Deck 12: Adolescence: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

When do the greatest gains occur in identity formation?

A) during the transition from grade school to high school
B) during high school
C) while attending college and university
D) after one's postsecondary education is completed

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which term characterizes the dimension of commitment in identity status?

A) stability
B) uncertainty
C) lack of investment
D) passive acceptance

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Casey is a 16-year-old male.He was invited by his friends to attend a party where alcohol and drugs will be available.Casey is an athlete and has chosen an anti-drug lifestyle.According to Erikson, what turning point in development is Casey at?

A) identity crisis
B) self-exploration
C) identity diffusion
D) psychological moratorium

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following best characterizes ego identity?

A) It is the same as self-esteem.
B) It is established by age 3 to 5.
C) It is the identity adopted from one's parents.
D) It is one's answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Question 5

Karen enjoys looking at websites that describe various professions and the personal qualities associated with those occupations.According to Erikson, what term refers to this form of adolescent experimentation?

A) social development
B) self-experimentation
C) psychological moratorium
D) adolescent self-assessment

Question 6

After taking many different types of classes in college, Sarah has decided to become a mechanical engineer.She is actively planning for graduate school and a job in her chosen field.According to James Marcia, what identity status does Sarah exhibit?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 7

Frank's father and grandfather are doctors.Frank does NOT enjoy his science classes but he loves to debate and has excelled debating skills.Some of his teachers have told Frank that he would make a great lawyer.Frank indicated in his career class he wants to be doctor, like his father and grandfather.According to James Marcia, what identity status does Frank represent?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 8

On career day, Melissa went to every university booth and picked up their pamphlets.She brought them home, looked at their websites, and then determined the number of years required to complete each program, the costs, and the likelihood of getting accepted on the basis of her marks.She narrowed her choices down to five graduate programs and sent out her applications.What identity status describes Melissa's behaviour?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 9

Roberta is a 15-year-old girl.She spends much of her time thinking about which boys she wants to date, whether to go to college or university, and what occupation she might choose.According to Erikson, what stage of psychosocial development is Roberta in?

A) trust versus mistrust
B) industry versus inferiority
C) generativity versus stagnation
D) identity versus identity diffusion

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of the exploration of identity?

A) a passive search
B) considering a minimal number of alternative selves
C) automatically accepting the values held by others
D) researching and sorting out information to determine a solid position

Question 11

Hannah is deciding which school club to join to pursue her interest in improving the environment.She decides to attend each club's orientation meeting to learn about the environmental projects that each club offers.Hannah's process illustrates James Marcia's concept of identity status.Which two dimensions characterize this process?

A) wishes and beliefs
B) uncertainty and values
C) formation and diffusion
D) exploration and commitment

Question 12

Martha is academically gifted, especially in biology and chemistry.She goes to the school library twice a week to search for the professions for those who excel in the sciences.What identity status does Martha's behaviour describe?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 13

Zach is excited about his friend's offer to go to the movies.He immediately says yes, only to arrive home and be reminded that an important family event is planned for the same time.What identity status does Zach's behaviour represent?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 14

According to James Marcia, what identity status illustrates the slightest amount of development?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 15

What identity status involves high self-worth and personal acceptance?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 16

Thomas's friends find him to be anxious and intense.He seems to be one person one day and someone else the next day.Sometimes he wants to be a musician, other days he wants to be a movie star or a stuntman.When asked, he says he's "searching for himself." According to James Marcia, what identity status does Thomas's behaviour describe?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 17

According to the textbook, which of the following allows adolescents to consider an assortment of life choices available to them?

A) the imaginary audience
B) formal operational thinking
C) concrete operational thinking
D) a decline in the personal fable

Question 18

According to Erikson, what is the primary psychosocial job of adolescence?

A) to go to high school
B) to develop ego identity
C) to begin developing intimate relationships
D) to feel industrious and want to accomplish things

Question 19

Jennifer is in Grade 8.She has little interest in her high-school goals or in any potential career goals.What identity statuses might be attributed to Jennifer?

A) diffusion and foreclosure
B) achievement and diffusion
C) commitment and foreclosure
D) moratorium and achievement

Question 20

Sebastian is in Grade 9.He is bored with school, his friends, and his family.His overall attitude is "I don't care." According to James Marcia, what identity status does Sebastian exhibit?

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 21

Which of the following is most likely to characterize an adolescent girl who belongs to a minority group but identifies strongly with the dominant culture?

A) She usually has low self-worth.
B) She may be rejected by the minority group.
C) She will find the identity process much less troublesome.
D) She will be accepted by both the dominant and the minority cultures.

Question 22

What characteristic contributes most to a diminished level of self-esteem in adolescence?

A) school achievement
B) physical appearance
C) competence in sports
D) popularity with peers

Question 23

Alice tells her friend, a child psychologist, about her concern for her daughter's diminished level of self-esteem.Her friend tells Alice that her daughter is at the age when adolescents' self-esteem typically is at its lowest.How old is Alice's daughter?

A) 12 to 13 years old
B) 14 to 15 years old
C) 16 to 17 years old
D) 18 to 19 years old

Question 24

When surveyed, 25% of Canadian-born teens said they disapproved of gay marriages.What percentage of immigrant teens in Canada also said they disapproved?

A) 10 to 20%
B) 20 to 30%
C) 40 to 50%
D) 50 to 60%

Question 25

According to the textbook, for most adolescents, which of the following is the result of low self-esteem?

A) temporary discomfort
B) long-term discomfort
C) temporary depression
D) long-term depression

Question 26

Which of the following accounts for the reduction in adolescent self-esteem between middle childhood and ages 12 to 13?

A) increased awareness of others due to their expanding peer group
B) the presence of concrete operational thought
C) the cognitive maturity that allows awareness of the discrepancies between one's real self and one's ideal self
D) decrease in their cognitive ability as they begin to develop more intimate relationships

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the model of ethnic identity development?

A) ethnic identity search
B) achieved ethnic identity
C) ethnic identity foreclosure
D) unexamined ethnic identity

Question 28

According to a Canadian survey, 15% of Canadian-born teens disapproved of having children outside of marriage.What percentage of immigrant teens also disapproved?

A) 10 to 20%
B) 25 to 35%
C) 40 to 50%
D) 65 to 75%

Question 29

Which of the following has NOT been identified as a variable that can complicate the process of forming an identity?

A) issues of gender
B) ethnicity
C) sexual orientation
D) being raised in a divorced family

Question 30

Which of the following statements best describes the experience of adolescents from ethnic minority groups?

A) They will identify too strongly with the minority culture and risk rejection from their peers in the dominant culture.
B) Adolescents from ethnic minority groups seldom experience prejudice and discrimination.
C) Their cultural heroes may be ignored.
D) Their cultural heroes are celebrated during multicultural celebrations.

Question 31

Which of the following is Phinney's ethnic identity search most comparable to?

A) Marcia's identity diffusion
B) Erikson's identity foreclosure
C) Marcia's identity moratorium
D) Erikson's ego identity

Question 32

Your teacher says that your self-concept has become more "differentiated." What does your teacher mean?

A) You have placed your self-descriptors into a small number of categories.
B) Your "self" and your self-esteem have become separated.
C) You have added more categories to your self-description.
D) You have doubled your list of personal interests.

Question 33

When surveyed, 40 to 50% of immigrant teens in Canada said they disapproved of having children outside of marriage.What percentage of Canadian-born teens also disapproved?

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 25%

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT an effect of emotional support from parents and peers during early adolescence?

A) Adolescents who are valued by both parents and friends are more likely to experience positive self-regard.
B) Support from parents is as important as peer support.
C) Emotional encouragement from parents and peers is essential in maintaining self-esteem.
D) Peer support carries less weight than parental support.

Question 35

Brandon is a 17-year-old Aboriginal male.He has NOT given much thought to identity issues, but he does identify with the values and practices of his family.According to the three stages of ethnic identity, what term best describes Brandon's stage of identity development?

A) moratorium
B) ethnic identity search
C) achieved ethnic identity
D) unexamined ethnic identity

Question 36

Which of the following is most likely to be the consequence of an adolescent boy who rejects the dominant culture's values and embraces the values of the minority group?

A) He may limit his opportunities for advancement in the larger society.
B) He may eliminate the problems that minority adolescents otherwise face.
C) He may find the situation to be more problematic than it would be for a female adolescent.
D) He may create more anxiety than if he tried to find a balance between the minority and dominant cultural values.

Question 37

Which of the following is similar to Marcia's ego identity statuses of diffusion or foreclosure?

A) unexamined ethnic identity
B) ethnic identity search
C) achieved ethnic identity
D) ethnic differentiation

Question 38

Jill is in late adolescence.Who is most likely to give her the support she needs to feel positive about herself?

A) her peers
B) her parents
C) her teachers
D) her parents and peers are equally important

Question 39

Why are older adolescents able to integrate apparently contradictory elements of self?

A) It is a natural aspect of the maturation process.
B) Formal operations allow this kind of flexible thinking.
C) The individual has had more experience with contradiction.
D) Foreclosure replaces moratorium as the primary identity status.

Question 40

Tida and Ahn are adolescents and members of ethnic minority groups.Tida is a 20-year-old college student.Ahn is a 17-year-old in Grade 11 who has attended many career information seminars.Who is more likely to have an achieved ethnic identity?

A) Tida
B) Ahn
C) too little information to tell
D) neither; ethnic identity achievement does NOT occur until the early 30s

Question 41

Which of the following words best describes dating relationships in early adolescence?

A) sexual
B) intense
C) committed
D) short-lived

Question 42

According to the textbook, what is a clique?

A) a group of people of the same age
B) a group called the "jocks" by others in the school
C) 5 to 10 individuals who hang around together and share activities
D) large groups of individuals who are identified by the activities of the group

Question 43

According to the textbook, which of the following does NOT describe adolescent dating?

A) Dating can cause adolescents to forfeit valuable time with peers and family.
B) Dating prepares adolescents for adult courtship.
C) Dating relationships in early adolescence tend to be casual and short-lived.
D) Dating, especially in early adolescence, enhances prestige with peers.

Question 44

Which of the following statements does NOT represent most teenagers' relationships with their parents?

A) Teenagers spend significantly more time with their mothers than with their fathers.
B) Teenagers have significantly more conflicts with their mothers than with their fathers.
C) Teenagers describe their mothers as being more supportive than their fathers.
D) Teenagers have more conflict with their mothers so they spend more time with their fathers.

Question 45

Isaac is an adolescent who often feels a need to separate, or distant himself, from his parents.Which of the following best explains Isaac's need?

A) It may be adaptive.
B) He may be emotionally detaching from his parents.
C) He may be feeling more self-confident.
D) He may lack respect for his parents.

Question 46

What type of parenting contributes most successfully to adolescent development?

A) permissive parenting because it fosters independence
B) authoritative parenting because adolescents need support and guidance
C) indulgent parenting because adolescents need to know they are of great importance
D) authoritarian parenting because adolescents need to know their parents are still in control

Question 47

Which of the following is most likely to characterize John, a 16-year-old who is opposed to drinking and smoking?

A) John is likely to be an ethnic minority adolescent.
B) John's friends will be similar to him in age and beliefs.
C) John's friends are likely to disagree with his belief system.
D) John is unlikely to form significant adolescent friendships.

Question 48

Which of the following best describes the behaviour of adolescents from authoritative homes?

A) They are more likely to rebel.
B) They are more likely to be self-reliant.
C) They are more likely to be critical of their parents.
D) They are more likely to have higher rates of psychological problems.

Question 49

Which pastime are boys and their friends more likely to engage in than girls?

A) unstructured activities, such as a game of pickup hockey
B) structured activities, such as an organized soccer league
C) discussions of personal feelings, such as their parents' divorce
D) talking about other peers' relationships

Question 50

Which of the following statements best represents the parental need to be in charge of an adolescent child?

A) Parents want to have more control over the adolescent boy than the adolescent girl.
B) Adolescent girls require more control than adolescent boys.
C) Fathers want to retain more control, despite the adolescent's efforts to take it.
D) Mothers want to retain more control, despite the adolescent's efforts to take it.

Question 51

According to the textbook, what is a crowd?

A) a group of either girls or boys
B) a group of people of the same age
C) 5 to 10 individuals who hang around together and share activities
D) large groups of individuals who are identified by the activities of the group

Question 52

How many close friends do most adolescent girls have?

A) 0
B) 1 or 2
C) 3 or 4
D) 5 or 6

Question 53

Which statement best describes the concept of a generation gap between adolescents and their parents?

A) This stereotype no longer persists.
B) It persists as a stereotype, but little evidence suggests such a gap exists.
C) It persists as a stereotype, because evidence supports the existence of such a gap.
D) It persists as a stereotype, yet, it exists only for ethnic minority groups

Question 54

According to your textbook, at what age are adolescents most likely to mention trust, love, and commitment when describing their romantic relationships?

A) age 15
B) age 16
C) age 17
D) age 18

Question 55

How do adolescent friendships differ from friendships in earlier childhood?

A) They are less likely to be formed on the basis of age.
B) They are less likely to be formed on the basis of gender.
C) They are more likely to include people of different ethnicities.
D) They are more likely to stress the importance of self-disclosure and acceptance.

Question 56

During what development stage are conflicts between parents and their children typically at their highest?

A) during early adolescence
B) during middle adolescence
C) during late adolescence
D) during young adulthood

Question 57

According to the textbook, what is the most important purpose of dating?

A) to have fun
B) to allow for sexual intimacy
C) to vent repressed sexual energy
D) to enhance one's prestige with peers

Question 58

What is the effect of gender differences on peer intimacy and support?

A) The gender differences are consistent regardless of ethnicity.
B) Gender differences only exist if peers are of the same ethnicity.
C) The gender differences show that boys report more intimacy and peer support than girls.
D) Compared with male adolescents, adolescent females are more likely to disclose to each other their secrets and personal troubles.

Question 59

Which of the following statements best describes adolescents' relationships with their parents?

A) Adolescents begin to interact more with their fathers than their mothers.
B) Conflicts between adolescents and parents increase in number and in severity.
C) Most adolescents feel close to their parents and value this relationship.
D) Adolescents avoid contact with their parent, but do NOT feel they have conflict.

Question 60

Intimacy and closeness appear to be more central to the friendships of which of the following?

A) girls
B) boys
C) both boys and girls
D) neither boys or girls

Question 61

After pictures were distributed showing this individual allegedly being sexually assaulted, further harassment occurred, which led to this person's suicide in 2013.Who was this person?

A) Amanda Todd
B) Rehtaeh Parsons
C) James Hubley
D) Rene Virk

Question 62

According to Savin-Williams and Diamond (2000), the development of sexual identity in gay males and lesbians involves a process involving many steps.Which of the following is NOT one of those steps?

A) self-labelling as gay or lesbian
B) joining gay or lesbian support groups
C) attraction to members of the same sex
D) sexual contact with members of the same sex

Question 63

Which of the following statements describes teen abortion rates in Canada?

A) They have remained steady over the past few decades.
B) They have been on a steady decline.
C) They have been slightly rising.
D) They have risen significantly due to easy access.

Question 64

Which of the following terms describes persons whose gender identity is the opposite of their biological sex?

A) questioning
B) transgendered
C) transsexual
D) bisexual

Question 65

According to the textbook, in a national survey, 20% of straight participants reported feeling unsafe at school.What percentage of LGBTQ youth also reported feeling unsafe at school?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 95%

Question 66

Which of the following terms describes persons whose gender identity is neither exclusively female nor exclusively male?

A) questioning
B) transgendered
C) transsexual
D) bisexual

Question 67

In a 2010 study, what percentage of Canadian youth aged 15 to 17, reported having had sexual intercourse?

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Question 68

John is a Canadian adolescent who has become sexually active.Which sexually transmitted infection is John most likely to contract?

A) chlamydia
B) gonorrhea
C) genital herpes
D) HIV

Question 69

Sam feels sexually attracted to his friend John.According to research, how many years will usually pass before Sam discloses his sexual orientation to others?

A) 5 years
B) 8 years
C) 10 years
D) 12 years

Question 70

What percentage of Canadians will likely have at least one human papillomavirus (HPV) in their lifetime?

A) an estimated 35%
B) an estimated 55%
C) an estimated 75%
D) an estimated 85%

Question 71

What is the most common sexual outlet in adolescence?

A) oral sex
B) self-stimulation
C) heavy petting
D) sexual intercourse

Question 72

Which of the following is a good predictor of sexual activity for adolescents?

A) their parents' education
B) the sexual activity of their close friends
C) the number of extracurricular activities they are involved in
D) whether they have expressed a desire to pursue a particular career goal

Question 73

Which of the following best characterizes an adolescent's experience of masturbation?

A) It is harmful if done too frequently.
B) It is more commonly reported by females than males.
C) It may lead to feelings of guilt.
D) If peers discover the masturbation, the adolescent will be labelled as being sexually deviant.

Question 74

What was the recent change to the age of sexual consent in Canada?

A) from age 14 to age 16, with some exceptions
B) from age 14 to age 18, with some exceptions
C) from age 16 to age 18, with some exceptions
D) from age 16 to age 19, with some exceptions

Question 75

Which of the following statements describes teen pregnancy rates in Canada?

A) They have remained steady over the past few decades.
B) They have been on a steady decline.
C) They have been slightly rising.
D) They have risen significantly due to teens' increased sexual activity.

Question 76

In a 2010 study, approximately what percentage of Canadian youth aged 18 to 19, reported having had sexual intercourse?

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 70%

Question 77

Which of the following best characterizes LGBTQ youths' experience of "coming out" to their friends and family?

A) It is more common for females than males in North American society.
B) It is usually easily accepted by parents and siblings.
C) It is recommended to first approach those who have an accepting attitude toward LGBTQ culture.
D) It is no harder than identifying oneself as heterosexual.

Question 78

Egale Canada Human Rights Trust conducted Canada's first national survey on homophobia in Canadian schools.What percentage of straight participants reported making homophobic remarks sometimes or frequently?

A) almost 20%
B) almost 40%
C) almost 60%
D) almost 80%

Question 79

Jana communicates well with her parents but Sarah doesn't.How is Jana's sexual behaviour most likely to differ from that of Sarah?

A) Jana is less likely to have fewer sexual partners.
B) Jana is more likely to use contraceptives.
C) Jana is more likely to think about having sexual activity.
D) Jana is more likely to commit to longer-term relationships.

Question 80

Who was tormented on the Internet, and then attacked in 2011 because of his or her sexual orientation?

A) Amanda Todd
B) Rehtaeh Parsons
C) James Hubley
D) Rene Virk