Deck 14: Early Adulthood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Amy and Andy are twins in early adulthood.Which of the following best represents their feelings of connectedness to their parents?

A) They are more essential for Andy than for Amy.
B) They need to be completely detached before Amy and Andy truly become adults.
C) They drop off fully after Amy and Andy begin attending college or university.
D) They are related to the financial and emotional support Amy and Andy receive from their parents.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Michael recently graduated from college, found an apartment, and has a job that will enable him to begin paying back his college loans.According to Levinson and his colleagues, what phase of adulthood is Michael in?

A) the entry phase
B) the arduous phase
C) the bargaining phase
D) the maintenance phase

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following statements best characterizes the separation of young adults from the family home?

A) It should occur around the age 18.
B) It is more worrying when a male child leaves.
C) It can be damaging to the parent-child relationship.
D) It occurs at diverse times and under different conditions for many.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following best represents the current thinking about the individuation of young adults from their parents?

A) It is considered healthy.
B) It is considered unhealthy.
C) It is considered to be the same as separation.
D) It is stronger for college- or university-bound offspring than for those who start their careers early.

Question 5

According to Erikson, what is the key crisis of young adulthood?

A) separating from one's parents
B) developing a sense of one's self
C) establishing intimate relationships
D) understanding the sexual nature of one's relationships with one's mother

Question 6

Which of the following best characterizes Havighurst's (1972) developmental tasks of early adulthood?

A) They are universally applicable.
B) They are more applicable to gay and lesbian young adults.
C) They ignore the realities of human diversity and contemporary life.
D) They are the same tasks as those identified for today's young adults.

Question 7

According to Havighurst (1972), which of the following is NOT a developmental task of early adulthood?

A) maintaining a job or profession
B) choosing and courting a mate
C) assuming civic responsibilities
D) starting a family and becoming a parent

Question 8

Which of the following statements best represents the "seasons of life" for adults, as identified by Levinson and his colleagues?

A) People shape their lives according to the goals they consider to be most important.
B) The seasons of life are determined by the person's age and birth order within the family of origin.
C) The seasons of life show that real significant change has occurred at the same age throughout past generations.
D) One must develop intimate relationships that focus on perpetuating future generations.

Question 9

Which of the following does NOT represent Levinson and colleagues' theory called "seasons of life"?

A) Women have more social constraints affecting them.
B) Different timings are required for men and women.
C) It is less applicable to today's women than previously.
D) It has provided an accurate blueprint to help generations of young adults.

Question 10

Which of the following best represents a criticism of Erikson's view of early adulthood?

A) He suggests that those who choose to remain single do NOT develop normally.
B) He states that one must develop a relationship prior to developing a career.
C) He is NOT supported by research on the importance of relationships in early adulthood.
D) He explains that for men to develop normally they need relationships more than women do.

Question 11

Which of the following best characterizes the time in the life cycle when early adulthood begins?

A) age 18
B) age 20
C) age 25
D) it depends on which view one takes

Question 12

Diana has finished her postsecondary education and is beginning a new job in a city far from her parents' home.What process Diana is continuing?

A) intimacy and isolation
B) enclosure and separation
C) enclosure and individuation
D) individuation and separation

Question 13

After graduating from university, Richard has decided to embark on a new phase of his life, by following his desire to open his own consulting firm.According to Levinson and his colleagues, which of the following is Richard following?

A) his heart
B) the dream
C) the seasons of life theory
D) the arduous life theory

Question 14

Mandy is in her late 20s and is beginning to wonder whether she is heading in the direction that she really wants, both with her career and with her boyfriend.According to Levinson and his colleagues, what phase is Mandy in?

A) the dream phase
B) the emotional phase
C) the planting roots phase
D) the age-30 transition phase

Question 15

According to Erikson, what stage of development occurs during early adulthood?

A) the intimacy vs. despair stage
B) the identity vs. intimacy stage
C) the intimacy vs. isolation stage
D) the identity vs. identify confusion stage

Question 16

According to the "seasons of life" theory of Levinson and his colleagues, which of the following statements best defines early adulthood?

A) Early adulthood occurs when fertility is optimal therefore the primary task is to plan and raise a family.
B) Early adulthood provides little time for reflection about one's goals in life.
C) Early adulthood is a satisfactory time for women and a stressful time for men based on the number of divergent needs and options.
D) Early adulthood is the entry phase into adulthood, when individuals leave home and become more responsible.

Question 17

Which of the following best represents Erikson's warning about the order of developmental tasks in early adulthood?

A) Developing an intimate relationship may need to precede establishing one's identity.
B) Identifying a career should precede getting married.
C) Developing one's ego identity may need to precede establishing an intimate relationship.
D) Developing a clear professional path precedes the fusing of ego identity.

Question 18

Which of the following statements describes separation and individuation?

A) They are important for women, but NOT for men.
B) They are the same as developing social relationships during early adulthood.
C) They are considered key goals of early adulthood, especially for men.
D) They are an essential step toward self-actualization.

Question 19

Havighurst (1972) created a list of developmental tasks of early adulthood.What population group does this list most apply to?

A) gays and lesbians
B) adults who choose NOT to have children
C) married 20-year-old heterosexual couples
D) adults who remain single

Question 20

Alan and Susan Smith have transitioned into the early adulthood phase.According to your textbook they are about to experience the MOST significant level of stress.Which of the following most likely describes their situation?

A) They are highly traditional parents and their son is leaving home to attend university in a different city.
B) They are highly traditional parents and their daughter is leaving home to attend university in a different city.
C) They view themselves as competent parents, yet now their son is leaving home to attend university in a different city.
D) They view themselves as competent parents, yet now their daughter is leaving home to attend university in a different city.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT part of Sternberg's Theory of Love?

A) arousal
B) passion
C) intimacy
D) commitment

Question 22

Which of the following statements best represents the evolutionary theory of attractiveness?

A) Men select women on the basis of their economic appeal.
B) Women choose men on the basis of their ability to raise children.
C) Women and men prefer mates on the basis of their biological clocks.
D) Men and women choose partners on the basis of their reproductive potential.

Question 23

For an evolutionary theorist's point of view, cleanliness, good complexion, clear eyes, good teeth, good hair, firm muscle tone, and a steady gait are NOT characteristic of which of the following?

A) more attractive features
B) signs of reproductive fitness
C) a universal appeal to both men and women
D) the seasons of life theory

Question 24

What physical feature is universally appealing to both females and males?

A) age
B) a steady gait
C) reliability
D) economic status

Question 25

What is the relationship between attractiveness of a person and our view of that person?

A) Attractiveness is considered the most important determinant in mate selection.
B) Attractiveness is unimportant in determining one's mate selection.
C) Attractiveness may have a minimum level of acceptability in mate selection.
D) Attractiveness is our positive feeling regarding someone's good looks.

Question 26

Which of the following characterizes reciprocity in relationships?

A) It is unimportant for determining longevity of relationships.
B) Both members of a couple reinforce each other's attraction through mutual compliments.
C) It shows weakness in a couple's relationship.
D) It refers to lack of "newness" that can lead to discontent over time.

Question 27

According to current thinking on mate selection, what meaning is reflected by the phrase "Birds of a feather flock together"?

A) the likelihood that similar people are more likely to remain as partners
B) a situation NOT upheld by research on mate selection
C) the same as "opposites attract"
D) an example of folklore passed on over the generations

Question 28

Which of the following was found by studies of what men and women find attractive?

A) Women find dark-haired men less attractive than blond or fair-haired men.
B) Women find shy men more attractive than outgoing men.
C) Men find outgoing women more attractive than shy women.
D) Men prefer women who have larger breasts.

Question 29

Which of the following best characterizes our perception of attractiveness?

A) It is determined purely by physicality.
B) It is unaffected by the sound of one's voice.
C) It is determined in part by psychological characteristics.
D) It is determined based on the age of those being studied.

Question 30

What was the conclusion of a study in which women were asked to rate the level of attractiveness of men's voices?

A) Women found deep voices too depressing.
B) Women felt that deep voices made them feel intimidated.
C) Women had no preferences among the different pitches of voices.
D) Women who were in their fertile periods found deeper voices more attractive than at other times of their cycles.

Question 31

Jack would be described as a typical North American man because he is attracted to which of the following qualities in a women?

A) a thin body
B) an ample bustline
C) reliability
D) intelligence

Question 32

According to the textbook, which of the following leads to Martha being considered more attractive than her classmates?

A) She is smiling.
B) She is puckering her lips.
C) She is wearing tight clothing.
D) She has thick hair.

Question 33

When Janet described her new relationship with Jim, she focused on her overwhelming sexual desire.Which part of Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most evident in her relationship?

A) passion
B) desire
C) intimacy
D) commitment

Question 34

Which of the following best describes love, according to Berscheid and Hatfield?

A) It is an illusion of people's imaginations.
B) It is disconnected from physical arousal.
C) It is physiological arousal interpreted as love.
D) It is harmful to maintaining a long-term relationship because it is merely physical.

Question 35

Which of the following best characterizes romantic love?

A) It has existed only for the last century.
B) It is the same as sexual attraction.
C) It is a simple concept.
D) It can begin when we hear our first fairy tale.

Question 36

What hormone shapes the male face?

A) progesterone
B) pheromones
C) estrogen
D) testosterone

Question 37

According to evolutionary theorists, what has led to gender differences in our standards of attractiveness?

A) learned behaviours
B) cultural standards
C) reproductive advantages
D) individual differences

Question 38

What hormone shapes the female face?

A) progesterone
B) pheromones
C) estrogen
D) testosterone

Question 39

Which of the following statements best describes our perception of attractiveness?

A) It has universal qualities.
B) What is considered attractive in one culture may be considered less attractive in another culture.
C) It varies too much from individual to individual to be able to generalize to a culture.
D) It is unimportant in determining one's mate selection.

Question 40

According to a study noted in the textbook, men are attracted to women who have a certain body shape.Which of the following was found to be the most desirable waist-to-hip ratio?

A) 0.30
B) 0.50
C) 0.70
D) 0.90

Question 41

Beth and Chris have been in a relationship for two years.Beth desires more intimacy and commitment than Chris feels is possible in the relationship.What would Sternberg's triangular theory of love most likely suggest about the components of love and Beth and Chris's relationship?

A) Their relationship should endure because it is important for one member of the relationship to have high levels of these two components.
B) Having similar levels of these components is important for a successful relationship to continue.
C) As long as passion is present in high levels, the other two components are less important for the relationship to be maintained.
D) Successful couples do NOT have similar amounts of the three components of love, but they complement each other.

Question 42

Which of the following best represents Sternberg's triangular theory of love?

A) Romantic love is doomed to failure in the long run.
B) Only companionate love will succeed over the long term.
C) All relationships share the same level of each of the three components.
D) As relationships develop, they may change the proportion of each component.

Question 43

Farrah and Michael have been together for five years.Their love for each other was initially extremely passionate and has developed into a strong relationship with equal parts passion, commitment, and intimacy.What word describes their relationship?

A) foolish
B) consumed
C) consummate
D) companionate

Question 44

According to the textbook, jealousy can lead to all of the following EXCEPT which one?

A) loss of feelings of affection
B) feelings of insecurity
C) feelings of rejection
D) loss of feelings of status

Question 45

What is companionate love?

A) the same as consummate love
B) a whirlwind relationship that burns out quickly
C) the longest lasting relationships with the most passion
D) a long-term relationship in which passion has ebbed, but strong friendship is evident

Question 46

According to Sternberg's model, what is the relationship between friendship and passionate love?

A) They cannot both stay alive because they are on opposite sides of the love continuum.
B) They are necessary for a romantic relationship to occur.
C) They do NOT necessarily overlap, but may co-exist when lovers become best friends.
D) They can only stay alive when consummate love has existed.

Question 47

Jane's friends ask how she feels about her new relationship.She describes a deep level of intimacy, but expresses no passion or a desire to commit.How would Sternberg define her typology?

A) empty love
B) liking
C) infatuation
D) companionate love

Question 48

Mark and Mary met three months ago and just returned from a "romantic" wedding in Vegas.What term would Steinberg use to describe their love?

A) empty love
B) fatuous love
C) infatuation
D) romantic love

Question 49

Wayne is considered to be lonely.Which statement characterizes him?

A) He is often afraid of being rejected.
B) He believes the best about other people.
C) He is rarely found in the general population.
D) He has good social skills, but lacks the opportunity to use them.

Question 50

Which of the following best represents the findings of research on loneliness?

A) Few young adults experience it.
B) People who are lonely are always depressed because loneliness causes depression.
C) It is related to low self-confidence, introversion, unhappiness, and emotional instability.
D) People in relationships rarely feel lonely or depressed because they have somebody even if that person is NOT an ideal partner.

Question 51

Which statement best represents Sternberg's triangular theory of love?

A) Opposites attract.
B) Birds of a feather flock together.
C) Successful couples have similar amounts of the three components of love.
D) The three components of love stay at the same level for the life of a relationship.

Question 52

Which component of Sternberg's triangular theory of love involves intense romantic or sexual desire?

A) passion
B) intimacy
C) reciprocity
D) commitment

Question 53

Which of the following statements best characterizes jealousy?

A) It is always damaging to relationships.
B) It is a sign of a mature relationship.
C) It can lead to a loss of feelings of affection and to feelings of insecurity and rejection.
D) It can lead to an increase in affection and desire.

Question 54

What is fatuous love?

A) a deeply felt, long-term committed relationship
B) high in commitment and passion, but low in intimacy
C) high in commitment and intimacy, but low in passion
D) the love most likely to develop in relationships between older adults

Question 55

What type of love did Sternberg identify as being high in passion and intimacy, but low in commitment?

A) foolish love
B) romantic love
C) consummate love
D) companionate love

Question 56

Which of the following defines consummate love?

A) It develops when passion is high but commitment is low.
B) It is a brightly burning passionate relationship that burns out quickly.
C) It refers to two people who are best of friends, but have little passion for each other.
D) It is considered "complete" love, comprising passion, commitment, and intimacy.

Question 57

Which of the following statements best describes loneliness?

A) It is unrelated to physiological problems.
B) It is caused by immature behaviour in most cases.
C) It is rarely linked with depression because loneliness is NOT a problem for most people.
D) It is associated with increased risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and higher mortality rates.

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lonely people?

A) They may be critical of their social skills.
B) They are afraid of failing with others.
C) They may fail to disclose personal information to others or they disclose too much too soon.
D) They are critical of others, but are confident of their own skills.

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a cause of loneliness?

A) lack of social skills
B) lack of interest in other people
C) lack of empathy
D) lack of individual differentiation

Question 60

Which of the following statements best describes the effect of using social support?

A) It is unimportant in maintaining one's health.
B) It has little effect on the effects of depression.
C) It reduces the effects of stress.
D) It reduces isolation, but NOT loneliness.

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT a reason why people cohabit?

A) to save money
B) to avoid legal entanglements
C) to avoid living alone
D) to avoid procreation

Question 62

Which of the following best characterizes couples who cohabit?

A) They rarely divorce.
B) They may consider cohabiting as a trial marriage.
C) They do so primarily to save money.
D) They tend NOT to marry those they cohabited with.

Question 63

Which of the following statements best describes marriage today?

A) It mostly enables sexual relations among young adults.
B) It provides a sense of security and opportunities to share feelings with another person.
C) It is typically NOT seen as a lifelong commitment among younger adults.
D) It legitimizes sexual relations.

Question 64

Which statement best describes the state of single people today?

A) Single people are rarer today than 50 years ago.
B) Those who are single are typically considered to be social outcasts.
C) Being single is the most common lifestyle among those in their early 20s.
D) Singles older than age 30 are viewed as being maladapted.

Question 65

What is the likelihood of a divorced person cohabiting compared with a person who has never divorced?

A) A divorced person is more likely to cohabit.
B) A divorced person is less likely to cohabit.
C) A divorced person is just as likely to cohabit.
D) A divorced person is driven by personal religious values regarding cohabitation.

Question 66

Which of the following best characterizes the practice of celibacy?

A) It is practised by most young adults today.
B) It is practised today only by religious adherents.
C) It may be a result of choice or lack of opportunity.
D) It is never practised nowadays because of the advancements in contraception.

Question 67

According to the textbook, which of the following best describes people who are single in their 20s?

A) They are single because they choose to be so.
B) They are happier than their married counterparts.
C) They see themselves as being single for the rest of their lives.
D) They are more likely to be postponing marriage today than a generation or two ago.

Question 68

According to the textbook, which of the following statements describes marriage?

A) It occurs earlier today than in previous generations.
B) For traditionalists, marriage legitimizes sexual relations.
C) It is the most common lifestyle among young adult traditionalists.
D) It is increasing in Canadian households compared with a generation ago.

Question 69

Which of the following best represents the current perception of unmarried couples who live together?

A) It is considered less a sin by most people today, but it is still discouraged.
B) It is encouraged because when marriage follows, it is more likely to be successful.
C) It has become less stigmatized compared with past generations.
D) It is unacceptable for young adults after the age of 30.

Question 70

According to the textbook, which of the following statements best describes people who are single?

A) They are sometimes afraid for their safety.
B) They share the same sexual interests and lifestyles.
C) They usually have commitment issues, which is why they are single.
D) They are rarely lonely because they have many opportunities to meet others.

Question 71

After reading Chapter 14 in the textbook, Jenna teases her boyfriend, Jon, by saying she has decided to practise serial monogamy.Jon doesn't know what that means and asks his older sister, Samantha, who used the same textbook last year.Which of the following is Samantha most likely to say about serial monogamy?

A) It is illegal in Canada.
B) It is the same as polygamy.
C) It is practised by few adults in Canada.
D) It is the practice of having one relationship at a time.

Question 72

Which of the following statements best characterizes people who are married?

A) Most have signed prenuptial agreements.
B) They are, on average, younger than those who are NOT married.
C) They are, on average, happier than people who are NOT married.
D) They believe that marriage is necessary for legal sexual relations.

Question 73

Which of the following best characterizes most people who cohabit?

A) They rarely get married.
B) They tend NOT to marry those they cohabited with.
C) They are more likely to be strongly religious.
D) They tend to have less traditional views of marriage than married couples.

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT a reason why people cohabit?

A) for romantic reasons
B) because living together is better than living alone
C) to avoid legal entanglements
D) fear of divorce

Question 75

Statistics cited in the textbook reveal the percentages of married people who said their marriages were "very happy." For which gender and time period was marital satisfaction the lowest?

A) men, from 1987 to 1991
B) men, from 1998 to 2004
C) women, from 1987 to 1991
D) women, from 1998 to 2004

Question 76

According to 2011 statistics, what is the prevalence of single-person households in Canada?

A) 1 in 3 of all Canadian households
B) 1 in 4 of all Canadian households
C) 1 in 5 of all Canadian households
D) 1 in 6 of all Canadian households

Question 77

Which of the following best characterizes those who cohabit?

A) They have less traditional views of marriage than those who do NOT cohabit.
B) They are more likely to be highly religious than those who do NOT cohabit.
C) They do NOT believe in marriage.
D) They do so because their lives are more transient than those who marry.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences cohabitation?

A) the sharing of household expenses
B) an alternative to living alone
C) unready to commit to marriage
D) increased likelihood of a successful marriage

Question 79

According to the textbook, why are people who cohabit before marriage more likely to divorce after marriage?

A) Cohabitation weakens the marital bonds.
B) They may be less committed to marriage because of their non-traditional views.
C) They are less educated than those who get married without cohabiting and thus they are less committed to marriage.
D) They are emotionally unprepared for the commitment required to sustain a marriage.

Question 80

Canadian statistics report on the percentage of married people who said their marriages are "very happy." For which gender and time period was marital satisfaction found to be highest?

A) men, from 1973 to 1976
B) men, from 1977 to 1981
C) women, from 1973 to 1976
D) women, from 1977 to 1981