Deck 8: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Which word best describes power-assertive parents?

A) indulgent
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What type of parenting uses consistent control and firm enforcement of rules, combined with strong support and affection?

A) inductive parenting
B) restrictive parenting
C) authoritative parenting
D) authoritarian parenting

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What is a defining characteristic of permissive parents?

A) They are less loving than other parents.
B) They impose few rules and do NOT supervise closely.
C) They use more physical punishment than other parents.
D) They are indifferent and uninvolved with their children.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT associated with the parental technique of power assertion?

A) lower acceptance by peers
B) higher rates of antisocial behaviour
C) interpersonal problems
D) increased ability to self-regulate

Question 5

Which of the following statements best represents the current thinking on whether parents should restrict their children's behaviour?

A) Parents should restrict their children's behaviour as much as possible.
B) The extent of restrictions depends on the child's temperament.
C) The extent of the restrictions depends on how "restrictiveness" is defined.
D) Parent should avoid restrictions, which can hamper their child's development.

Question 6

Which of the following represents the best way to get preschoolers to stop doing something?

A) punish them
B) reward them
C) involve them in doing something else
D) warn them that you will punish them if they do NOT stop

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of an inductive technique?

A) punishing a child for doing something wrong
B) telling a child that what she is doing is wrong
C) withdrawing love if the child does NOT do what is right
D) explaining to a child why she should NOT do something

Question 8

What is the most appropriate method of regulating a preschooler's behaviour?

A) using physical punishment
B) giving the child a direct request
C) threatening to withdraw your love
D) withdrawing the child's privileges

Question 9

Which parents are most likely to raise a child who develops in a socially and emotionally healthy manner?

A) permissive parents
B) restrictive parents
C) warm parents
D) controlling but warn parents

Question 10

Which of the following statements best describes children raised by warm parents?

A) They develop a sense of conscience.
B) They are perceived as being naughty.
C) They act aggressively with other children.
D) They have been given no guidelines, they lack self-control.

Question 11

How would a parenting expert respond to the statement that "parents who are strict and demand mature behaviour wind up with rebellious children"?

A) This statement is true.
B) This statement is NOT true.
C) This statement is true for girls, but NOT for boys.
D) This statement is true, especially regarding children younger than five.

Question 12

Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between parenting practices from one generation to the next?

A) Some degree of imitation may exist.
B) No degree of imitation has been determined.
C) Despite research studies, no conclusive results exist.
D) No research has been conducted on this topic.

Question 13

Five-year-old Raymond grabbed the cake from grandmother's plate and accidentally kicked his grandfather in the shin.His mother commented, "Isn't he cute? He is a good problem solver and rather assertive." What type of parent is Raymond's mother?

A) an authoritarian parent
B) a permissive parent
C) an authoritative parent
D) an uninvolved parent

Question 14

Which of the following are you most likely to hear from an authoritarian parent?

A) "Because I said so."
B) "Children have opinions too."
C) "Children can be reasoned with."
D) "Children should be involved in their own rearing."

Question 15

Which of the following is one of the two dimensions of child-rearing patterns?

A) sensitivity-aloofness
B) friendship-guardianship
C) hands-on unrestrictedness
D) restrictiveness-permissiveness

Question 16

Which of the following behaviours distinguishes warm parents?

A) They are less likely to use physical punishment.
B) They are less likely to hug or kiss their children.
C) They are less affectionate overall than other parents.
D) They are more likely to blame the child for his or her actions.

Question 17

Which of the following children does NOT "have a mind of his own"?

A) a child who misbehaves
B) a child who is stubborn
C) a child whose parents are proud of his independence
D) a child who is aggressive to others

Question 18

Matt, who is 2 years old, reaches over and pulls his mother's hair.She responds by saying "Don't do that.It hurts." What approach did Matt's mother use?

A) an inductive technique
B) a power-assertive method
C) restrictive parenting
D) a withdrawal of love method

Question 19

What parenting method provides children with knowledge that enables them to generate desirable behaviour patterns?

A) the power method
B) the inductive method
C) the deductive method
D) the love withdrawal method

Question 20

Which of the following phrases is a power-assertive parent most likely to say?

A) "Kids will be kids."
B) "Because I said so."
C) "Defiance is normal."
D) "Spare the rod, spoil the child."

Question 21

Which of the following best describes the nature of sibling relationships?

A) Their interactions are mostly negative.
B) Their interactions are usually unemotional.
C) There are no consistent findings in sibling relationships.
D) There are both positive and negative aspects to sibling relationships.

Question 22

By what age does a child's aggression become more person-directed and hostile?

A) by age 3
B) by age 4
C) by age 5
D) by age 6

Question 23

When are parents most likely to use power-assertive techniques?

A) when children are being aggressive
B) when children are NOT able to act appropriately
C) when children don't understand what rule they have violated
D) when children are behaving badly in an attempt to get attention

Question 24

Which of the following statements best describes siblings' relationships in many cultures?

A) Older brothers typically take care of younger siblings.
B) As siblings reach adolescence, their conflict increases.
C) The influence of older sisters on siblings disappears after adolescence.
D) Younger siblings typically turn to older sisters when their mothers are unavailable.

Question 25

Which of the following responses is NOT characteristic of siblings after the birth of a new sibling?

A) They may react with increased independence.
B) They may react with increased anger.
C) They may have increased toilet accidents.
D) They may begin to stutter.

Question 26

Which of the following statements best describes parenting styles?

A) They are easy.
B) They are difficult.
C) They are a one-way street.
D) They are a two-way street.

Question 27

What term describes unresponsive parents who place low demands on their children for mature behaviour?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) rejecting-neglecting
D) permissive-indulgent

Question 28

Caroline is considered to be a self-reliant child.What type of parents is she most likely to have?

A) indulgent parents
B) permissive parents
C) authoritarian parents
D) authoritative parents

Question 29

Alice sets clear limits for her son, and she has tried to explain her reasons for those limits.Alice also sets goals for her son and encourages him to achieve these goals.According to Baumrind, what term describes Alice's parenting style?

A) authoritarian
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) uninvolved

Question 30

Mary and John practise an authoritative parenting style.Which statement would you NOT hear them state?

A) "Children should be involved in their own rearing."
B) "Children have opinions too."
C) "Children can be reasoned with."
D) "Children can be irrational to deal with."

Question 31

Which situation will most likely lead to greater conflict between siblings?

A) The parents show favouritism.
B) Greater harmony exists between the parents.
C) The siblings have "easy" temperaments.
D) Cognitive differences are significant.

Question 32

Why might later-born children be more popular with their peers?

A) They learn social skills by dealing with their older siblings.
B) Their peers feel sorry for them.
C) Their parents force them to interact with other children.
D) They are ignored by their own siblings and require outside relationships.

Question 33

Which of the following statements best describes a positive outcome of permissive-indulgent parenting?

A) The children tend to be high in self-confidence.
B) The children are less likely than other children to engage in substance abuse.
C) The children are actually better behaved and more likely to follow rules than other children.
D) The children are more likely than other children to commit to goals and follow through.

Question 34

What type of parents most likely raised a child who is restrained, irritable, and anxious in social interactions?

A) authoritative parents
B) a permissive mother and an authoritative father
C) authoritarian parents
D) permissive father and authoritative mother

Question 35

Which of the following statements does NOT describe older siblings' behaviour toward younger siblings?

A) They are nurturing of their younger siblings.
B) They are dominant over their younger siblings.
C) They are role models for their younger siblings.
D) They show little interest in their younger siblings.

Question 36

What is the impact of the birth of a sibling on the existing children in the family?

A) It usually has little impact on the other children.
B) It has mostly positive impacts on the other children.
C) It has both positive and negative impacts on the other children.
D) There is little impact, unless the family already has more than one sibling.

Question 37

What is an example of regression when another sibling is born?

A) The older sibling wants to help mommy take care of the new baby.
B) The older sibling has toilet accidents, even after having been potty trained.
C) The younger sibling attempts to imitate the older sibling.
D) The older sibling refuses to cooperate with the parents.

Question 38

What is the typical experience for the older sibling when a new sibling is born?

A) The older sibling is rarely resentful.
B) The older sibling will have a negative experience.
C) The older sibling tends to receive more attention from the parents.
D) The older sibling may experience both positive and negative emotions.

Question 39

Which of the following statements best describes permissive-indulgent parents?

A) They are high in nurturance.
B) They place high demands on their children.
C) They establish clear rules for behaviour.
D) They establish clear rules but don't enforce them.

Question 40

What is the behaviour of most siblings in their early years?

A) They demonstrate strong rivalry.
B) They rarely demonstrate sibling rivalry.
C) They provide little support of any kind toward each other.
D) They may spend more time with each other than with their parents.

Question 41

You and your niece watch children playing in the park.Your niece asks you whether play serves a function.How are you most likely to respond?

A) Play serves many functions.
B) Play has no function; it is just a simple pleasure of childhood.
C) Play has no function because NOT all children in all cultures demonstrate play.
D) Play has no function until the age of 3, when the child can learn from it cognitively.

Question 42

Eight 5-year-olds are playing together.Based on the research findings on play, what is most likely the gender mix of these children?

A) They are likely to be girls.
B) They are likely to be boys.
C) They are likely a mix of boys and girls.
D) The gender mix depends on how their parents raised them.

Question 43

What life difficulty is the focus of the Canadian government's publication Because Life Goes On?

A) the death of a parent
B) the death of a sibling
C) a parent's chronic illness
D) parental divorce

Question 44

Bridgette and Ben have created a game in which they race their bicycles through an obstacle course.What would Piaget call this type of play?

A) symbolic play
B) formal games
C) functional play
D) constructive play

Question 45

What is the role of dramatic play?

A) It contributes to social development.
B) It is an outlet for uncontrolled impulses.
C) It contributes to cognitive development, but no other type of development.
D) It is a sign that a child needs more social interactions with peers.

Question 46

Which adjective does NOT describe play?

A) meaningful
B) pleasurable
C) goal-orientated
D) voluntary

Question 47

Which of the following describes the stability of children's early friendships?

A) Friendships are NOT stable before 3 years of age.
B) Even 1-year-olds have shown stable friendships.
C) The stability generally doesn't last longer than 6 months.
D) Children are too young to form attachment bonds that last.

Question 48

When Elizabeth, a preschooler, is asked what she likes about their friends, what is she most likely to say?

A) Her friends are girls, too.
B) Her parents are friends, too.
C) Her friends like to do the same things and play with the same toys.
D) Her brothers and sisters are friends, too.

Question 49

What is the best explanation for why boys and girls might show gender-stereotyped preferences for toys and activities?

A) The source is biological; a child's DNA directs toy and activity preferences.
B) Their parents may encourage preferences through their toy purchases and their actions.
C) They watch television shows that portray gender-neutral models.
D) Their parents use an authoritarian approach to play.

Question 50

According to The Canadian Toy Association's 2012 holiday season "hot toy list," arts and crafts remain on the top toy list.What type of play do these toy support?

A) constructive play
B) formal games
C) symbolic play
D) functional play

Question 51

Which statement best explains why children often prefer playmates of their own sex?

A) They probably share similar interests.
B) This is a fallacy; children play with friends of all ages.
C) The television shows they watch determine their preference.
D) Biology determines their preferences.

Question 52

By what age will most children show preferences for a small group of playmates?

A) by age 6 months
B) by age 1 year
C) by age 18 months
D) by age 2 years

Question 53

Which type of play is NOT categorized as either solitary play or onlooker play?

A) non-interactive play
B) nonsocial play
C) play as a joint activity
D) independent play

Question 54

The Smith children play board games every Friday night.What type of play are they demonstrating?

A) constructive play
B) functional play
C) formal games
D) symbolic play

Question 55

According to Piaget, in which stage of play do children create settings, characters, and scripts?

A) formal games
B) symbolic play
C) functional play
D) constructive play

Question 56

Which theorist focused on the relationships between parenting styles and the development of competent behaviour in children?

A) Diana Baumrind
B) Eric Erikson
C) Jean Piaget
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 57

Which of the following children are more likely to be involved in vigorous play in groups of five or more?

A) early elementary-school boys
B) early elementary-school girls
C) middle childhood boys
D) middle childhood girls

Question 58

Two children are wrestling outside.Based on the research findings on play, what are most likely the genders of these children?

A) both girls
B) both boys
C) a boy and a girl
D) siblings of either gender

Question 59

What term refers to pretend play, imaginative play, or dramatic play?

A) constructive play
B) functional play
C) formal games
D) symbolic play

Question 60

Martha likes to push her ball, watch it roll, and then make it roll again.What type of play is Martha demonstrating?

A) formal games
B) symbolic play
C) functional play
D) constructive play

Question 61

Which statement best describes children who are 3 years of age?

A) They have no self-concept.
B) They tend to have poor self-esteem.
C) They focus on their social competence.
D) They can identify their categorical characteristics.

Question 62

What term is synonymous with prosocial behaviour?

A) altruism
B) empathy
C) sympathy
D) non-centrism

Question 63

What is the relationship between gender and the capacity for empathy?

A) Boys are less empathetic than girls early on, but more empathetic in later childhood.
B) Boys are more empathetic than girls early on, but less empathetic in later childhood.
C) Girls are more empathetic than boys.
D) Boys are more empathetic than girls.

Question 64

According to genetics-based theories of aggression, genes may contribute to aggression through which sex hormones?

A) the male sex hormone testosterone
B) the male sex hormone progesterone
C) the female sex hormone estrogen
D) both the male sex hormones of testosterone and progesterone

Question 65

What theory perceives aggression as a result of reinforcement and observational learning?

A) evolutionary theory
B) social cognitive theory
C) Freudian psychoanalytic theory
D) Piagetian cognitive-developmental theory

Question 66

What is the relationship between media violence and aggression?

A) Media violence decreases levels of arousal.
B) Media violence may disinhibit aggressive behaviour.
C) A relationship has been found for boys, but NOT for girls.
D) Children who see more media violence are less likely to use violence themselves.

Question 67

What is the conclusion of studies on aggressiveness in children?

A) Aggressiveness tends to decrease across time.
B) Aggressive tendencies tend to be stable over time.
C) Girls tend to be more physically aggressive than boys across time.
D) Non-aggressive children tend to become aggressive as they get older.

Question 68

A day-care worker asks an expert about the appropriateness of teaching prosocial behaviours to children aged 3 and older.How would the expert most likely respond?

A) These children can be taught prosocial behaviours.
B) Girls can usually be taught prosocial behaviours, but boys usually cannot.
C) These children are NOT yet cognitively prepared for the thinking required by prosocial behaviours.
D) Prosocial behaviours are triggered by maturational processes so they CANNOT be taught to young children.

Question 69

What is the relationship between genetics and aggression?

A) Aggression is linked to chromosome 21.
B) Aggression is linked to blood type and environment.
C) Aggression may be passed on through testosterone.
D) There is no evidence that genetics is linked to aggression.

Question 70

Josh's daughter, Candace, is sensitive to the feelings of others.What type of child is Candace?

A) a prosocial child
B) an altruistic child
C) an empathetic child
D) a sympathetic child

Question 71

Which of the following distinguishes aggressive children from their peers?

A) They are less egocentric.
B) They are more empathetic.
C) They are less able to take the perspective of others.
D) They are more cognitively accurate in interpreting the intentions of others.

Question 72

Which of the following is an example of one's categorical self?

A) girl
B) pretty
C) honesty
D) friendly

Question 73

What is the effect of age on the development of aggression in children?

A) Aggression tends to diminish with age.
B) Aggression and age have no correlation.
C) Aggression tends to increase with age, regardless of gender.
D) Aggressive younger children tend to become aggressive older children.

Question 74

Which of the following does research evidence suggest about aggression?

A) Aggression has no biological influences.
B) Children may learn to be aggressive by watching others.
C) Aggression directed at another person does not exist until a child is approximately 10 years old.
D) No relationship exists between aggressive behaviour and violent television.

Question 75

What type of child is most likely to demonstrate prosocial behaviour?

A) a child whose parents explain how her behaviour affects others
B) a child who is insecurely attached to her parents
C) a child whose parents use power-assertive techniques of discipline
D) a child who did NOT have the opportunity to experience non-interactive play

Question 76

Bobby watches a lot of televised violence.How does his television viewing affect the likelihood of his helping a victim of violence?

A) He is less likely to take action.
B) He is more likely to intervene.
C) He is likely to have an increased awareness of the violence.
D) The arousal he feels will decrease, causing him to be more likely to be calm and to know what to do.

Question 77

Which of the following characterizes aggression in preschoolers?

A) It is virtually non-existent.
B) It is usually person-oriented.
C) It is usually possession-oriented.
D) It is usually used just to get attention.

Question 78

Alyssa's son, Daniel, CANNOT take someone else's perspective.Which of the following does NOT describe Daniel?

A) He is egocentric.
B) He is probably more aggressive than his peers.
C) He assumes that everyone views the world the way he does.
D) He is between the ages of 2 and 5.

Question 79

Which of the following statements reflects the concept of habituation?

A) Viewing violence increases arousal.
B) Punishment inhibits aggressive behaviour.
C) Viewing violence primes aggressive behaviour.
D) The more exposed we are to a stimulus, the less sensitive we become to it.

Question 80

Ben says, "I am a boy." What term refers to Ben's concept of himself?

A) the social self
B) the prosocial self
C) the categorical self
D) the cognitive competent self