Deck 12: Locomotion

Question 1

The locomotor muscles of fish tend to have which of the following characteristics?

A)Of the two muscle fiber types,in terms of mass,the majority is red muscle.
B)The white muscle is glycolytic and is responsible for brief,high-speed swimming.
C)White muscle is usually restricted to a ribbon that underlies the lateral line.
D)White muscle is oxidative and supports slow,steady-state cruising.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is the function of setae of the integument of earthworms?

A)They serve as chemosensory structures.
B)They serve as proprioceptors.
C)They provide anchorage during burrowing.
D)all of the above

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Oxygen diffusion distances are greater in glycolytic muscles because glycolytic muscles __________ than aerobic muscles.

A)are smaller
B)have fewer capillaries
C)have higher oxygen demands
D)all of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Of the muscles employed by the mammalian hindlimb during walking,the __________ works in concert with others to flex the limb.

A)tibialis anterior
B)gastrocnemius
C)soleus
D)rectus femoris

Question 5

Hummingbirds can hover because

A)they have large breast muscles that enable their wings to generate lift in the upstroke and downstroke.
B)they burn only sugar and not fat.
C)their wings beat rapidly,often higher than 30 beats/sec.
D)A and C

Question 6

Muscles possess low levels of __________ that can be oxidized immediately.

A)glucose
B)fatty acids and glycerol
C)free amino acids
D)all of the above

Question 7

All but one of the statements correctly describes T2DM;which one is it?

A)T2DM is a metabolic disorder,likely linked to the current lifestyle of humans being at odds with the evolution of our physiology.
B)In T2DM,more glucose is taken up by adipose tissue and converted to fat.
C)In T2DM,tissues become unresponsive to insulin.
D)In T2DM,insulin is produced by the liver in response to higher glucose levels in the blood.

Question 8

In adipose tissue,hormone-sensitive lipase

A)is controlled by corticotropin,epinephrine,and glucagon.
B)is activated via the IP₃ pathway of signal transduction.
C)regulates the docking of LDL and other lipoproteins.
D)all of the above

Question 9

During the latter stages of long-distance reproductive migrations,salmon resort to___________ as an energy source.

A)Lipid stores
B)ingested food
C)endogenous proteins
D)nucleic acids

Question 10

__________ is the substrate used by both the mitochondria and in glycolysis to generate ATP.

A)Carbohydrate
B)Fatty acids
C)Amino acids
D)all of the above

Question 11

An important step in the recovery process of skeletal muscle is the removal of __________ that accumulates from the result of anaerobic glycolysis.

A)acetate
B)lactate
C)pyruvate
D)urea

Question 12

All but which one of the following compounds is an invertebrate phosphogen?

A)phosphoarginine
B)phosphocreatine
C)phosphoglycocyamine
D)phospholambricine

Question 13

The highest concentration of mitochondria per unit volume can be found in

A)the glycolytic muscle fibers in the leg of an Olympic sprinter.
B)the flight muscles of insects and hummingbirds.
C)the glycolytic muscle fibers in the white breast meat of a chicken.
D)the glycolytic muscle fibers in the back of a weight lifter.

Question 14

Which muscle powers the downstroke in bird flight?

A)brachioradialis
B)triceps
C)pectoralis
D)supracoracoideus

Question 15

In what way(s)are the muscle arrangements in the body wall of earthworms similar to those of the human digestive tract?

A)Both exhibit peristaltic waves of contractions.
B)Both are organized into layers of circular and transverse muscles
C)Both consist of striated muscle.
D)all of the above

Question 16

Much of our understanding of the tetrapod muscle function is derived from studies of the

A)muscles comprising the walls of the squid mantle cavity.
B)diaphragm of the white laboratory rat.
C)external oblique muscles of Necturus and other non-jumping amphibians.
D)muscles comprising the hindlimb of frogs.

Question 17

Invertebrate locomotor muscles are typically

A)striated.
B)smooth.
C)discontinuous.
D)pseudostriated.

Question 18

During muscle activity,ATP plays a role in providing energy for

A)cross-bridge cycling.
B)establishing ion gradients across the sarcolemmal membrane.
C)transporting Ca²⁺ back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
D)all of the above

Question 19

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the red and white locomotor muscles of fish?

A)White muscle exhibits maximal power output at lower tail-beat frequencies.
B)Fish tend to use red muscle for slow,often continuous swimming.
C)Red muscle tends to be more glycolytic.
D)Red muscle shows maximal power output at high tail-beat frequencies.

Question 20

One of the features of the Cori cycle is the

A)conversion of muscle-derived lactate into glucose by the liver.
B)oxidation of lactate by the heart.
C)conversion of lactate into glycogen by the muscle fibers.
D)all of the above

Question 21

The most important parameter in most forms of locomotion is

A)force.
B)leverage.
C)mechanical power.
D)stroke volume.

Question 22

Which of the following organisms would have the largest Reynolds number?

A)copepod
B)minnow
C)tuna
D)whale

Question 23

In terms of joint anatomy,bones are held to other bones by

A)bursae.
B)cartilage.
C)ligaments.
D)tendons.

Question 24

The role of extensor muscles,absent in the leg joints of many spiders,has been replaced by

A)fluid movements and pressure changes of the hydrostatic skeleton.
B)strategically placed exoskeletal plates that store elastic energy when deformed.
C)a system of chitinous self-locking and unlocking catches and levers.
D)a system of autonomously controlled valves within the legs.

Question 25

The regular cycling between constriction and dilation of arterioles feeding capillaries is known as

A)vasocongestion.
B)vasodilation.
C)vasomotion.
D)vasospasm.

Question 26

Sharks and rays increase their buoyancy by accumulating __________ in their livers.

A)cholesterol
B)squalene
C)triglycerides
D)wax esters

Question 27

Which of the following biomaterials has the highest specific gravity?

A)cartilage
B)protein
C)triglyceride
D)squalene

Question 28

The arrangement of most muscles and bones in animal locomotion fall into the category of class __________ levers.

A)I
B)II
C)III
D)IV

Question 29

In insects,indirect flight muscles

A)tend to be found in the more primitive orders such as the locusts and dragonflies.
B)change the position of the wings by altering the shape of the thorax.
C)function in the absence of direct flight muscles.
D)are also referred to as synchronous flight muscles.

Question 30

During the process of bone formation,

A)osteoclasts secrete collagen fibers.
B)collagen fibers help organize the deposition of calcium phosphate apatite.
C)osteoblasts secrete hydrolytic enzymes creating tunnels into the bone or cartilage.
D)osteocytes ultimately mature into inactive osteoclasts.

Question 31

Whales and seals prepare for a dive by

A)storing excess blood in the liver for later use.
B)sequestering high levels of intracellular calcium to buffer pH changes.
C)saturating myoglobin stores with oxygen.
D)all of the above

Question 32

Cartilaginous skeletons are found in

A)lampreys.
B)hagfish.
C)sharks and rays.
D)all of the above

Question 33

From an evolutionary perspective,animals produce myoglobin

A)to reduce the costs of building and maintaining vasculature.
B)to increase intracellular storage of CO₂ and reduce dependence on carbonic anhydrase.
C)to mediate the detrimental effects of pH changes by serving as an intracellular buffer.
D)to serve as an intracellular sink of amino acids.

Question 34

Given two muscles of equal mass,a short,thick muscle and a long,thin muscle,one would expect the short,thick muscle to

A)contract with a greater force.
B)have its sarcomeres arranged in series rather than parallel.
C)shorten faster and further,but generate less force.
D)all of the above

Question 35

In most animals,the organization of muscles and bones of locomotion into a system of levers

A)confers significant mechanical advantage.
B)increases the range and velocity of movement.
C)is functionally analogous to a wheelbarrow-type lever.
D)is functionally analogous to a crowbar-type lever.

Question 36

Many species of zooplankton possess large droplets of lipid,typically in the form of __________,to increase their buoyancy.

A)cholesterol
B)squalene
C)triglycerides
D)wax esters

Question 37

__________ is the element of the physical environment that has the greatest consequences for locomotor strategies.

A)Gravity
B)Viscosity
C)Resistance
D)Turbulence

Question 38

The exoskeleton of insects is composed of a variety of materials including the carbohydrate

A)cellulose.
B)chitin.
C)dextran.
D)sclerotin.

Question 39

The viscous effects of water would have the greatest impact on inhibiting the forward motion of a

A)copepod.
B)minnow.
C)tuna.
D)whale.

Question 40

Compared to other fish,the capacity for oxidative phosphorylation is significantly greater in the tuna due to the

A)homogeneous distribution of thick-fibered red muscle.
B)higher mitochondrial content of the red muscle fibers.
C)more extensive branching of the T-tubules.
D)denser packing of cristae in the mitochondria of the red muscles.

Question 41

Tuna and the fastest sharks (such as the mako)have __________ caudal fins.

A)homocercal
B)holocercal
C)heterocercal
D)mesocercal

Question 42

The preferred form of stored fuel for migratory animals is

A)amino acids.
B)glycogen and other types of starch.
C)lipid.
D)protein.

Question 43

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)Small mammals are more constrained by evolutionary history than large mammals.
B)In vertebrates,connective tissue and bones are the most important elastic energy stores.
C)Collagen of small mammals has very different properties than collagen of large mammals.
D)Smaller animals store more elastic energy during movement than larger animals.

Question 44

For most swimming animals,drag is proportional to the

A)square root of the buoyancy.
B)inverse of the mass-specific metabolic rate.
C)Reynolds number.
D)velocity squared.

Question 45

The curved upper surface of an aerofoil of the wing of an airplane or a bird is critical in generating

A)drag.
B)lift.
C)angular momentum.
D)thrust.

Question 46

As a general rule,in temperate regions the most important environmental cue that triggers migration is

A)photoperiod.
B)temperature change.
C)change in food quality and abundance.
D)all of the above

Question 47

The white muscles of fish are organized into units of parallel layers derived from internal segments of the embryo called __________.

Question 48

Limb musculature of tetrapods is developmentally _____________ to fin musculature of fish.

Question 49

True flight has arisen in

A)birds and reptiles.
B)mammals.
C)insects.
D)all of the above

Question 50

Earthworms organize locomotor striated muscles into __________ and __________ layers.

Question 51

The fine muscles within the wings of __________ allow for substantial changes in the wing shape.

A)bats
B)birds
C)insects
D)all of the above

Question 52

The movement of a limb bending at a joint is called flexion,and straightening is called __________.

Question 53

What is the single-most important determinant of the efficiency of locomotion among all animals?

A)surface area
B)shape
C)body size
D)frictional drag

Question 54

A fluid-filled internal chamber that supports the body of an animal is known as a __________.

Question 55

The costs of locomotion for animals moving at their optimal velocities are

A)lowest for swimmers.
B)highest for fliers.
C)lowest for runners.
D)highest for swimmers.

Question 56

Among animals in the following list,the phenomenon of drag has the most pronounced effect on the locomotion of a

A)kangaroo.
B)bat.
C)sparrow.
D)trout.

Question 57

In fish,the pattern of the sequential activation of muscle contraction is known as __________ and is under the control of the central nervous system.

Question 58

During peristaltic burrowing in earthworms,when the __________ muscles contract,the segment extends or lengthens.

Question 59

True flight first arose in

A)bats.
B)birds.
C)insects.
D)reptiles.

Question 60

Migratory excursions can be distinguished from other types of animal movements by

A)being relatively persistent and of long duration.
B)being primarily linear in direction.
C)the animals being unresponsive to normally distracting stimuli.
D)all of the above

Question 61

__________ fish inflate their swim bladders indirectly via a vascularized region of the bladder called the gas gland.

Question 62

Describe the organization of the muscles of the mantle of a squid and the mechanism of jet propulsion.

Question 63

How does the mitochondrial content vary among muscle types and species?

Question 64

The __________ distance is the effective diffusion distance for oxygen from the capillary into the surrounding tissue.

Question 65

In the absence of oxygen,the only option for skeletal muscles to generate ATP is __________.

Question 66

Briefly name and explain the roles of the various hindlimb muscles that function in walking in mammals.

Question 67

In all sharks,the rigid __________ fins generate lift and prevent rolling.

Question 68

The __________ caudal fins of cruising sharks are much taller on the dorsal side than on the ventral side.

Question 69

The forces that oppose the forward movement of an object through a liquid are collectively referred to as __________.

Question 70

Once oxygen leaves the capillary and crosses the muscle cell plasma membrane,it is rapidly bound by __________.

Question 71

What is the relationship between glucose and triglycerides as skeletal muscle energy substrates as a function of activity level?

Question 72

The __________ number is a mathematical expression that describes the relationship between turbulent and laminar flow as a function of the properties of fluids,objects,and movement.

Question 73

Animals often show elevated rates of oxygen consumption long after the cessation of exercise,a phenomenon called __________.

Question 74

Describe the organization of the locomotor white muscles of fish as well as the direction of the contractile forces.

Question 75

The cross-sectional view of the wings of birds and planes reveals a curved upper surface demonstrating both to be __________.

Question 76

An important step in the recovery process of skeletal muscle is the removal of __________ that accumulates from the result of anaerobic glycolysis.

Question 77

A hummingbird becomes ______________ when it relies on its energy reserves and drops its body temperature to conserve energy.

Question 78

The vertical midpoint in the mass of an animal is called its __________.

Question 79

Limb muscles tend to be organized into __________ pairs like triceps and biceps such that they are responsible for opposing movements.

Question 80

All the muscles that are responsible for a type of movement,like those employed in bipedal walking,are grouped together into a __________.