Deck 17: Late Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

Life expectancy in Canada has increased over the last 100 years.Which of the following does NOT explain the cause of this increase?

A) improved health care
B) improved public health measures
C) lower infant mortality rates
D) extended family support

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following best characterizes "life expectancy"?

A) It is the same as lifespan.
B) It is determined by genetics alone.
C) It refers to the duration of time a member of a species can live.
D) It is the number of years a person will likely live.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The average Canadian female baby born in 2002 can expect to live to approximately what age?

A) 62 years
B) 72 years
C) 82 years
D) 92 years

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Jennifer's father has been diagnosed as having glaucoma.Which of the following would the diagnosing doctor most likely tell Jennifer?

A) It is primarily experienced by young adults.
B) It is a buildup in fluid pressure in the eyeball.
C) It is a problem that decreases in seriousness with age.
D) It is a problem leading to presbycusis.

Question 5

Canadian men and women have different life expectancies.Approximately how many years lower is the life expectancy of Canadian men?

A) lower by 3 years
B) lower by 5 years
C) lower by 8 years
D) lower by 10 years

Question 6

Which of the following best characterizes aging?

A) It is always negative.
B) It is a process of rapid decline from early adulthood through late adulthood.
C) It is a physical process alone.
D) It can bring about personal growth.

Question 7

Jennifer's mother has been diagnosed as having cataracts.Which of the following would the diagnosing doctor most likely tell her?

A) They are untreatable.
B) They cause hearing problems.
C) They cloud the lenses in the eyes.
D) They are caused by increased fluid pressure in the eyeball.

Question 8

Roberta is 112 years old.Which of the following is Roberta's age close to?

A) the human life span
B) the human life expectancy
C) the average age for human males
D) the average age for human females

Question 9

Which of the following best characterizes life expectancy in Canada over the past few decades?

A) It has NOT changed.
B) It has dropped overall.
C) It continues to increase.
D) It has increased dramatically.

Question 10

Which of the following best characterizes presbycusis?

A) hearing loss
B) a vision problem
C) rare in older adults
D) a problem that occurs more for women than men

Question 11

During late adulthood, which of the following does NOT affect vision?

A) clouding of the lenses in the eyes
B) presbycusis
C) presbyopia
D) buildup in fluid pressure in the eyeball

Question 12

What is the definition of "lifespan"?

A) the average length of time a person will live
B) the longest a person can expect to live under the best circumstances
C) the length of time a person will live under normal conditions
D) the average expectancy of life determined by government every five years

Question 13

You are moving to Canada from India.You ask your Canadian cousin about Canada's age distribution because most advertisements show youthful individuals.Which age group do you learn is the fastest growing segment of the Canadian population?

A) 0 to 3 years
B) 15 to 20 years
C) 25 to 30 years
D) over 65 years

Question 14

In 1900, how many people were over the age of 65?

A) 1 in 500
B) 1 in 100
C) 1 in 25
D) 1 in 8

Question 15

Which of the following distinguishes human longevity 100 years ago?

A) The human lifespan was shorter than it is today.
B) The average life expectancy for European Americans was 35.5.
C) The average life expectancy for European Americans was shorter than for African Americans.
D) The average life expectancy for African Americans was shorter than for European Americans.

Question 16

What is the definition of ageism?

A) the process of aging
B) prejudice against older adults
C) the decline in our reproductive capacity
D) the respect people show for older adults

Question 17

Which of the following statements best describes life expectancy in Canada?

A) It varies depending on where you live geographically in Canada.
B) It is based solely on poor health behaviours.
C) It increased for a number of years, but has stabilized in the past two decades.
D) It varies depending on gender and the decade in which you were born.

Question 18

The average Canadian male baby born in 2002 can expect to live to approximately what age?

A) 48 years
B) 68 years
C) 78 years
D) 88 years

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the factors that contribute to life expectancy?

A) gender but NOT race
B) race but NOT gender
C) gender and heredity
D) race, gender, geographic location, and health-related behaviour

Question 20

Today, how many North Americans are over the age of 65?

A) 1 in 100
B) 1 in 25
C) 1 in 8
D) 1 in 5

Question 21

Which of the following best represents the experience of having a hip fracture?

A) It rarely leads to hospitalization.
B) It is often followed by death.
C) It is a situation most often faced by middle-aged adults.
D) It results from a loss of bone density loss and strenuous exercise.

Question 22

Which of the following statements best describes osteoporosis?

A) Men are more at risk for it than women.
B) Estrogen helps protect calcium in women's bones prior to menopause
C) It is uncommon in Canada because calcium deficiency is rare in North America.
D) It is associated with increased height because the bones are loosened, resulting in lengthened spines.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of changes in sensory functioning in late adulthood?

A) Hearing low-pitched voices becomes more difficult.
B) Taste sensitively is reduced, more seasoning is required.
C) Smell becomes less acute.
D) Taste buds are lost.

Question 24

Which of the following does NOT represent a physical change that affects sexual behaviour?

A) decreased vaginal lubrication
B) increased time to reach erection
C) decline in intensity of orgasm
D) body issues

Question 25

You overhear your grandfather talking about the "romantic weekend" he just enjoyed with his wife.Although you feel a bit uncomfortable about this knowledge, because of your course in human development, what do you know about your grandfather's interest in sex?

A) It is rare.
B) It is normal.
C) It is typical dirty old man storytelling.
D) It is following a double standard.

Question 26

Which of the following may be linked to sleep problems in late adulthood?

A) a history of sexual dysfunction
B) dementia
C) misuse of prescription drugs
D) a history of cardiovascular problems

Question 27

How do most older adults describe their sexuality?

A) They rarely have sex.
B) They lost their sexuality as they aged.
C) Their sexual satisfaction declined as they aged.
D) Their sexual daydreaming and sex drive declined as they aged.

Question 28

Which of the following best characterizes sleep disorders in late adulthood?

A) They CANNOT be treated with medicine.
B) They are less common than in early adulthood.
C) They may signal physical or psychological problems.
D) They protect older adults from heart disease and strokes.

Question 29

What is the relationship between women and osteoporosis?

A) Women experience it more than men do.
B) Women experience it prior to menopause.
C) Women experience it when they engage in vigorous walking.
D) Women who had children experience it more often.

Question 30

Which of the following best describes sexual relations during late adulthood?

A) They may be handicapped by myths about sexuality in older adults.
B) They are undesired by older women.
C) They are physically impossible for most adults.
D) They are actively pursued by 80% of those in late adulthood.

Question 31

Which of the following statements best characterizes osteoporosis?

A) It is unrelated to mortality rates.
B) It is a disorder that affects only women.
C) It is a result of severe calcium loss from the bones.
D) It affects few older adults; it is primarily a problem during early adulthood.

Question 32

Which of the following does NOT indicate hearing loss?

A) difficulty hearing someone on the telephone
B) trouble hearing in noisy areas
C) difficulty understanding the speech of women and children
D) the onset of presbyopia

Question 33

Which of the following is the best recommendation for older adults to improve their sleep quality?

A) Avoid exercise.
B) Take long naps each afternoon.
C) Practise relaxation techniques.
D) Use sleep medications three times a week for a month and then discontinue their use.

Question 34

Richard is 79 and needs to wear a hearing aid.Which of the following does Richard most likely have?

A) cataracts
B) glaucoma
C) presbyopia
D) presbycusis

Question 35

How do our bones change during late adulthood?

A) The changes result primarily from poor nutrition.
B) They become denser.
C) They become more brittle.
D) They toughen, making them more difficult to fracture.

Question 36

Which of the following does NOT influence sexual activity among older people?

A) physical structures and change
B) psychological well-being
C) feelings of intimacy
D) the media

Question 37

Which of the following statements describes sleep medications?

A) They do NOT have addictive properties.
B) Their use is usually avoided by older adults.
C) They are linked to "rebound" insomnia when discontinued.
D) They are ineffective in helping with sleep disorders in older adults.

Question 38

Jennifer's father wants to know more about his diagnosis of glaucoma.Which of the following is he mostly likely to learn?

A) It causes cloudy vision.
B) It occurs more in diabetics than nondiabetics.
C) It tends to be caused by environmental toxins.
D) It is more common among European Canadian than African Canadians.

Question 39

Which of the following describes the nature of sleep for older people?

A) They rarely suffer from sleep apnea.
B) They need more sleep than adolescents.
C) They experience sleep disorders more frequently than younger adults.
D) They can get as much sleep as they need because most older adults are retired.

Question 40

Mr.Jones, a 58-year-old, has been diagnosed with sleep apnea.How will his doctor most likely describe this disorder?

A) It has NO successful treatments.
B) It causes a person to stop breathing intermittently.
C) It causes people to sleep too long during the day.
D) It is caused by vigorous exercise during late adulthood.

Question 41

Physical changes affect sexuality as we grow older.What is the response of most older adults to these changes?

A) They typically give up having sex.
B) They usually decide to cuddle rather than have sex.
C) They tend to leave their long-term partners for new partners.
D) They may learn to use alternative forms of sexual stimulation.

Question 42

Research has shown that siblings of centenarians are also more likely to reach the age of 100.Which of the following is supported by the findings of this research?

A) the hormonal stress theory
B) programmed theories of aging
C) cellular damage theories of aging
D) the role of environment as the most important factor in determining longevity

Question 43

Howard and Bella have been married for 50 years and have had a satisfying sexual relationship.They are now in their late 70s.Which of the following is NOT likely to characterize their experience of sexuality?

A) Howard takes longer to achieve an erection and maintain it.
B) Bella's vagina requires more foreplay to become lubricated.
C) Their orgasms are less intense.
D) Their orgasms increase in frequency.

Question 44

Which of the following statements best describes telomeres?

A) They support the cellular damage theory.
B) They are present only in the cells of nonmammals.
C) They are environmental toxins that build up in cells over time.
D) They are tips of chromosomes that divide as one ages and will stop at a predetermined time.

Question 45

Connie is 75 years old.Which of the following best represents sexuality at her age?

A) She shouldn't be having sex.
B) More involved foreplay is dangerous.
C) Vaginal lubrication may make sex less painful.
D) Orgasms typically increase in intensity, but NOT in quantity.

Question 46

Which of the following statements best represents women's change in sexuality as they age?

A) Sexuality disappears.
B) Their vaginal walls become thicker.
C) The vagina shrinks.
D) Penile penetration becomes more pleasurable.

Question 47

During later adulthood, which of the following best characterizes men's sexuality?

A) Foreplay has NO effect on men's erections.
B) Men have NO change in their sexual abilities.
C) Men experience erectile dysfunction as a normal part of aging.
D) Men need more time to achieve an erection and orgasm than when they were younger.

Question 48

Meredith is 80 years old and has been widowed for 5 years.Which of the following is most likely to characterize her sexuality?

A) Her sexuality will disappear.
B) It is unimportant in her life.
C) It may be maintained for many more years.
D) It is unaffected by physical or psychological changes.

Question 49

Which of the following is a result of women's estrogen levels dropping during later adulthood?

A) Penile entry is much easier.
B) Vaginal lubrication is absent.
C) Sexual intercourse may become more painful.
D) Nothing can be done to help with sexual problems.

Question 50

Which of the following best characterizes older men's orgasms?

A) They are rare.
B) They may have less vigour than earlier in life.
C) They are rarely as pleasing as when men were younger.
D) They increase in intensity compared with when men were younger.

Question 51

During late adulthood, the frequency of sexual activity tends to decline with age.Which of the following is NOT a reason for this decline?

A) hormonal changes
B) physical problems
C) cultural attitudes
D) living arrangements

Question 52

Which of the following is suggested by programmed theories of aging?

A) The human life span can be altered.
B) The biological clock does NOT exist.
C) Aging is randomly determined.
D) Aging is determined by genetic characteristics.

Question 53

Which of the following best characterizes nocturnal erections during older adulthood?

A) They are a sign of abnormal prostate growth.
B) They are more common than in adolescence.
C) They increase in frequency and are a normal part of aging.
D) They diminish in intensity and frequency.

Question 54

Which of the following best characterizes the cellular clock theory of aging?

A) Everyone has the exact same rate of aging
B) It is contradicted by the presence of telomeres.
C) Cells can divide only a certain number of times.
D) Cells from longer-lived species divide fewer times than cells from shorter-lived species.

Question 55

Which of the following best represents programmed theories of aging?

A) Aging and longevity are determined by a biological clock
B) Aging is required to provide wiser members in a species.
C) Aging results from an accumulation of toxins in the body.
D) Aging involves a predictable unfolding of cellular decay.

Question 56

Which of the following best represents the hormonal stress theory?

A) It is NOT supported by research.
B) It is a type of cellular hormonal damage theory.
C) One's cells can divide only so many times until they can no longer function properly.
D) Hormonal changes occur because they are programmed into one's genetic structures.

Question 57

Which of the following best characterizes women's sexuality during later adulthood?

A) Their orgasms tend to increase in intensity.
B) Their nipples continue to be aroused causing them to become erect.
C) The lining of the vaginal wall thickens creating more pleasure.
D) Their estrogen levels decline, leading to additional lubrication.

Question 58

Which of the following statements best describes men's testosterone levels?

A) They decline rapidly from age 40 to age 60.
B) They are related to a man's general level of health.
C) They are unrelated to the length of time it takes to reach orgasm.
D) They drop off during late adulthood, making viable sperm production impossible for most men.

Question 59

Which of the following best characterizes sexual satisfaction in late adulthood?

A) It is rare.
B) It is impossible.
C) It is unrelated to physical changes.
D) It is possible when expectations are modified.

Question 60

According to Leger Marketing, what percentage of Canadians reported taking part on online dating?

A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 35%

Question 61

Which of the following best characterizes the free-radical theory of aging?

A) Antioxidants are bad for the body.
B) It has no support from scientific research, but it is often used to explain sports injuries.
C) Aging is a result of accumulated damage to DNA caused by environmental toxins.
D) Unstable molecules in the atmosphere and body cause damage to cells in the body.

Question 62

Which of the following statements best describes the health of people who are aging?

A) Their immune system is less able to ward off cancer.
B) Older adults are more likely to be screened for cancer than when they were younger.
C) Elder bias does NOT affect their treatment by physicians.
D) Older adults are more fearful of the medical establishment and its therapies.

Question 63

Which of the following is an example of elder bias?

A) Physicians treat their elderly patients more aggressively for cancer than their younger patients.
B) Older adults are less likely to be diagnosed and treated for illnesses than younger adults.
C) People do NOT give respect to their elders.
D) Older adults are distrusting of medical doctors and unknown treatments.

Question 64

Older Canadians, over the age of 65 make up 12% of the population.What percentage of hospital beds do they occupy?

A) 15 %
B) 20 %
C) 25 %
D) 30 %

Question 65

Which of the following statements best represents the cross-linking theory?

A) Body proteins stiffen with age.
B) Calorie restrictions cause aging.
C) Aging is a result of overabundant free radicals.
D) Aging is a result of programmed breakdowns in the cells of the body.

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of normal aging?

A) Physiological processes decline slowly with age.
B) People are able to enjoy many years of health and vitality into late adulthood.
C) The body produces an overabundance of antioxidants, leading to circulatory problems.
D) Many Canadians over the age of 65 live close to the economic poverty line.

Question 67

How does the health of older people today compare with the health of older people in previous generations?

A) Today they are more likely to die from infectious diseases.
B) Today they are more likely to have poorer health care.
C) Today they are less likely to take advantage of immunization programs specific to influenza.
D) Today they are at greater risk of dying from chronic diseases such as cancer.

Question 68

What have researchers found about stress hormones?

A) They fade away with age.
B) They have no effects on aging.
C) They include estrogen and testosterone.
D) They make the body more susceptible to certain illnesses.

Question 69

Which of the following does NOT define the immunological theory?

A) It is a type of immune programmed theory of aging.
B) Aging is a result of accumulated cellular damage over time.
C) The decline in the immune system that accompanies aging is a result of random errors.
D) The decline of antibody production leaves the body less able to fight off infections.

Question 70

David's grandfather is 67 years old and lives in his own home.According to statistics cited in the textbook, what percentage of people over the age of 65 live in their own home?

A) less than 45%
B) 45 to 55%
C) 56 to 65%
D) more than 65%

Question 71

Which of the following best defines the wear-and-tear theory?

A) It is a programmed theory of aging.
B) It is the same thing as the immunological theory.
C) The body is less able to repair damage to itself after years of use.
D) Aging is a result of accumulated damage to DNA caused by environmental toxins.

Question 72

What is pathological aging?

A) an unstable psychological response to the process of aging
B) the aging process during late adulthood
C) the extremely early onset of aging processes, sometimes beginning in early adulthood
D) degenerative processes that are NOT necessarily part of regular aging

Question 73

Which of the following is suggested by the free-radical theory of aging?

A) Diets rich in antioxidants combat free radicals that damage cells.
B) Genetic structures determine the timing of aging.
C) Cancer is caused by genetic programming.
D) Stress reduction therapies help the body fight off free-radical carcinogen enzymes.

Question 74

What are the living arrangements of most adults over age 65 in Canada?

A) They live primarily in nursing homes.
B) They live mostly in retirement communities.
C) They tend to be more impoverished than younger people.
D) They typically live in their own communities after retirement.

Question 75

What is the relationship between cancer and the older adult?

A) The risk of cancer increases with age.
B) Cancer is rare for adults over age 75.
C) Cancer is rarely terminal when diagnosed after age 65.
D) Physicians treat cancer more aggressively in older adults than in younger adults.

Question 76

What are the leading chronic health conditions in late adulthood?

A) accidents, stroke, and cancer
B) homicide, suicide, and accidents
C) hypertension, arthritic symptoms, and heart disease.
D) accidents, cancer, and heart disease

Question 77

Which of the following statements best represents the cellular damage theories of aging?

A) They include the stress hormone and immunological theories of aging.
B) Aging is the result of preprogrammed changes.
C) Internal changes and external agents cause aging.
D) The body's reduction of hormones increases the likelihood of certain illnesses.

Question 78

In 20 years from now, what portion of the Canada's population will consist of seniors aged 65 and older?

A) 1/2
B) 1/3
C) 1/4
D) 1/5

Question 79

Which of the following best characterizes the prevalence of chronic illnesses in older adults?

A) Chronic diseases are rare.
B) One out of five people over age 65 has a chronic illness.
C) Most adults over age 65 have severe chronic diseases.
D) Hypertension is the most prevalent chronic illness.

Question 80

What are the living arrangements of most older adults?

A) Most live in their own homes.
B) Most are physically incapacitated.
C) Most require institutionalized care.
D) Most live in nursing homes by the time they reach age 75.