other
Genes.
D) Recessive alleles cause the death of the gamete.

Question 39

Which of the following represents all of the possible gametes that can be formed by an individual with the genetic makeup FfGgHH?

A) FGH, FgH, fGH, fgH
B) Ff, Gg, HH
C) FG, FH, Fg, fH, fG, fg, GH, gH
D) FfGhHH, FFGGHH, ffgghh

Question 40

Consider a gene with two alleles that show complete dominance.When two heterozygotes for this gene breed,they have a 25 percent chance of producing a homozygous recessive offspring.The next time these two individuals breed,what are the chances that they will once again have a homozygous recessive progeny?

A) 0 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 41

If you were a scientist studying patterns of inheritance in dogs and you were given extensive information about the inheritance of multiple physical traits,such as hair color and height,would you be able to piece together the entire genome of dogs? Explain your answer.

Question 42

The pleiotropy that occurs when a single gene controls multiple skeletal traits in dogs,such as leg bone length and skull size,may be explained because

A) dogs share a common ancestor.
B) the skeletal traits are related in the overall function of the dog.
C) dogs have lived with humans for thousands of years.
D) the effect of this gene depends on the environment.

Question 43

The coat color in a Siamese cat is determined by a temperature-sensitive allele that allows the brownish pigment melanin to be produced in extremities of the body.What might explain this phenomenon?

A) Melanin appears darker in extremities because less light is reflected.
B) Alleles are used to produce proteins that function best in specific temperature ranges.
C) Siamese cats evolved in warm climates and did not need melanin.
D) Extremities in a cat are more prone to damage from sunlight.

Question 44

The figure shown below indicates two Labrador retrievers that are both homozygous recessive for fur color.One dog is brown and the other is yellow due to

A) pleiotropy.
B) codominance.
C) epistasis.
D) incomplete dominance.

Question 45

A hammer is needed to pound nails into a board.Even if one has the nails,they cannot be used without first getting ahold of a hammer.This is similar to the genetic relationship known as

A) heterozygosity.
B) codominance.
C) epistasis.
D) independent assortment.

Question 46

The observable physical characteristics of an organism are known as its ________.

Question 47

In a genetic cross in which the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes,________ dominance is expressed.

Question 48

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Traits that are determined by the effect of more than one gene are known as polygenic.
B) Environmental factors can alter the effects of genes.
C) Most traits are under the control of more than one gene.
D) A genotype is always expressed in the phenotype.

Question 49

It would become nearly impossible to predict the phenotype of an individual with a known genotype if the

A) environment affects the phenotype.
B) genotype of the parents is unknown.
C) genotype of offspring is unknown.
D) You should always be able to predict the phenotype if you know the genotype.

Question 50

The figure shown below indicates two diseases with genetic links that are common in industrialized nations.The fact that both are about 80-90 percent avoidable indicates that

A) people are most likely avoiding having children with individuals who are affected by these diseases.
B) these diseases are Mendelian traits that are expressed more frequently in industrialized nations where the average life span is longer.
C) industrialized nations can use more resources to track these diseases in populations.
D) these diseases are most likely affected by environmental factors in addition to genes.

Question 51

In humans there are three blood type alleles: A,B,and O.The blood type alleles A and B are fully expressed when they are present.Neither allele is considered dominant or recessive and neither is diluted when both alleles are present.The allele O is considered recessive and indicates a lack of either the A or B allele.How many blood type alleles are found in a given individual? What are the possible genotypes of an individual with type A blood in which only the A allele is expressed?

Question 52

Most traits in humans involve complex inheritance where the trait is governed by the action of more than one ________.

Question 53

The separation of two alleles into different cells during meiosis is Mendel's law of ________.

Question 54

Which of the following statements explains how genetically identical plant clones can exhibit dramatic phenotypic variation?

A) Environmental conditions under which plants are grown can cause variations in phenotypes.
B) Plants undergo mutations to adapt to temperature extremes.
C) Plants are able to shut off genes that are not adaptive in their current environment.
D) Genetically identical plants cannot have different phenotypes.

Question 55

The genetic makeup of an organism,such as Gg,is its ________.

Question 56

A Punnett square shows the possible ways that alleles combine to form________.

Question 57

Which of the following might explain how two separate genes control a single trait?

A) Both genes have the same alleles.
B) One gene functions better at higher temperatures.
C) There are two genes to control two separate steps in a pathway.
D) Two genes cannot control a single trait.

Question 58

According to Mendel's law of ________,when gametes are formed,the separation of alleles for one gene is unrelated to the separation of alleles for other genes.

Question 59

One of the first medical tests a newborn receives determines if the child has phenylketonuria (PKU).PKU is the result of a mutation in a single gene that causes mental retardation and a host of other phenotypes (light hair and skin color,eczema,and a "mousy" smell).By detecting PKU early,doctors are able to reduce the effect of this condition with a modified diet.PKU is an example of

A) epistasis.
B) a polygenic trait.
C) pleiotropy.
D) codominance.

Question 60

The individual who used data from breeding garden peas to discover the patterns of inheritance that form the foundation of modern-day genetics was ________.

Question 61

Match the following terms with their definitions.
a.allele
b.genotype
c.gene
d.phenotype
e.chromosome
f.mutation
a molecule of DNA and associated proteins

Question 62

Explain the relationship between the genotype and the phenotype of a given trait.

Question 63

MATCHING
Match a mode of inheritance to a statement listed below.
a.incomplete dominance
b.epistasis
c.polygenic
d.pleiotropy
e.codominance
f.Mendelian trait
The color of wheat kernels is controlled by the interaction of two separate genes,with one gene affecting the expression of the other gene.

Question 64

What type of inheritance pattern is indicated in the body size of the dogs shown below? How does this pattern differ from Mendelian traits?

Question 65

A single gene with one dominant allele for black hair (B)and one recessive allele for brown hair (b)controls hair color in mice.A male mouse with black hair mates with a female mouse with brown hair and they have 12 offspring.Are you able to determine the predicted ratio of hair color in their offspring using a Punnett square? Explain your answer.

Question 66

Match the following terms with their definitions.
a.allele
b.genotype
c.gene
d.phenotype
e.chromosome
f.mutation
a variant of a given gene

Question 67

If Gregor Mendel had studied a polygenic trait that did not follow the straightforward single-gene,single-phenotype pattern,do you believe he would have been able to describe how genes are passed from parents to offspring? Justify your answer.

Question 68

Up to 300 inherited diseases found in dogs are similar to human diseases.Based on the information shown below,why might it be easier to study the genetics of these diseases in dogs rather than in humans?

Question 69

Is it possible for two organisms with the same genotype to have different phenotypes? Explain your answer.

Question 70

If an individual is a carrier for a recessive disorder (with one copy of the recessive allele)and his or her partner is also a carrier,what is the probability that they will produce a child affected by the disorder? Explain your answer.

Question 71

How is Mendel's law of segregation represented in a Punnett square?

Question 72

MATCHING
Match a mode of inheritance to a statement listed below.
a.incomplete dominance
b.epistasis
c.polygenic
d.pleiotropy
e.codominance
f.Mendelian trait
A human's ability to roll his or her tongue is dependent on a single gene that is either dominant or recessive.

Question 73

Match the following terms with their definitions.
a.allele
b.genotype
c.gene
d.phenotype
e.chromosome
f.mutation
a physical characteristic seen in an organism

Question 74

Differentiate between pleiotropy and polygenic traits.

Question 75

Gregor Mendel began his studies by crossing plants that bred true for flower color.One parent bred true for purple flower color and the other parent bred true for white flower color.The flower color purple is dominant and the flower color white is recessive.If Mendel had erroneously crossed purple-flowered plants that were not true-breeding with white-flowered plants,how would this have altered the first generation produced?

Question 76

Jennifer uses a dihybrid cross of fruit flies to examine inheritance patterns for eye color (black or white)and head shape (round or elongated).This cross produces 10,000 offspring,and the ratio is 1 (black eyes,round head): 1 (black eyes,elongated head): 1 (white eyes,round head): 1 (white eyes,elongated head).Is this what Jennifer should have expected from a dihybrid cross? Explain why or why not.

Question 77

Match the following terms with their definitions.
a.allele
b.genotype
c.gene
d.phenotype
e.chromosome
f.mutation
a section of DNA that controls a genetic trait

Question 78

MATCHING
Match a mode of inheritance to a statement listed below.
a.incomplete dominance
b.epistasis
c.polygenic
d.pleiotropy
e.codominance
f.Mendelian trait
A parent with curly hair and a parent with straight hair produce a child with wavy hair.

Question 79

MATCHING
Match a mode of inheritance to a statement listed below.
a.incomplete dominance
b.epistasis
c.polygenic
d.pleiotropy
e.codominance
f.Mendelian trait
The frizzle gene in chickens affects many traits,including feather type,metabolic rate,blood flow rates,and digestion.

Question 80

Miles is a student studying two Mendelian traits in a plant.He creates a Punnett square to examine the phenotype ratio in the F₂ generation.Interestingly,Miles finds that the phenotype ratio does not match up with the predicted phenotypes.He soon realizes that the two genes are physically linked to each other on the same chromosome.How would close physical proximity on the same chromosome affect the law of independent assortment?