Deck 1: Introduction to Physiological Principles

Question 1

Animal physiology is the study of

A)how structures allow animals to function.
B)the chemical reactions found in animals.
C)the genetic lineage seen in the evolution of animals.
D)migratory patterns of animals.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

One theme in physiology states that the physiology of an animal is part of its __________,which is based on its __________ and environmental influences.

A)genotype;ancestry
B)phenotype;genotype
C)ancestry;phenotype
D)phenotype;diet

Answer 2

B

Question 3

One approach,known as __________,says that we can learn about one level of organization by studying the functions at the level below it.

A)reductionism
B)emergence
C)systematics
D)bioinformatics

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In physiology,you learned that form reflects function.When comparing the digestive systems of carnivores and herbivores,you observed that

A)carnivores have much larger stomachs than herbivores.
B)carnivores have a much smaller caecum,and a much shorter intestinal tract than herbivores.
C)carnivores have a smaller caecum,but a larger intestinal tract than herbivores.
D)the digestive systems of the two are similar because both are mammals.

Question 5

The proximate cause of an organism's unique characteristic can be answered by

A)studying the animals lineage.
B)looking for evolutionary advantages of the characteristic.
C)identifying the genes that regulate the characteristic.
D)both A and B

Question 6

Genetic drift is most likely to occur

A)due to differences in "fitness" of individuals.
B)in large populations.
C)when a large portion of the population is killed,regardless of genetics.
D)in ocean populations where genes can drift between individuals.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about conformers and regulators is correct?

A)In a conformer,internal conditions mimic external changes.
B)In a regulator,internal conditions regulate external changes.
C)An organism could be a thermo-conformer and an ionoregulator.
D)both A and C

Question 8

Which Porcelain crabs,those living in cool temperate regions or those living in hot tropical regions,appear to be more vulnerable to global warming and why?

A)Species living in cool temperate regions appear to be more vulnerable because it is harder to adapt to heat than to cold.
B)Species living in cool temperate regions appear to be more vulnerable because these species require cold temperatures to reproduce.
C)Species living in hot regions appear to be more vulnerable because they are living at the edge of their thermal tolerance range and likely have limited ability to adjust their thermal tolerance.
D)Species living in hot regions appear to be less vulnerable because they are already adapted to hot environments.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true about phenotype?

A)After an initial development period,phenotype of an organism is static.
B)Phenotype is affected by organization at the biochemical level only.
C)Altering phenotype allows an organism to change its physiological response.
D)Genotype may influence phenotype,but phenotype never affects genotype.

Question 10

The flippers of marine mammals,the legs of dogs,and the wings of birds are examples of ______________ structures.

A)homologous
B)analogous
C)convergent
D)shared

Question 11

The set point in a feedback loop is

A)the point at which the stimulus no longer is required.
B)the point at which the (effector)organ or gland starts to change the environment.
C)a range of values for a parameter that the body tries to maintain.
D)the last step of a series of changes before the body is "set."

Question 12

Organisms that are closely related to each other will

A)share some features with all other organisms.
B)share some features only with organisms from this same group.
C)have no features in common with any other organism.
D)both A and B

Question 13

The scaling coefficient for metabolic rate should be 2/3 is based on

A)relationships between surface area and volume.
B)relationships between body mass and volume.
C)relationships between volume and metabolism.
D)relationships between metabolism and activity of the animal.

Question 14

Surface area to volume ratio influences thermal physiology such that

A)small animals have a higher surface area to volume ratio,decreasing heat loss.
B)small animals have a lower surface area to volume ratio,decreasing heat loss.
C)small animals have a higher surface area to volume ratio,increasing heat loss.
D)small animals have a lower surface area to volume ratio,increasing heat loss.

Question 15

The term adaptation most commonly refers to

A)changes within an individual that are irreversible.
B)changes within an individual that are reversible.
C)changes within a population seen over time.
D)changes within an individual that cannot be inherited.

Question 16

Being a conformer is beneficial because

A)it's possible to maintain a stable environment.
B)it consumes less energy than being a regulator.
C)it allows an organism to live in a wide range of environments that differ from its internal environment.
D)all of the above

Question 17

Growing and shedding fur is an example of a physiological change following a

A)seasonal cycle.
B)circadian rhythm.
C)lunar cycle.
D)diurnal cycle.

Question 18

Adaptation can change the genetic composition of a population because

A)environmental stressors favor survival of certain genotypes.
B)individuals possessing favorable genes tend to produce more offspring.
C)genes are passed on only if offspring are produced.
D)all of the above

Question 19

When maintaining homeostasis,it is important to do all of the following EXCEPT

A)detect external conditions.
B)control external conditions.
C)generate compensatory responses to the changes.
D)protect vital areas from damaging changes.

Question 20

Maintaining homeostasis relies on

A)short-term behavioral changes.
B)short-term physiological changes.
C)long term strategies.
D)all of the above

Question 21

List the four conditions that are needed for adaptive evolution to occur.Provide one specific example of adaptive evolution.

Question 22

An animal that undergoes physiological changes caused by an experimentor regulating environmental variables is said to have __________.

Question 23

The phenotypic expression of a genotype can be altered by

A)developmental processes.
B)environmental conditions.
C)physiological conditions.
D)all of the above

Question 24

Metabolism is homeostatically regulated but,during lactation,metabolism has to be adjusted to account for the energetic demands of milk production.This process is referred to as ___________.

Question 25

Explain how a cell and molecular physiologist can be a developmental and applied physiologist as well.

Question 26

Explain why a certain mutation in a genome may not continue to be beneficial after an environmental stressor is removed.

Question 27

An organism that maintains its internal environment regardless of changes in the external environment is called a __________.

Question 28

Environmental factors can cause __________,or a range of phenotypes from a single genotype.

Question 29

Acclimatization is a term referring to

A)irreversible changes in phenotype due to natural environmental variation.
B)irreversible changes in phenotype due to controlled environmental change.
C)reversible changes in phenotype due to natural environmental variation.
D)reversible changes in phenotype due to controlled environmental change.

Question 30

Physiological processes that change in a predictable pattern on a daily basis are said to follow a __________.

Question 31

Factors that generate opposite effects on a pathway are termed __________.

Question 32

__________ of a population occurs when environmental stressors favor survival of certain genotypes,leading to their increased levels of reproduction.

Question 33

Explain why it is important to understand chemistry and physics before studying physiology.Be sure to include some examples.

Question 34

__________ is/are an example of positive feedback loop control.

A)Vomiting
B)Maintaining internal body temperature
C)Plasma glucose levels
D)Eating when hungry

Question 35

Genetic drift results in ________________ evolution,which refers to changes in a population that are not due to differences in fitness.

Question 36

When a large portion of a population is wiped out and the genetic base is rebuilt from a small group of individuals,then the __________,a type of genetic drift,may result.

Question 37

The genetic makeup of an organism,the __________,can be expressed in a variety of ways and has major effects on physiological traits.

Question 38

In research,what are two important features of model organisms? Provide an example of a model organism in physiological research.

Question 39

How does an organism's body determine whether to utilize short-term or long-term strategies for maintaining homeostasis?

Question 40

Polyphenism is a type of phenotypic plasticity that

A)can be easily reversed when necessary.
B)occurs only when adults are exposed to certain environmental factors.
C)is also called developmental plasticity.
D)all of the above

Question 41

How is it possible for a single genotype to generate a broad range of phenotypes?