Deck 10: Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Which child is most likely to describe his or her "self" on the basis of physical characteristics?

A) an 8-year-old
B) a 10-year-old
C) a 12-year-old
D) a 14-year-old

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What area of psychology best represents the study of a child's understanding of the relationship between self and others?

A) empathy
B) ethnology
C) mnemonics
D) social cognition

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is the relationship between gender and having favourable self-images during middle childhood?

A) Boys have more favourable self-images.
B) Girls have more favourable self-images.
C) The gender relationship depends on the dimension of self-image considered.
D) Boys have more favourable self-images, but only until age 13.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which child is most likely to have perspective-taking skills?

A) a child who is more skilled at peer relations
B) a child who has a less solidified sense of self
C) an only-born child
D) a child who has a more consolidated personality

Question 5

Which of the following statements best characterizes a child's social world from age 6 to 12?

A) It is stagnating.
B) It is expanding.
C) It is limited by prejudice.
D) It is becoming more distorted.

Question 6

What two issues are at the forefront of Erikson's stage of industry vs.inferiority?

A) ability and self-esteem
B) self-esteem and parental acceptance
C) ability and sibling relationships
D) parental acceptance and ability

Question 7

Which factor is NOT highly related to high self-esteem during middle childhood?

A) body type
B) gender
C) closeness to parents
D) parenting style

Question 8

According to the textbook, what term refers to the outcome of low self-esteem, particularly in terms of academics?

A) negative cognitive capacity
B) learned helplessness
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) esteem-solidification

Question 9

Which child is most likely to define the "self" in terms of group membership?

A) a 6-year-old boy
B) a 7-year-old girl
C) a 9-year-old boy
D) a 10-year-old girl

Question 10

Which two groups have the strongest influence over a child's self-esteem in middle childhood?

A) teachers and friends
B) parents and classmates
C) classmates and friends
D) parents and teachers

Question 11

Which of the following statements does NOT distinguish the self-definitions of middle childhood children compared with those of early childhood children?

A) They are more internal.
B) They are more abstract.
C) They are increasingly focused on personality characteristics.
D) They are less aware of universal worlds.

Question 12

According to social cognitive theory, what distinguishes children and their need for reinforcements and punishments during middle childhood?

A) They learn better through reinforcements than punishments.
B) They require as much punishment and reinforcement as younger children.
C) They self-regulate more and require fewer punishments or reinforcements.
D) They require more punishments and fewer rewards to change their behaviour.

Question 13

Mary just celebrated her 12th birthday.What will most likely happen to her self-esteem?

A) It will decline.
B) It will become more solidified.
C) It will become less differentiated.
D) It will increase.

Question 14

Which statement does NOT characterize self-esteem, once it has been established?

A) It tends to perpetuate itself through the process of self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) It tends to endure.
C) It reinforces itself, even if one's self-esteem is negative or low.
D) It can remain fragile until early adulthood

Question 15

According to Erikson, which stage of psychosocial development corresponds with children in middle childhood?

A) the trust versus mistrust stage
B) the initiative versus guilt stage
C) the industry versus inferiority stage
D) the dependence versus independence stage

Question 16

Erin is 8 years old.According to Erikson, Erin is in the industry versus inferiority stage.What will Erin need to do to successfully navigate this stage?

A) She will need to master potty training.
B) She will need to model the behaviour of her parents, as she strives for more independence.
C) She will need to develop a sense of trust with a caregiver.
D) She will need to develop her self-esteem as she draws more comparisons with others.

Question 17

Sara is 7 years old.She is told the story of Holly in one of Selman's perspective-taking exercises.Sara states that Holly's father would be upset because Holly climbed the tree, but if Holly told her father she climbed the tree to rescue a kitten, then he would NOT be upset.Which of Selman's stages does Sara's thinking represent?

A) Level 0
B) Level 1
C) Level 2
D) Level 3

Question 18

What childhood quality is most likely to decrease during the middle childhood years?

A) egocentrism
B) ethnocentrism
C) perspective taking
D) the need for identity

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT one of Selman's five levels of perspective-taking skills?

A) egocentrism
B) understanding intention
C) believing in universal rules
D) assuming one perspective is right

Question 20

According to Piaget, what stage of cognitive development is associated with middle childhood?

A) the preoperational stage
B) the formal operations stage
C) the concrete operations stage
D) the summative operations stage

Question 21

Which of the following statements is NOT a feature of parental involvement during middle childhood?

A) Children and parents spend less time together.
B) Fathers' involvement tends to centre on recreational activities.
C) Children continue to spend more time with their mothers than with their fathers.
D) Parents provide more feedback to their children.

Question 22

In 2013, an Ontario sports organization decided to discontinue scoring and the maintenance of standings for its players.What was the reasoning behind this decision?

A) Keeping score encourages rough play, leading to an increased number of concussions.
B) Keeping score can be damaging to the self-esteem of young children.
C) Keeping score encourages increased competiveness, which promotes bullying of those who do NOT score or contribute.
D) Keeping score promotes achievement, and places pressure on families to supplement their child's sport with additional training and the associated costs.

Question 23

Which of the following is the most likely experience when parents have marital conflict?

A) Their sons experience more distress than their daughters.
B) Their children experience psychological distress.
C) The children experience less damage than if their parents were to divorce.
D) The parents experience more damage than their children.

Question 24

Which of the following statements does NOT represent most parent-child relationships in the later years of middle childhood?

A) Parents and their children's lives become more strained as children's goals change.
B) Children rate their peers as their most important source of emotional support.
C) Children evaluate their parents more critically than before.
D) Parents and children spend less time together because peers take on a more important role.

Question 25

Richard Green (1978) studied children reared by lesbians or transsexuals.What sexual orientation tended to be the norm for the children he studied?

A) a bisexual orientation
B) a transsexual orientation
C) a homosexual orientation
D) a heterosexual orientation

Question 26

According to research, how does the psychological adjustment of children who have lesbian or gay parents compare with the psychological adjustment of children who have heterosexual parents?

A) It is a longer adjustment for children who have gay or lesbian parents.
B) It is equal to the adjustment of children who have heterosexual parents.
C) It is less than the adjustment of children who have heterosexual parents.
D) It is more positive than the adjustment of children who have heterosexual parents.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a focus of parent-child interactions during middle childhood?

A) school-related matters
B) assignment of chores
C) increased parental feedback
D) peer activities

Question 28

Research on gay and lesbian parents has typically fallen into two categories.One category is children's general adjustment.What is the other category?

A) children's peer relationships
B) children's school adjustment
C) children's attachment to the parents
D) children's likelihood of being gay or lesbian

Question 29

What term refers to the gradual transfer of control from parent to child?

A) co-regulation
B) transference
C) counterdependence
D) familial interdependence

Question 30

What is the most common living arrangement for children following a parental divorce?

A) Children live with their mother.
B) Children live with their father.
C) Parents participate in joint living arrangement, where children split their time equally between their parents.
D) Children live with their mothers; however, fathers continue to participate in child rearing and visits, providing stability up to the adolescent years.

Question 31

Chris has experienced learned helplessness at school in one subject area.Which of the following best describes Chris?

A) Chris is male.
B) Chris is female.
C) Chris believes that success in that subject area is based on effort.
D) Chris believes that success in that subject area is based on ability.

Question 32

How has the percentage of Canadian married couples declined between 1961 and 2011?

A) They have declined from nearly 80% of census families in 1961 to approximately 55% in 2011.
B) They have declined from approximately 80% of census families in 1961 to approximately 75% in 2011.
C) They have declined from approximately 90% of census families in 1961 to approximately 55% in 2011.
D) They have declined from approximately 90% of census families in 1961 to approximately 75% in 2011.

Question 33

According to the textbook, regardless of the emotions associated with a divorce, what is a consistent consequence to most children afterward?

A) a downward movement in socioeconomic status
B) a serious psychological disturbance
C) an enhanced psychological functioning because the marital conflict is now resolved
D) increase in aggressive behaviour at home and school

Question 34

According to the research cited in the textbook, what is the relationship between maternal employment and delinquent behaviour?

A) The effects appear to be related to parental supervision.
B) The effects appear to be offset by authoritarian parenting in the home.
C) Working mothers seem to have more delinquent sons, but NO delinquent daughters.
D) The more a mother works, the greater the degree of delinquent behaviour exhibited by her children.

Question 35

Mark shows a physiological "alarm reaction" to his parents' marital conflict.What is most likely occurring to Mark?

A) His heart rate and blood pressure are increasing.
B) His self-esteem is decreasing rapidly.
C) His endocrine system is slowing down.
D) He anticipates a violence action to unfold.

Question 36

What parenting style is most likely to lead to children having low self-esteem?

A) authoritarian parenting
B) authoritative parenting
C) permissive-neglecting parenting
D) rejecting-indulgent parenting

Question 37

How has the percentage of Canadian lone-parent families increased between 1961 and 2011?

A) It has almost doubled, from 8.4% in 1961 to 16.3% in 2011.
B) It has almost tripled, from 8.4% in 1961 to 25.2% in 2011.
C) It has almost doubled, from 3.2% in 1961 to 6.5% in 2011.
D) It has almost tripled, from 3.2% in 1961 to 9.7% in 2011.

Question 38

What term refers to the outcome of low self-esteem in academics?

A) co-regulation
B) learned helplessness
C) autonomy
D) habituation

Question 39

In 2013, an Ontario sports organization made a controversial decision to discontinue scoring and the maintenance of standings for players.What was the sport?

A) non-competitive baseball
B) non-competitive basketball
C) non-competitive hockey
D) non-competitive soccer

Question 40

What have Canadian statistics revealed regarding Canadians and divorce?

A) Divorce rates have skyrocketed, with more than 60% of divorces occurring before the 30th anniversary.
B) Divorce rates have drop significantly since the 1970s, with fewer than 20% of divorces occurring before the 30th anniversary.
C) Divorce rates have remained fairly stable, with approximate 40% of divorces occurring before the 30th anniversary.
D) Divorce rates have fluctuated significantly during the past 30 years, witnessing an ebb and flow pattern difficult to analyze.

Question 41

What term refers to Selman's Stage 0 of friendship (ages 3 to 6)?

A) one-way assistance
B) fair-weather cooperation
C) autonomous interdependence
D) momentary physical interaction

Question 42

You ask your 11-year-old niece, "What is a friend?" Which of the following is your niece most likely to say?

A) "Someone who is nice to you."
B) "Someone you can have fun with."
C) "Someone you can do something with."
D) "Someone who has better toys than you do."

Question 43

According to research, which mother is most likely to have a child who is considered to be better adjusted?

A) a single mother
B) a working mother
C) a stay-at-home mother
D) there is too little information to tell

Question 44

Which of the following statements does NOT explain why peers are important?

A) They help to socialize children.
B) They are from a different generation and perspective than parents.
C) They have different skills and competencies than parents.
D) They support their friends because self imposed parent-differentiation begins.

Question 45

Which of the following statements best characterizes the effects of peer rejection?

A) It is more problematic for boys than for girls.
B) It is associated with problematic adjustment later in life.
C) It is associated with increased independence later in life.
D) It creates short-term consequences, but NO long-term effects.

Question 46

According to the textbook, which of the following does NOT take on increasing importance for children in middle childhood?

A) parents
B) peers
C) schools
D) career planning

Question 47

According to Selman, during one stage of friendship, the focus is on the relationship rather than on the individuals separately.Friendship is viewed as providing mutual support over a long period of time.What is the name of this type of friendship?

A) fair-weather cooperation
B) intimate and mutual sharing
C) autonomous interdependence
D) momentary physical interaction

Question 48

What is the effect of physical attractiveness in children during middle childhood?

A) It is more important for the popularity of boys than girls.
B) It decreases the popularity of girls.
C) It is related to increased social anxiety in children.
D) It is associated with belonging to a larger peer group.

Question 49

What term refers Selman's Stage 1 of friendship (ages 5 to 9)?

A) one-way assistance
B) fair-weather cooperation
C) autonomous interdependence
D) momentary physical interaction

Question 50

Julia is in middle childhood.She is well accepted by her peers and is considered to be popular.Which of the following would NOT likely characterize Julia?

A) She is attractive.
B) She is considered smart.
C) She is an only child.
D) She has an equal number of male and female friends.

Question 51

Which of the following statements does NOT characterize the role of peers?

A) They help children to learn how to express their impulses.
B) They give children practice in sharing and cooperation.
C) They help children to realize that others share the same troubles they do.
D) They help children sort out their gender roles.

Question 52

Which statement best describes the influence of peers during middle childhood?

A) It is generally negative.
B) It is an important part of the socialization process.
C) It usually plays a less important role than that of parents.
D) It is more important in the socialization of girls than in boys.

Question 53

What term refers to Selman's Stage 4 of friendship (ages 12 and above)?

A) one-way assistance
B) fair-weather cooperation
C) autonomous interdependence
D) momentary physical interaction

Question 54

Which of the following statements best describes children's relationships with their peers?

A) They generally are NOT influenced by peers.
B) They may strive hard to gain acceptance from peers.
C) They may share things with their peers that they will NOT share with parents.
D) They almost always do things they would NOT normally do because of peers.

Question 55

Which of the following children is most likely to have been rejected by his peers?

A) a child who is more mature than his peers
B) a child who is learning to conform
C) a child who displays aggressive behaviour
D) a child who is academically superior to his peers

Question 56

What term refers to Selman's Stage 2 of friendship (ages 7 to 12)?

A) one-way assistance
B) fair-weather cooperation
C) autonomous interdependence
D) momentary physical interaction

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children's friendships?

A) The qualities of friendships change as children get older.
B) Early friendships are very transient.
C) Boys tend to play in larger groups than girls.
D) Friendships remain stable and become deeper.

Question 58

Hannah's mother has worked since Hannah was born.Which of the following most likely represents Hannah?

A) She tends to be more flexible in her views regarding gender roles.
B) She views mothers who work as less competent and disorganized.
C) She is viewed by her teachers as more dependent than children whose mothers stay at home.
D) She feels more negatively about her father than her peers do because he lacks a "breadwinner" role.

Question 59

Which of the following is most likely a characteristic of girls whose mothers are employed outside the home?

A) They tend to be worse off than their peers whose mothers do NOT work outside of the home.
B) They have more rigid view of gender roles than their peers.
C) They are more achievement oriented and have higher goals than their peers.
D) They tend to suffer from lower self-esteem than their peers.

Question 60

Which of the following is most likely to determine "friendship" for the typical 5-year-old?

A) loyalty
B) similarity
C) proximity
D) sharing of personal information

Question 61

Kate, a Grade 4 teacher, asks students a lot of questions and provides plenty of practice with learning tasks.Which of the following are you most likely to guess about the performance of her students?

A) The practice bores most of them.
B) The students would perform better if she allowed them to do more group work.
C) The under-prepared students will likely do well, but the better-prepared ones likely will NOT.
D) The students will likely learn more than students whose teachers do NOT provide active instruction.

Question 62

According to the textbook, what has been found to increase academic achievement?

A) teachers who provide less structure and more cooperative unstructured learning
B) teachers who allocate most of their time to extracurricular activities
C) teachers who manage their classroom and create structure
D) an increase in the ratio of male teachers to female teachers

Question 63

What is the effect of schools on children in middle childhood?

A) Schools' socialization influence is generally negative.
B) Schools foster competition, which is always negative.
C) Schools tend to circumvent the authority of parents.
D) Schools exert a lot of authority over a child's life.

Question 64

Which of the following statements best characterizes conflict and friendships during middle childhood?

A) Seeking revenge enhances friendships.
B) Boys are more interested in resolving conflicts than girls.
C) Most rejected children struggle with relationships and do NOT learn how to conform.
D) There are NO gender differences in conflict and friendships.

Question 65

Which of the following statements is NOT characteristic of the relationship between teacher expectations and student performance?

A) High expectations tend to create high achievement.
B) Low expectations tend to create low achievement.
C) Self-fulfilling prophecies may come into play.
D) Only popular teachers can influence student performances.

Question 66

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to Pink Shirt Day?

A) It came about due to the high incidence of girl-on-girl bullying.
B) It is a special day put aside each year in Canada to stand against bullying.
C) It resulted from a day when a boy was bullied by wearing a pink shirt to school.
D) It promotes openness and understanding of the existence of bullying.

Question 67

When children participate in the Infinity Project, they acknowledge that it hurts when you feel alone.What symbolic gesture do they make?

A) signing an online pledge card to never bully
B) wearing a pink T-shirt
C) marking a figure 8 on their wrist
D) joining a police controlled web-group devoted to reporting cases of bullying in their schools

Question 68

Which of the following statements best represents our knowledge about conduct disorder?

A) It is more common in girls than in boys.
B) It is NOT related to family or marital conflict.
C) It shows a good deal of stability across time.
D) It typically does NOT emerge until adolescence.

Question 69

Which of the following statements best represents sexism in the classroom?

A) It is a thing of the past.
B) It has NO effect on girls' performance in school.
C) It is evidenced when teachers call on boys more and remind the girls to be more ladylike.
D) It is perpetuated by teachers who suggest that females are the movers and shakers in the world.

Question 70

How many "best" friends does the typical 9-year-old have?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 71

Which of the following teaching strategies does NOT help to motivate students?

A) making the classroom and the lesson interesting and inviting
B) ensuring the students can profit from social interaction
C) ensuring the classroom is a safe and pleasant place
D) setting up classroom competitions with positive rewards

Question 72

Mr.Brown believes that John is smart.Therefore, he asks John lots of questions, and John gets many of the answers right.Which of the following does this sequence NOT represent?

A) John's correct answers are a self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) Mr. Brown is a good judge of student ability.
C) John is a smart boy.
D) Mr Brown is practising sexism.

Question 73

Your school wants to join a Canadian initiative to recognize a student who was bullied in Nova Scotia.On what day will your activities occur?

A) April 14
B) May 14
C) June 14
D) September 14

Question 74

Which of the following theorists developed a five-stage process that describes children's changing concepts of friendships?

A) Robert Selman
B) Erik Erikson
C) Albert Bandura
D) Myra Sadker and David Sadker

Question 75

Which of the following was NOT mentioned as an attribute to creating an effective school?

A) an active, energetic principal who encourages community decision making
B) a highly educated principal who encourages parent-teacher involvement
C) teachers that provide a structured learning environment and have high expectations that children will learn
D) teaching methods that empower students to participate in setting goals and establishing learning activities

Question 76

In what province did the Pink shirt day originate?

A) Ontario
B) British Columbia
C) Alberta
D) Nova Scotia

Question 77

According to the textbook, which of the following represents a good teacher?

A) a teacher who communicate values
B) a teacher who uses punishment only to alter students' behaviour
C) a teacher who accepts students' performance at whatever level they are at
D) a teacher who does NOT worry about being a good role model, which is the parents' role

Question 78

Which of the following best represents the findings of research studies on teachers and sexism in the classroom?

A) Teachers praise and criticize girls more than boys.
B) Teachers call on girls more and ask them more questions.
C) Teachers accept calling out in class more from boys than from girls.
D) Teachers remind boys more than girls that they should raise their hands before speaking.

Question 79

Which of the following best describes the role of gender in children's friendships during middle childhood?

A) Girls tend to play in larger groups than boys.
B) Same-sex peer relationships decline dramatically.
C) Children's friends tend to be almost exclusively the same gender.
D) Children tend to have the same number of same- and opposite-sex friends.

Question 80

According to the textbook, which of the following do schools NOT affect?

A) children's IQ scores
B) children's achievement motivation
C) children's career aspirations
D) children's recreational choices