Deck 16: Motivating Employees

Question 1

The arousal,direction and persistence of behaviour is called motivation.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Equity theory states that equity exists when the ratio of outcomes to inputs for one person is equal to the same ratio for another person.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The frustration-regression principle in Alderfer's ERG theory refers to the idea that failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied lower-order need.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A high need for power often is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organisational hierarchy.

Question 5

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory,self-actualisation needs are considered the most important.

Question 6

The implication of the two-factor theory for managers is clear.Providing hygiene factors will eliminate employee dissatisfaction but will not motivate workers to high achievement levels.

Question 7

A simple model of motivation would demonstrate a relationship between 'needs','behaviours' and 'rewards' with a feedback loop to inform future 'needs'.

Question 8

David McClelland's acquired needs theory proposes a need for power,a need for accomplishment and a need for superior power.

Question 9

The rewards that a person receives from their manager in the process of performing a particular action are called an extrinsic reward.

Question 10

The three needs categories contained in Alderfer's ERG theory roughly equate to those in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory.

Question 11

The satisfaction a person receives in the process of performing a particular action is called the extrinsic rewards.

Question 12

In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory,food,water and freedom from violence are examples of physiological needs.

Question 13

According to Maslow's theory,low-order needs always take priority - they must be satisfied before higher-order needs are activated.

Question 14

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory,'motivators' have a positive influence job satisfaction levels when higher-level needs (such as recognition and opportunities for growth)are met.

Question 15

Hygiene factors are the same as dissatisfiers and include company policies and procedures.

Question 16

Self-actualisation needs relate to the desire for a positive self-image and to receive attention,recognition and appreciation from others.

Question 17

A process theory that focuses on individuals' perception of how fairly they are treated in comparison to other people is called equality theory.

Question 18

Content theories,process theories and reinforcement theories are three categories of motivation theories.

Question 19

Existence and relatedness are the first two groups of needs in Alderfer's ERG theory.

Question 20

Equity theory focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others.

Question 21

Avoidance learning and punishment are really the same thing according to reinforcement theory.

Question 22

Empowerment refers to power-sharing,as well as the delegation of power authority to subordinates in an organisation.

Question 23

The expectancy theory of motivation is similar to Fiedler's contingency model of leadership in that both emphasise subordinates' needs and goals.

Question 24

A pay rise is an example of positive reinforcement.The imposition of a curfew would constitute a punishment.The removal of the curfew would result in avoidance learning.

Question 25

Job enlargement systematically moves employees from one job to another to provide them with variety and stimulation.

Question 26

A job design that incorporates achievement,recognition and other high-level motivators into the work is known as job enlargement.

Question 27

Mary,a teacher of primary school students,continually ignores her students when they put their hand up wanting to ask a question or make a statement.After some time,the students learn not to put their hand up at all.This is an example of negative reinforcement.

Question 28

The delegation of power and authority to employees is known as empowerment.

Question 29

The assumption that positively reinforced behaviour tends to be repeated,and under reinforced or negatively reinforced behaviour tends to be inhibited is known as 'reinforcement'.

Question 30

The 'law of effect' states that behaviour that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated,and behaviour that is not reinforced tends not to be repeated.

Question 31

An emotional and mental state in which employees enjoy their work,contribute enthusiastically in meeting goals and feel a sense of belonging is known as employee engagement.

Question 32

A job design that combines a series of tasks into one new broader job to give employees a greater variety of tasks is known as work redesign.

Question 33

Goal-setting theory proposes that managers can increase motivation by setting specific,challenging goals that are accepted as valid by subordinates,then helping people track their progress toward goal achievement by providing timely feedback.

Question 34

According to goal-setting theory,the four key components of effective motivation are:
goal specificity,goal difficulty,goal acceptance and feedback.

Question 35

A state of equity exists whenever the ratio of one person's outcomes to inputs equals the ratio of another's outcomes to inputs.

Question 36

A job design that systematically moves employees from one job to another to provide them with variety and stimulation is known as job enrichment.

Question 37

A job design refers to the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction levels.

Question 38

The idea that the most important factor to boost motivation,positive emotions and perceptions is to work towards a meaningful goal is known as the 'making progress principle'.

Question 39

According to reinforcement theory,an example of 'extinction' would be to continually ignore all children that have their hands in the air in a classroom situation.

Question 40

Expectancy theory is based on the relationship between the individual's effort,the individual's performance and the desirability of outcomes associated with high performance.

Question 41

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory,the opposite of satisfied is _______________,whilst the opposite of dissatisfied is _________________.

A) Dissatisfied, satisfied.
B) Dissatisfied, not satisfied.
C) Not dissatisfied, satisfied.
D) Not satisfied, not dissatisfied.
E) None of these choices.

Question 42

Which of these,according to McClelland,is associated with the desire to master complex tasks?

A) A need for affiliation
B) A need for achievement
C) A need for power
D) A need for authority
E) All of these choices.

Question 43

__________________ refers to any need for physical well-being.

A) Growth needs
B) Existence needs
C) Relatedness needs
D) Self-actualisation needs
E) Physiological needs

Question 44

Content and process theories of motivation are found in which approach to motivation?

A) Traditional approach
B) Contemporary approach
C) Human relations approach
D) Human resource approach
E) Whole person approach

Question 45

Alderfer referred to the needs for physical wellbeing as __________ needs.

A) physiological
B) belongingness
C) existential
D) relatedness
E) growth

Question 46

__________________ focus on the development of human potential and the desire for personal growth and increased competence.

A) Growth needs
B) Existence needs
C) Relatedness needs
D) Self-actualisation needs
E) Physiological needs

Question 47

According to McClelland,a high need for __________ is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organisational hierarchy.

A) power
B) achievement
C) affiliation
D) success
E) expertise

Question 48

The majority of casual workers at Corroboree Corporation are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied.What would Herzberg recommend if your goal were to increase their level of satisfaction?

A) Increase the level of hygiene factors
B) Decrease the level of hygiene factors
C) Decrease the level of motivators
D) Increase the level of motivators
E) None of these choices.

Question 49

Stuart is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for his contributions to the organisation.According to Maslow,Stuart is motivated by which category of needs?

A) Safety
B) Physiological
C) Belonging
D) Esteem
E) Self-actualisation

Question 50

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,which need proceeds belongingness needs?

A) Safety
B) Physiological
C) Belonging
D) Esteem
E) Self-actualisation

Question 51

Which of the following is not a need proposed by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs theory?

A) Compensation needs
B) Safety needs
C) Esteem needs
D) Physiological needs
E) Self-actualisation needs

Question 52

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?

A) Pay raise
B) Pat on the back from your boss
C) Employee's feelings of self-worth
D) Promotion
E) Bonus

Question 53

The arousal,direction and persistence of behaviour is known as:

A) commitment
B) motivation
C) satisfaction
D) rewarding behaviour
E) behaviour modification.

Question 54

According to Herzberg,which of these is an example of a hygiene factor?

A) Achievement
B) Recognition
C) Opportunity for growth
D) Responsibility
E) Pay

Question 55

Lachlan has a desire to influence others,be responsible for them,and have authority over them.It can be described as his need for:

A) affiliation
B) achievement
C) power
D) relatedness
E) None of these choices.

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward?

A) Employee's feelings of self-worth
B) Pat on the back from your boss
C) Pay raise
D) Both B and C
E) None of these choices.

Question 57

Which of these refers to a reward given by another person?

A) Intrinsic reward
B) Internal reward
C) Extrinsic reward
D) Valued reward
E) Charity

Question 58

John Citizen is primarily driven by a need to establish close social relationships with other people.Alderfer would say he is motivated by:

A) growth needs
B) relatedness needs
C) existence needs
D) self-actualisation needs
E) physiological needs.

Question 59

Jane decides to enrol in university to improve understanding of the world around her.Jane is motivated by which category of needs?

A) Safety
B) Physiological
C) Belonging
D) Self-actualisation
E) Esteem

Question 60

Zoe tried to apply the job characteristics model to her workforce,but it only worked for some of her employees.Which of the following may be a reason why it did not work for everyone?

A) Some of her employees are lazy.
B) Some of her employees are low in growth-need strength.
C) Some of her employees have a low need for power.
D) All of her employees have high growth-needs.
E) Some of her employees have low affiliation needs.

Question 61

The core dimension of Hackman and Oldham's model of job characteristics that is based on the number of diverse activities that make up a job is known as:

A) autonomy
B) skill variety
C) job enlargement
D) task identity
E) feedback.

Question 62

The job characteristics model is effective when a person has:

A) a desire for personal challenge
B) a desire for achievement
C) a need for challenging work
D) All of these choices.
E) None of these choices.

Question 63

Which of the following statements best summarises the law of effect?

A) All behaviours have consequences.
B) Your behaviour will influence others.
C) Positively reinforced behaviour tends to be repeated.
D) Negatively reinforced behaviour tends to be repeated.
E) None of these choices.

Question 64

Which of these is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behaviour?

A) Avoidance learning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Extinction
D) Positive reinforcement
E) Suspension

Question 65

Joanne works at Five-to-One Corporation.Her bosses continually indicate that her motivational level is low.Joanne agrees,but is unwilling to work harder until the company changes the types of reward it offers its employees.Which of the following is low for Joanne?

A) E-> P expectancy
B) O-> P expectancy
C) Valence
D) Motivators
E) O-> E indicators

Question 66

The __________ involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance.

A) E-> P expectancy
B) P-> O expectancy
C) O-> V expectancy
D) A-> Z expectancy
E) V-> P expectancy

Question 67

_______________ refers to the degree to which goals are concrete and unambiguous.

A) Goal specificity
B) Goal difficulty
C) Goal acceptance
D) Path-goal theory
E) None of these choices.

Question 68

Which of the following theories is based on the relationships between effort,performance and outcomes?

A) Equity theory
B) ERG theory
C) Reinforcement theory
D) Two-factor theory
E) Expectancy theory

Question 69

Which of the following is an important part of the job characteristics model?

A) Schedules of reinforcement
B) A hierarchy of needs
C) Critical psychological states
D) All of these choices.
E) None of these choices.

Question 70

While job _____________ can lead to greater task efficiencies,it has failed as a motivational technique.

A) rotation
B) enlargement
C) simplification
D) characteristics
E) enrichment

Question 71

Common ways to reduce a perceived inequity include all the following,except:

A) change work effort
B) change outcomes
C) change perceptions of equity
D) leave the job entirely
E) All of these choices are common ways to reduce a perceived inequity.

Question 72

The key components of goal-setting theory include:

A) goal specificity
B) goal difficulty
C) goal acceptance
D) all of these
E) None of these choices.

Question 73

The removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behaviour is referred to as:

A) avoidance learning
B) punishment
C) positive reinforcement
D) extinction
E) inefficient management.

Question 74

Alice and Robert are both middle managers at Superslim Corporation on the Gold Coast.Alice is dissatisfied because she knows that Robert makes more in salary even though,in Alice's opinion,she works longer hours than he does.If Alice wishes to reduce this perceived inequity,what should she do?

A) She could reduce the number of hours she works.
B) She could increase her level of absenteeism.
C) She could ask for a raise.
D) All of these choices.
E) None of these choices.

Question 75

One of your fellow students is continually late to tutorials.The tutor (Dr Dre)has tried numerous verbal warnings and recently threatened to deduct two per cent off the student's final grade each time he is late without cause.The student then began to show up on time.Based on the above,the tutor's actions are consistent with which of the following reinforcement techniques?

A) Negative reinforcement
B) Extinction
C) Positive reinforcement
D) Rewards enhancement
E) Avoidance learning

Question 76

Enviro Pulp Mill in rural Victoria systematically moves employees from one job to another,thereby increasing the number of different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job.This is known as:

A) job simplification
B) job rotation
C) job enlargement
D) job enrichment
E) None of these choices.

Question 77

Which of the following techniques reduces the likelihood that behaviour will be repeated?

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Extinction
D) Reward enhancement
E) None of these choices.

Question 78

With a continuous reinforcement schedule:

A) every sixth desired behaviour is reinforced
B) every occurrence of the desired behaviour is reinforced
C) on average, every sixth desired behaviour is reinforced
D) once a day the desired behaviour is reinforced
E) desired behaviour is reinforced annually.

Question 79

Kane is looking for ways to increase the number of different tasks that an employee performs without increasing task complexity.He should try job:

A) simplification
B) enlargement
C) enrichment
D) rotation
E) lay-off.

Question 80

Marjorie is a first-line supervisor at More-or-Less Ltd.She wishes to increase her employees' opportunities for growth and learning.Which of the following techniques should she use?

A) Job enlargement
B) Job enrichment
C) Job rotation
D) Positive reinforcement
E) Continuous reinforcement