Deck 5: Motivation at Work

Question 1

_____ of motivation give primary consideration to variables within an individual that lead to motivation and behavior.​

A)​External theories
B)Process theories​
C)Internal theories​
D)Route theories​

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Self-actualization may be the most important need for people in cultures with a high need to avoid uncertainty.​

Answer 2

False

Question 3

External theories of motivation give primary consideration to variables within an individual that lead to motivation and behavior.​

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Work conditions related to satisfaction of the need for psychological growth were labeled hygiene factors.​

Question 5

Work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain were labeled motivation factors.​

Question 6

Theory Y assumptions are appropriate for employees motivated by lower-order needs.​

Question 7

Eustress is a negative response such as frustration or fear which leads to unhealthy and unproductive results.​

Question 8

_____ of motivation focus on the elements in an environment, including the consequences of behavior, as the basis for understanding and explaining people's behavior at work.​

A)​External theories
B)Process theories​
C)Internal theories​
D)Route theories​

Question 9

Security is the pinnacle need for Americans in Maslow's need hierarchy.​

Question 10

Expectancy theory does not hold up well in cultures that value individualism.​

Question 11

The _____ encouraged hard work on the grounds that prosperous workers were more likely to find a place in heaven.​

A)​psychoanalytic approach
B)Spirit of Socialism​
C)Protestant ethic​
D)sociocultural perspective​

Question 12

Organizations with high levels of employee engagement do not perform well financially in volatile economic times.​

Question 13

Adam Smith argued that a person's self-interest was determined by the government.​

Question 14

Frederick Taylor's goal was to change the relationship between management and labor from one of conflict to one of cooperation.​

Question 15

ERG theory explains both progressive need gratification and regression when people face frustration.​

Question 16

Theory X assumptions apply to employees motivated by higher-order needs.​

Question 17

Alderfer classified Maslow's physiological and physical safety needs in a growth need category.​

Question 18

There are no cultural differences with regard to Maslow's, McClelland's, and Herzberg's theories.​

Question 19

Theory X assumptions have inspired employee participation programs.​

Question 20

Distress is a positive response to challenges that generates energy and motivates an individual to achieve.​

Question 21

According to McClelland's research, the best managers have a high need for _____.​

A)​personalized power
B)achievement​
C)affiliation​
D)socialized power​

Question 22

Alderfer's growth need category encompasses Maslow's _____.​

A)​interpersonal love needs
B)safety needs​
C)physiological needs​
D)self-actualization needs​

Question 23

Frederick Taylor, the founder of scientific management, examined labor efficiency and effectiveness.His goal was to change:​

A)​the relationship between technology and labor efficiency.
B)the relationship between management and labor from one of conflict to one of cooperation.​
C)the work conditions related to satisfaction of the need for psychological growth.​
D)the motivation factors that relate to job satisfaction and the hygiene factors that relate to job dissatisfaction.​

Question 24

In the context of Maslow's need hierarchy, the progression hypothesis suggests that:​

A)​people progress up the hierarchy as they successively gratify each level of need.
B)people with a high need for achievement seek performance excellence.​
C)it is more crucial to gratify the needs at the highest level and then the ones below it.​
D)the lowest level of needs represents the external incentives of employees.​

Question 25

According to McClelland, which of the following is true of people with a high need for achievement?​

A)​They set goals that are moderately difficult yet achievable.
B)They like having external events interfere with their progress.​
C)They always prefer to work alone, irrespective of their task.​
D)They set goals that are very simple and easily achievable.​

Question 26

_____ is a negative response such as frustration or fear, which leads to unhealthy and unproductive results.​

A)Distress​
B)Inequity​
C)Eustress​
D)Valence​

Question 27

Clayton Alderfer's regression hypothesis suggests that:​

A)​as one level of need is met, a person regresses to the next lower level of need as a source of motivation.
B)people with a high need for achievement seek performance excellence, enjoy difficult and challenging goals, persevere, and are competitive.​
C)people are frustrated by their inability to meet needs at the next higher needs in the hierarchy; hence, they regress to the next lower category of needs.​
D)the presence of motivation factors is not essential to enhancing employee motivation to excel at work.​

Question 28

_____ organizes human needs into three basic categories: existence, relatedness, and growth.​

A)​The ERG theory of motivation
B)Expectancy theory​
C)The two-Factor theory​
D)McClelland's need theory​

Question 29

In the context of external incentives, _____ considers both psychological needs and external incentives to motivate workers.​

A)​psychodynamic theory
B)​industrial psychology
C)psychological ownership​
D)organizational behavior​

Question 30

According to McClelland, high achievers:​

A)​prefer to work alone, irrespective of their task.
B)often hope and plan for success.​
C)set goals that are very simple.​
D)like having external events interfere with their progress.​

Question 31

According to Herzberg, which of the following is a difference between motivation factors and hygiene factors?​

A)​Motivation factors include security and status, whereas hygiene factors include advancement and responsibility.
B)Motivation factors lead to negative mental health, whereas hygiene factors lead to positive mental health.​
C)Motivation factors include extrinsic factors, whereas hygiene factors include intrinsic factors.​
D)Motivation factors relate to job satisfaction, whereas hygiene factors relate to job dissatisfaction.​

Question 32

A distinguishing feature of Maslow's need hierarchy is the _____.​

A)​need for achievement
B)need for power​
C)regression hypothesis​
D)progression hypothesis​

Question 33

Managers can make the most of Maslow's need hierarchy for success in their teams by:​

A)​recognizing that each individual has a unique set of needs and therefore gearing incentives to meet various needs.
B)organizing each individual's needs into the categories of existence, relatedness, and growth.​
C)recognizing individual's needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.​
D)focusing on each individual's needs or the rewards or punishment meted out in the work environment.​

Question 34

Adam Smith formulated the invisible hand and the free market to explain the motivation for individual behaviors.The invisible hand refers to:​

A)​the variables within an individual that lead to motivation and behavior.
B)the desire to influence others, the urge to change people or events, and the wish to make a difference in life.​
C)the work conditions related to satisfaction of the need for psychological growth.​
D)the unseen forces of a free market system that shape the most efficient use of people, money, and resources for productive ends.​

Question 35

In the context of Herzberg's two-factor theory, which of the following is true of hygiene factors?​

A)​They relate to job satisfaction.
B)They directly affect a person's drive to do a good job.​
C)They challenge people to grow and invest themselves in an organization.​
D)They are important to a certain level but unimportant beyond that threshold.​

Question 36

Drake, a technical support executive at Zenk Corp., has good managerial skills and a keen interest in organizing team strategies.This earns him a promotion to a senior position where he manages a team of 40 people.According to Maslow's need hierarchy theory, which of the following needs is fulfilled for Drake?​

A)​The need for power
B)The need for affiliation​
C)Physiological needs​
D)Self-actualization needs​

Question 37

Joe has a keen interest in his present job, but he does not get along with his boss, Martin.Martin never appreciates Joe's achievements and gives him unreasonable targets to meet.This has made Joe unhappy with his job.According to Herzberg's Theory, which of the following is a reason for Joe's job dissatisfaction?​

A)​Motivation factors
B)Manifest needs​
C)Hygiene factors​
D)Existence needs​

Question 38

McGregor's Theory X assumptions are appropriate for:​

A)​people with a high need for affiliation.
B)people who are not by nature resistant to organizational needs.​
C)employees motivated by lower-order needs.​
D)​individuals motivated by higher-order needs.

Question 39

The _____ can help explain irrational and self-destructive behaviors such as suicide or workplace violence.​

A)​behaviorist perspective
B)​psychoanalytic approach
C)humanistic approach​
D)sociocultural perspective​

Question 40

According to McClelland's need theory, the _____ is interpersonal because it involves influence over other people.​

A)​need for achievement
B)need for affiliation​
C)need for safety​
D)need for power​

Question 41

Which of the following best describes eustress?​

A)​It is the value, or importance, one places on a particular reward.
B)It is a negative response such as frustration, which leads to unhealthy and unproductive results.​
C)It is a positive response to challenges that generates energy and motivates an individual to achieve.​
D)It is the belief that performance is related to rewards.​

Question 42

The idea of encouraging eustress is to focus on an individual's:​

A)​negative response such as frustration.
B)interpretation of or response to events.​
C)ability to meet the need of achievement.​
D)perception of the performance process.​

Question 43

What are some of the characteristics of high achievers?​

Question 44

Expectancy theory attributes motivational problems to:​

A)​disbelief in a relationship between effort and performance.
B)a desire for the rewards offered.​
C)belief in a relationship between performance and rewards.​
D)one's own self-interest.​

Question 45

Which of the following is true of the expectancy theory of motivation?​

A)​It takes into account the irrational choices that individuals may make.
B)It is easy to test because of its simplicity.​
C)It is time-consuming, and the values for each construct change over time for an individual.​
D)It ignores individuals' perception of the relationship between effort and performance.​

Question 46

Adams's theory of inequity suggests that people are motivated when they:​

A)​find themselves in situations of equity.
B)have a very high need for socialized power as opposed to personalized power.​
C)satisfy organizational demands through a range of contributions.​
D)find themselves in situations of unfairness.​

Question 47

Briefly identify and explain the two new ideas in motivation.​

Question 48

_____ are based on the notion of social exchange in which each party in the relationship demands certain things of the other and contributes accordingly to the exchange.​

A)​Committed involvements
B)Alienated involvements​
C)Calculated involvements​
D)Dedicated involvements​

Question 49

A(n)_____ is an individual who is comfortable with an equity ratio greater than that of his or her comparison other.​

A)​equity sensitive
B)benevolent​
C)entitled​
D)inequity sensitive​

Question 50

In the context of Amitai Etzioni's categories of exchange relationships, which of the following statements is true of alienated relationships?​

A)​They have high positive intensity.
B)They have low negative intensity.​
C)They have low positive intensity.​
D)They have high negative intensity.​

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true of benevolents?​

A)​These people may be thought of as takers.
B)These people may be thought of as givers.​
C)They are comfortable only with an equity ratio greater than that of their comparison other.​
D)They prefer equity based on the originally formed theory.​

Question 52

In the context of expectancy theory of motivation, which of the following is true of evaluation systems?​

A)​They are meant to enhance a person's belief that effort will improve performance and therefore lead to better pay.
B)They are based on the notion of social exchange in which each party in the relationship demands certain things of the other.​
C)They stress the role of energy recovery in overall performance.​
D)They consider power and exchange important in understanding human behavior.​

Question 53

Identify the seven basic strategies provided by Adam's theory for restoring equity.​

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true of equity theory?​

A)​It stresses the role of energy recovery in overall performance.
B)It challenges people to grow and invest themselves in an organization.​
C)It is concerned with the social processes that influence motivation and behavior.​
D)It assumes that people expect certain outcomes of behavior and performance.​

Question 55

Victor Vroom's _____ of motivation is a cognitive process theory that assumes that people expect certain outcomes of behavior and performance, which may be thought of as rewards, or consequences of behavior.​

A)​two-factor theory
B)expectancy theory​
C)equity theory​
D)inequity theory​

Question 56

Briefly explain McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y.​

Question 57

According to Adams's theory of inequity, which of the following is a strategy for restoring equity?​

A)​Rationalize the equity
B)Alter a person's inputs​
C)Include a hierarchy​
D)Stay in the organizational situation​