Deck 2: Physiological Evolution of Animals

Question 1

Which protist is best described by its lifestyle?

A)Euglena have features of animals and fungi.
B)Paramecium are ciliated hunters.
C)Plasmodium are free-living animal-like protists.
D)Amoebas are sedentary photosynthetic protists.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following statements best describes mollusks?

A)Mollusks include gastropods,bivalves,and cephalopods;they have a reduced coelom,and many move at a sluggish pace.
B)Mollusks include gastropods,bivalves,and cephalopods;many move at a sluggish pace,and all are aquatic.
C)Mollusks include gastropods and bivalves;several bivalves are terrestrial with adaptations to withstand severe dehydration.
D)Mollusks include gastropods and bivalves,have a mantle,and all are aquatic.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Triploblastic animals are

A)acoelomate.
B)pseudocoelomate.
C)coelomate.
D)partially coelomate.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)In deuterostome animals,the blastopore becomes the mouth and the anus forms at a distant site.
B)In coelomate animals,the coelom is located between the endoderm and the mesoderm.
C)Arthropods show metamerism and tagmatization.
D)Deuterostomes include the arthropods,echinoderms,and chordates.

Question 5

The first animals to show true tissues were

A)sponges.
B)placozoans.
C)cnidarians.
D)ctenophores.

Question 6

All animals

A)eat other animals.
B)are multicellular.
C)reproduce sexually.
D)are triploblastic.

Question 7

Which of the following is a parasitic protist that causes malaria?

A)Paramecium
B)slime mould
C)Platyzoa
D)Plasmodium

Question 8

The most ancient deuterostomes are

A)annelids.
B)echinoderms.
C)mollusks.
D)arthropods.

Question 9

Which of the following characteristics would be most beneficial for animals to successfully survive on land?

A)The presence of a notocord and dorsal nerve cord.
B)The ability to undergo metamorphosis.
C)The presence of an open circulatory system.
D)The presence of an exoskeleton.

Question 10

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

A)Choanoflagellates and Cnidarians
B)Paramecium and ciliated herbivore
C)ancestors of fungi and plants with no cell walls
D)choanocytes and flagellated cells in sponges

Question 11

Platyhelminthes can live without a circulatory or respiratory system because

A)they rely on their digestive system.
B)they are dorsoventrally flattened.
C)the kidney excretes excess waste materials.
D)the epidermis secretes lubricants.

Question 12

If multicellular organisms have distinct cell types,this means that

A)the different cell types express different genes.
B)each cell can be different.
C)some of the organism's cells will grow larger over time.
D)some cells will have cell walls and others won't.

Question 13

The three cell types found in sponges are

A)cnidocytes,mesenchyme cells,and nematocyst cells.
B)choanocytes,mesenchyme cells,and pinacocytes.
C)choanocytes,cnidocytes,and nematocyst cells.
D)nematocyst cells,mesenchyme cells,and pinacocytes.

Question 14

Which of the following characteristics apply to all protists?

A)They are animal-like.
B)They can photosynthesize.
C)They have a nucleus.
D)They have a cell wall.

Question 15

In fungi and plants

A)the cell wall controls osmotic swelling.
B)the sodium-potassium pump regulates osmotic balance.
C)chemical messengers are not used to communicate.
D)collagen is used to build tissues.

Question 16

One key advantage associated with bilateral symmetry in animals is

A)an increase in speed.
B)the presence of a coelom.
C)the evolution of limbs.
D)the evolution of cephalization.

Question 17

In early gastrulation,a depression called a blastopore forms.If this blastopore forms the anus,the animals are referred to as

A)deuterostomes.
B)protostomes.
C)gastrostomes.
D)diploblasts.

Question 18

Gans's and Northcutt's "new head" hypothesis proposes that

A)vertebrates have a diffuse nerve sensory system.
B)more complex teeth in the head evolved in response to a more predatory lifestyle.
C)the success of vertebrates was linked to specializations of the head.
D)B and C

Question 19

Which characteristics do annelids and arthropods have in common?

A)Both have feeding grooves.
B)Both exhibit metamorphosis.
C)Both are metameric.
D)Both have a chitin-based body covering.

Question 20

Platyhelminthes exhibit which of the following lifestyles?

A)free-living
B)free-living and ectoparasitic
C)ectoparasitic and endoparasitic
D)free-living,ectoparasitic,and endoparasitic

Question 21

Birds and mammals are similar in that

A)both contain species that lay eggs.
B)both are endothermic.
C)both are part of a group of reptiles that includes the dinosaurs and crocodilians.
D)A and B

Question 22

In terms of reproduction,which group of mammals is most similar to their reptilian ancestors?

A)monotremes
B)marsupials
C)placental mammals
D)flying mammals

Question 23

Only certain organisms possess gene variants that are able to exchange Na⁺ for K⁺,thus making the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase unique to

A)animals.
B)fungi.
C)plants and animals.
D)fungi and plants.

Question 24

Collagen is best described as a n

A)intracellular matrix protein.
B)extracellular matrix protein and one of the earliest innovations observed in animals.
C)matrix protein that all animals have,with the exception of sponges.
D)intracellular matrix that is a basis for communication between cells.

Question 25

In tetrapods,the steroid hormone,aldosterone,plays a role in

A)mineral balance.
B)water and vitamin balance.
C)mineral and vitamin balance.
D)water and mineral balance.

Question 26

____________ are often called extremophiles,because they can survive in some of the harshest environments on earth.

Question 27

The tissues of Cnidarians are termed _____________ because they are derived from two embryonic body layers.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true with respect to myosin?

A)Plants,fungi,and animals share the same myosin families.
B)Myosin is found in all prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
C)Different classes of myosins are distinguished by differences in structural organization and amino acid sequence.
D)Cardiac α-myosin allows for greater contractile efficiency.

Question 29

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

A)modern mammals / anapsids
B)all extant reptiles and birds / diapsids
C)extinct group of reptiles / synapsids
D)having one opening in the side of the skull / anapsids

Question 30

Which of the following statements correctly describes birds?

A)Birds are modern reptiles.
B)Birds differ from other reptiles in their thermal biology.
C)Birds are the only remaining representatives of the therapsids.
D)A and B

Question 31

One of the biggest challenges facing terrestrial organisms is to

A)escape from predators.
B)survive food shortages.
C)reduce water loss.
D)find shelter.

Question 32

Which of the following statements with respect to animals is correct?

A)In animals,anatomy and functional properties played a small role in their evolutionary success.
B)In animals,the ability to digest cellulose depends on symbiotic organisms.
C)There are few differences in metabolic rates among animals.
D)B and C

Question 33

The cell wall of fungi is composed of ____________.

Question 34

Amphibians differ from other tetrapods in that amphibians

A)are much smaller.
B)have a more rigid spinal column.
C)depend on water for reproduction.
D)A and C

Question 35

Cartilaginous fish evolved from

A)agnathans.
B)placoderms.
C)ostracoderms.
D)lampreys.

Question 36

The __________ is considered to be the earliest life form.

Question 37

Which of the following animals are amniotes?

A)amphibians,mammals,birds,and reptiles
B)amphibians,birds,and reptiles
C)mammals,birds,and reptiles
D)birds and reptiles

Question 38

Would you expect gene duplication,such as seen in the Hox gene,to lead to significant changes in evolution of traits?

A)No,because a duplicated gene would most likely carry a deleterious mutation.
B)No,because a duplicated gene would be identical to the original gene and perform the original function.
C)Yes,because one gene would perform a specific function,but duplicated copies could perform new functions.
D)Yes,because the Hox gene controls all traits.

Question 39

Which of the following organisms are able to thrive under the most diverse environmental conditions due to their remarkable biochemical adaptations?

A)prokaryotes
B)plants
C)fungi
D)invertebrates

Question 40

The body plan of sponges is _____________,while cnidarians are ______________________.

Question 41

We often hear the terms protists,protozoans,and metazoans;briefly explain the relationship among them.

Question 42

In reptiles and birds,the evolution of the _____________ removed the dependence on water and allowed complete transition to life on land.

Question 43

The body of annelids is divided into repeating segments called_________________.

Question 44

Metabolic rate is measured as ___________________.

Question 45

In echinoderms and chordates,the mouth forms second;therefore,both are__________________.

Question 46

Describe some key physiological adaptations that allowed animals to successfully colonize terrestrial environments.

Question 47

Discuss the evolutionary connection between bilateral symmetry and cephalization in animals.

Question 48

The first group of vertebrates to successfully colonize land was the __________________.

Question 49

Birds are most closely related to the group of reptiles known as ________________.

Question 50

Why is the sodium-potassium pump so important in the animal kingdom?

Question 51

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that is produced only in ____________.

Question 52

The Na+/K+ ATPase enables animal cells to create an electrical potential across the_________.

Question 53

List the four key morphological traits that characterize all chordates.Discuss the important physiological transitions from early chordates to Craniata and their evolutionary implication.

Question 54

From an evolutionary perspective,briefly explain why amphibian physiology provides an important link between aquatic and terrestrial organisms.

Question 55

Which family of genes is involved in development?

Question 56

Many eukaryotes have myosin 2,but only __________ use it to build muscle.