Deck 4: Attitudes, Emotions, and Ethics

Question 1

An individual does not have an attitude until he or she responds to an entity on a:

A)personal, cognitive, and behavioral basis
B)cognitive, interactive, and behavioral basis
C)behavioral, affective, and interactive, basis
D)cognitive, behavioral, and affective basis

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A major reason why attitudes derived from direct experience are so powerful is because:

A)they become a heuristic to assist in decision making
B)they are easily accessed and are active in our cognitive processes
C)they are accessible through the left part of the brain which is more intuitive
D)of the behavioral intention component of an attitude

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is not an important aspect or process of modeling?

A)The learner must focus attention on the model.
B)The model must not be aware of the learner's presence.
C)The learner must retain, accept, and/or stamp in what was observed for the model.
D)The learner must practice the model's behavior.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Assume you are a supervisor and you strongly endorse keeping an open line of communication with your employees, you always keep your office door open and you instruct your secretary to not screen phone calls from employees. These conditions include:

A)attitude specificity
B)cognitive dissonance
C)little connection between attitudes and appropriate behavior
D)non-compliance with social constraints

Question 5

All of the following are indications of affect except:

A)he believes that young employees are error prone
B)she dislikes eating lunch in the company cafeteria
C)he prefers group discussion
D)she likes the new phone system

Question 6

Asking an employee whether he or she would use a new computer software package is an attempt to determine:

A)affect
B)cognition
C)dissonance reduction
D)behavioral intent

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of the five things the attitude-behavior correspondence depends upon?

A)attitude specificity
B)attitude relevance
C)social constraints
D)the experimental model used to test the relationship

Question 8

If a salesperson is required to sell a defective TV set but believes this act to be unethical, he or she would:

A)not engage in the act
B)experience the discomfort of cognitive dissonance
C)need to be at Kohlberg's 5th level of cognitive development in order to resolve the conflict between attitudes and behavior
D)reexamine his or her behavioral intention

Question 9

Employees working for Aplus.net came to work during massive wildfires that swept through California in 2003, even though some of their own homes were threatened. This is an example of:

A)affective commitment
B)continuance commitment
C)organizational citizenship
D)organizational involvement

Question 10

The JDI measures:

A)job performance
B)attitude specificity
C)employee absenteeism
D)job satisfaction

Question 11

Job satisfaction and employee performance are likely to be positively related when:

A)pay is linked to attendance
B)non-participative techniques are used
C)rewards are valued by employees and are tied directly to performance
D)employee turnover is high

Question 12

When one's attitudes and required job behavior conflict, __________ may develop.

A)affect
B)attitude consonance
C)behavioral tendency
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 13

If an individual from a country holds a negative attitude towards women in management because of a cultural belief system, but does not reflect behavior consistent with that attitude in a group, the link between the attitude-behavior is probably weak because:

A)the measurement timing is poor
B)of social constraints
C)the individual is a low self-monitor
D)of low attitude relevance

Question 14

In managing organizational behavior, the importance of attitudes:

A)is determined by observation
B)rests with understanding non-productive behavior
C)lies in their link to behavior
D)can be assessed from observing non-work behavior

Question 15

An individual's psychological tendency expressed by evaluating an entity with some degree of favor or disfavor reflects:

A)an attitude
B)one's mood
C)values
D)beliefs

Question 16

According to considerable research, the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance is:

A)strong and direct
B)strong and negative
C)modest
D)positive for women and negative for men

Question 17

Job satisfaction has been shown to be related to organizational citizenship, which is:

A)the tendency to exhibit strong ethical behavior
B)behavior that is above and beyond the call of duty in behalf of the organization
C)loyalty to the organization
D)the tendency to look for the positive within organizations

Question 18

In social learning, the family, peer group, religious organizations, and culture shape an individual's attitudes in a(n):

A)direct manner
B)indirect manner
C)reciprocal manner
D)parallel manner

Question 19

A pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences reflects:

A)job involvement
B)job satisfaction
C)loyalty
D)job morale

Question 20

Attitudes are learned and two major influences include:

A)repeated behavior and affect
B)direct experience and social learning
C)cognitive dissonance and negative affectivity
D)random behavior modeling and unconscious motivation

Question 21

The strength of an individual's identification with an organization is known as:

A)normative commitment
B)organizational commitment
C)continuance commitment
D)behavioral commitment

Question 22

The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion proposes that:

A)persuasion occurs over the routes of message, target, and source characteristics
B)the likelihood that an attitude will change is largely dependent on the amount of time spent attempting to change the attitude
C)attitudinal change is a function of three interactive routes, physical, mental, and visual
D)persuasion occurs over two routes, the central and the peripheral

Question 23

The two major cognitive routes to persuasion include:

A)the direct and central
B)the direct and peripheral
C)the central and circular
D)the central and peripheral

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a type of organizational commitment?

A)affective
B)continuance
C)normative
D)citizenship

Question 25

Which of the following persons is most likely to be persuaded to change?

A)a low self-esteem individual
B)an individual who holds an extreme attitude
C)a high self-esteem individual
D)someone who is in the peripheral route of a persuasion attempt

Question 26

The type of organizational commitment that is based on an individual's desire to remain in an organization is called:

A)intentional commitment
B)normative commitment
C)affective commitment
D)attitudinal commitment

Question 27

The relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism is best reflected by which statement?

A)Job dissatisfaction is positively related to absenteeism.
B)Job dissatisfaction and absenteeism are negatively correlated.
C)Job dissatisfaction and absenteeism are not related.
D)Job satisfaction and absenteeism are positively related.

Question 28

The three major aspects of the source characteristic affecting persuasion include:

A)expertise, credibility, charisma
B)credibility, charisma, attractiveness
C)expertise, charisma, attractiveness
D)expertise, trustworthiness, attractiveness

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true regarding job satisfaction and organizational commitment?

A)They are reciprocally related.
B)They are strongly positively related.
C)Organizational commitment moderates the relationship between job satisfaction and performance.
D)There is a curvilinear relationship between the two variables.

Question 30

Ethical behavior is influenced by which two major factors?

A)religion and value system
B)terminal and instrumental values
C)level of ethical reasoning and intelligence
D)individual characteristics and organizational factors

Question 31

Which statement regarding the relationship between culture and job satisfaction is most accurate?

A)Job satisfaction is not influenced by culture.
B)Job satisfaction and participative techniques do not appear to be related when taking into account cultural differences.
C)Culture does not appear to affect the factors (i.e., work itself) that lead to job satisfaction.
D)Job satisfaction is significantly affected by culture but factors may differ.

Question 32

Which statement best reflects the current state of knowledge regarding the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational performance?

A)It is similar to the relationship between job satisfaction and individual performance.
B)Unfortunately, this relationship has not been investigated.
C)No relationship has been found between job satisfaction and organizational performance.
D)Companies with satisfied workers have better performance than companies with dissatisfied performance.

Question 33

Which statement best reflects the relationship between job satisfaction and individual performance?

A)productive workers are satisfied
B)satisfied workers are productive
C)modest support for both "productive workers are satisfied" and "satisfied workers are productive" but no simple direct relationship between satisfaction and performance has been found
D)the strongest relationship between job satisfaction and performance has been found when satisfaction results in strongly valued rewards and then performance

Question 34

Jim is a salesperson who focuses on nonverbal cues when working with a client. Jim will be more successful if he:

A)appears eager when the client appears eager
B)appears subdued when the client is more eager
C)focuses on message content rather than nonverbal cues
D)presents the positive consequences of purchasing his product

Question 35

When an employee remains with a firm because he or she faces significant exit barriers, this can be characterized as:

A)organizational citizenship
B)withdrawal syndrome
C)continuance commitment
D)dysfunctional attachment

Question 36

Your text states that the CEO of Johnson & Johnson compared the performance over a 40-year period of time for organizations that had devoted a great deal of time to ethics. Which of the following conclusions were supported by his investigation?

A)Ethical behavior and job satisfaction were positively associated.
B)Ethical behavior and sales growth were positively associated.
C)Ethical behavior and the growth of market value were positively associated.
D)Organizations with more time spent on ethical behavior have lower accounting returns and slow sales growth.

Question 37

To understand how attitudes can change, it is necessary to understand that the characteristics which affect the persuasion process include:

A)source, intended, and message characteristics
B)source, directed, and message characteristics
C)source, intended, and directed characteristics
D)source, target, and message characteristics

Question 38

Employee loyalty toward the organization is a significant factor in:

A)job displacement
B)continuance commitment
C)affective commitment
D)employee turnover

Question 39

Counterproductive behavior that violates organizational norms and causes harms to others of the organization is known as:

A)OCB
B)WDB
C)JDI
D)MSQ

Question 40

Acting in ways consistent with one's personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society is:

A)legal behavior
B)ethical behavior
C)cognitive behavior
D)loyal behavior

Question 41

The greater the attitude specificity, the stronger an attitude linkage to behavior.

Question 42

The acronym ABC in the ABC Model stands for attitude, behavioral intention, and commitment.

Question 43

Persons with an internal locus of control:

A)believe that fate affects their circumstances
B)accept others controlling them
C)take personal responsibility for their situation and the consequences of their behavior
D)can easily succumb to social and peer pressure

Question 44

Which of the following qualities has NOT been suggested as important to making ethical decisions?

A)competence to identify issues
B)self-confidence to seek out different opinions
C)tough-mindedness
D)commitment

Question 45

What type of work culture would you most likely find in Iran?

A)individualist culture
B)work culture based on task accomplishment
C)work culture based on contributions to loyalty
D)collectivist culture

Question 46

Recent research found four values exerted the most influence on job choice decisions. Which of the following was not one of those values?

A)achievement
B)concern for others
C)fairness
D)pay

Question 47

High-Mach persons are better at:

A)cheating
B)accepting orders from others
C)behaving ethically
D)building strong interpersonal relationships

Question 48

A personality characteristic indicating one's willingness to do whatever it takes to get one's own way is considered:

A)low in cognitive moral development
B)Machiavellian
C)a high self-monitor
D)someone who has a strong external locus of control

Question 49

High-Machs:

A)believe that any means justify the desired ends
B)accept authority better than low-Machs
C)exhibit very strong corporate loyalty
D)are easily manipulated by others

Question 50

According to research on Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development, individuals at higher development stages are:

A)more likely to cheat
B)more likely to put expediency before ethics
C)not able to distinguish right from wrong
D)more likely to engage in whistle-blowing

Question 51

The longer the time between measuring an attitude and observing behavior, the weaker the relationship of an attitude with observed behavior.

Question 52

In Stage 6 of Kohlberg's cognitive moral development model, individuals:

A)obey rules to avoid punishment
B)control others
C)focus on the expectations of others
D)follow self-selected ethical principles

Question 53

An enduring belief that a particular behavior or end state of existence is preferred is known as a/an:

A)message
B)value
C)ethic
D)attitude

Question 54

Which of the following work values is LEAST relevant to individuals?

A)honesty
B)fairness
C)concern for others
D)professionalism

Question 55

Which of the following is not an instrumental value?

A)helpfulness
B)independence
C)self-respect
D)courage

Question 56

Low-Mach persons value:

A)loyal and personal friendships
B)the "get it done anyway" mentality
C)manipulation of others
D)emotional detachment

Question 57

The goals to be achieved, or the end states of existence, are called:

A)instrumental values
B)terminal values
C)lifelong values
D)permanent values

Question 58

A legitimate criticism of Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development includes:

A)individuals do not appear to go through stages
B)maturity has not been found to be related to moral development
C)the model does not take gender differences into account
D)the fact that women and men face different moral dilemmas

Question 59

Which of the following statements is most correct?

A)Locus of control has little to do with ethical behavior.
B)Other people control persons who are strong on internal locus of control.
C)Persons with an internal locus of control make more ethical decisions than others.
D)Individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to exhibit uncontrollable behavior.

Question 60

All of the following are considered terminal values except:

A)wisdom
B)achievement
C)self-control
D)equality

Question 61

Match the following:
a.The emotional component of an attitude.
b.Reflects a person's perceptions and beliefs.
c.A conflict between attitudes and behavior.
d.Acquisition of attitudes through observing others.
e.Acquisition of attitudes derived from personal experience.
Cognitive Dissonance

Question 62

Employee absenteeism and job satisfaction are positively related.

Question 63

Persuasion is more successful when messages are framed with the same emotion as that felt by the receiver.

Question 64

Match the following:
a.The emotional component of an attitude.
b.Reflects a person's perceptions and beliefs.
c.A conflict between attitudes and behavior.
d.Acquisition of attitudes through observing others.
e.Acquisition of attitudes derived from personal experience.
Cognition

Question 65

Affect is the cognitive component of an attitude.

Question 66

One reason attitudes derived from direct experience are so powerful is because of their availability.

Question 67

Cognitive dissonance is the tension produced when there is a conflict between attitudes and behavior.

Question 68

Match the following:
a.The emotional component of an attitude.
b.Reflects a person's perceptions and beliefs.
c.A conflict between attitudes and behavior.
d.Acquisition of attitudes through observing others.
e.Acquisition of attitudes derived from personal experience.
Modeling

Question 69

Match the following:
a.The emotional component of an attitude.
b.Reflects a person's perceptions and beliefs.
c.A conflict between attitudes and behavior.
d.Acquisition of attitudes through observing others.
e.Acquisition of attitudes derived from personal experience.
Direct Experience

Question 70

Job satisfaction has been shown to NOT be affected or influenced by culture.

Question 71

It is generally agreed that attitudes are not learned but develop early in childhood before the age of five.

Question 72

Behavior that is considered above and beyond the call of duty on behalf of the organization is known as organizational citizenship.

Question 73

Substantial social learning occurs through cognitive dissonance.

Question 74

As long as a corporate executive stays within the law, he or she is ethical.

Question 75

Kohlberg's cognitive moral development model has been criticized because it does not take into account gender differences.

Question 76

A message is more likely to be accepted if it comes from a credible source.

Question 77

High-Machs exhibit an external locus of control.

Question 78

Honesty and helpfulness are instrumental values that may facilitate the terminal value of social respect.

Question 79

Match the following:
a.The emotional component of an attitude.
b.Reflects a person's perceptions and beliefs.
c.A conflict between attitudes and behavior.
d.Acquisition of attitudes through observing others.
e.Acquisition of attitudes derived from personal experience.
Affect

Question 80

Managers and employees typically hold the view that productivity at work will lead to job satisfaction.