Deck 6: Infancy: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

How do securely attached infants compared with other infants?

A) They are happier.
B) They are more distressed than others when their mothers leave them alone.
C) They are more difficult to put to bed at night than others.
D) They are more indifferent to the comings and goings of their mother.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is associated with the belief that parents should demand more of their children and not the other way around?

A) Dr. Spock
B) The Attachment Parenting Book
C) Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother
D) Battle Hymn of the Tiger Child

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following statements describes attachment?

A) It is unrelated to survival needs.
B) It is experienced only by humans.
C) It is unaffected by one's environment.
D) It is a reciprocal relationship between child and parent.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mothers of securely attached infants?

A) They are more likely to be affectionate to their children.
B) They respond more sensitively to their babies' social behaviours.
C) They provide more predictable caregiving.
D) They are highly educated and well versed in child development theory.

Question 5

Brent is an infant with a "difficult" temperament.What can we guess about Brent's background?

A) He is securely attached.
B) He has a mother who is sensitive and responsive.
C) He has a mother who has other children to tend to.
D) He has a mother who reports feeling distant from him.

Question 6

Which of the following best characterizes attachment?

A) It runs in families.
B) Most siblings develop different kinds of attachment relationships with their parents because parents tend to favour one of the siblings.
C) It is important for early childhood, but diminishes in importance later in life.
D) It can vary depending on a child's temperament.

Question 7

What type of attachment is demonstrated by infants who are least upset by their mothers' departure?

A) secure attachment
B) insecure attachment
C) avoidant attachment
D) ambivalent attachment

Question 8

What did Ainsworth use to study attachment?

A) the Stranger Test
B) the Strange Situation
C) the Mother-Absent Procedure
D) the Mother-Present Procedure

Question 9

A mother leaves the room and her infant starts to cry.Which of the following concepts is NOT represented by this scenario?

A) attachment
B) separation anxiety
C) temperament
D) stranger anxiety

Question 10

What is the relationship between securely attached infants and other infants?

A) Securely attached infants are less aggressive.
B) Securely attached infants are more egocentric.
C) Securely attached infants have lower self-esteem.
D) Securely attached infants are less tolerant of others who are different from them.

Question 11

Justin is a securely attached infant.His father wonders whether Justin will be well-adjusted as an adolescent.Which of the following is a child developmental specialist likely to tell Justin's father?

A) Justin will be a healthy, well-adjusted adolescent.
B) Justin may or may NOT be well adjusted as an adolescent depending on other childhood events.
C) Justice will NOT likely be well adjusted as an adolescent because attachment leads to adolescent rebellion.
D) Justin will NOT likely be well adjusted as an adolescent because attachment does NOT predict later outcomes.

Question 12

According to research, what is predicted when a child has insecure attachment at age 1?

A) ongoing conflicts with peers
B) psychological disorders at age 17
C) healthy adjustment in later childhood
D) psychological problems for male children

Question 13

How would Mary Ainsworth, a preeminent researcher, most likely describe attachment?

A) an enduring emotional bond between one animal or person and another
B) childhood behaviour, such as crying, that stimulates caregiving from adults
C) a psychosexual developmental event that occurs as a result of pathological needs
D) a learned behaviour resulting from reinforcements and punishments by the parents

Question 14

Jessica and Tim are first-time expectant parents.They are eager to ensure their child forms a secure attachment relationship with them.Which of the following would you tell them?

A) Daughters and sons respond similarly to maternal behaviour.
B) The father plays no role in attachment relationships.
C) The quality of the attachment relationship is entirely dependent on the mother.
D) It grows from loving affection and can be an enduring bond.

Question 15

What type of attachment is demonstrated by infants who show the largest degree of emotional anguish when their mothers depart?

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) confused attachment
D) ambivalent attachment

Question 16

An infant appears stunned and puzzled by her mother's departure.What type of attachment is this infant demonstrating?

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) ambivalent attachment
D) disorganized attachment

Question 17

Alicia is a child who is willing to investigate her environment, and she shows upbeat emotions toward things that she does NOT know.What type of attachment is Alicia most likely to have?

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) ambivalent attachment
D) disorganized attachment

Question 18

An infant fusses mildly when his mother leaves and seeks reassurance from her when she returns.What type of attachment is this infant demonstrating?

A) secure attachment
B) insecure attachment
C) avoidant attachment
D) ambivalent attachment

Question 19

What infant response or reaction does the Strange Situation NOT assess?

A) the infant's response when the mother leaves the room
B) the infant's reaction to the presence of a stranger
C) the infant's response when the mother returns
D) the infant's reaction to his or her own self-mastery

Question 20

Which of the following is most likely to lead to securely attached infants?

A) genetics
B) good parenting
C) a combination of genetics and good parenting
D) good parenting and positive peer relationships

Question 21

According to Ainsworth, which of the following is NOT a phase of attachment?

A) the absolute-attachment phase
B) the initial-preattachment phase
C) the clear-cut-attachment phase
D) the attachment-in-the-making phase

Question 22

Ainsworth and her colleagues identified three phases of attachment.Which of the following was NOT one of the three phases?

A) the initial-preattachment phase
B) the attachment-in-the-making phase
C) the clear-cut-attachment phase
D) the solidification-attachment phase

Question 23

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what is the primary origin of an infant's attachment to the mother?

A) the fulfillment of oral needs
B) the sexual desire of the infant for the mother
C) the reinforcement and shaping of the infant's behaviour by the mother
D) the fulfillment through phallic needs

Question 24

According to Erikson's psychoanalytic theory, what is most vital for a child to develop in the first year of life?

A) a sense of trust
B) a sense of identity
C) a sense of autonomy
D) a sense of self-efficacy

Question 25

What theoretical view contends that caregivers become "love objects" and form the basis for all later attachments?

A) the cognitive view
B) the biological view
C) the behavioural view
D) the psychoanalytic view

Question 26

What has research found regarding the ability of insecurely attached children to become securely attached?

A) They are incapable of becoming more securely attached.
B) They are capable of becoming more securely attached.
C) Female children are incapable of becoming more securely attached.
D) Male children are capable of becoming more securely attached.

Question 27

Jerome was securely attached to his parents, but his parents divorced, and Jerome is now being neglected.What is most likely to happen to Jerome's level of attachment?

A) His level of attachment may change because of the change in care he is receiving.
B) His attachment bonds are in place, and they will NOT change.
C) It depends on the relationship between his mother and his father.
D) It depends on Jerome's age; his attachment will NOT change after age 3.

Question 28

Brenda is 2 months old.At a recent family reunion, she was passed around for multiple relatives to hold.Brenda showed no particular preference for her mother, father, or any other relative.According to Ainsworth, which phase of attachment is Brenda in?

A) the absolute-attachment phase
B) the initial-preattachment phase
C) the clear-cut-attachment phase
D) the attachment-in-the-making phase

Question 29

What is the effect of a father's involvement with his child?

A) It affects only boys and NOT girls.
B) It is unrelated to infant attachment.
C) It is based on the mother's pattern of attachment.
D) It determines the level of attachment between them.

Question 30

Which of the following best describes Mary Ainsworth?

A) She developed various forms of attachment, including imprinting.
B) She performed a classic experiment with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers.
C) She was married to John Bowlby.
D) She attended the University of Toronto, where she earned her Ph.D.

Question 31

Which of the following statements reflects a cognitive view of attachment?

A) Attachment and cognitive skills are unrelated.
B) Attachment will assist in developing the child's cognitive skills.
C) Infant-specific attachments will occur as soon as the child can recognize faces.
D) Some understanding of object permanence is necessary for specific attachment.

Question 32

How many phases of attachment were identified by Ainsworth and her colleagues?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 33

According to Ainsworth, during which attachment phase does an infant show intense dependence on the primary caregiver?

A) the absolute-attachment phase
B) the initial-preattachment phase
C) the clear-cut-attachment phase
D) the attachment-in-the-making phase

Question 34

At what age does Ainsworth's second stage of attachment occur?

A) from birth to about age 2 months
B) from birth to about age 3 months
C) age 3 or 4 months
D) age 5 or 6 months

Question 35

What theoretical view suggests that attachment bonds are learned through conditioning?

A) the cognitive view
B) the biological view
C) the behavioural view
D) the psychoanalytic view

Question 36

According to Ainsworth, during which phase of attachment does an infant show a preference for familiar faces?

A) the absolute-attachment phase
B) the initial-preattachment phase
C) the clear-cut-attachment phase
D) the attachment-in-the-making phase

Question 37

According to Ainsworth, which phase of attachment is characterized by indiscriminate attachment?

A) the absolute-attachment phase
B) the initial-preattachment phase
C) the clear-cut-attachment phase
D) the attachment-in-the-making phase

Question 38

According to the cognitive perspective, at what age is a child most likely to develop clear-cut attachments?

A) from birth to age 1 month
B) at age 2 to 3 months
C) at age 4 to 5 months
D) at age 6 to 7 months

Question 39

Dr.Martin is conducting a study of infant attachment.According to her hypothesis, infants who have NOT yet developed some concept of object permanence will NOT show specific attachments to their caregivers.What is Dr.Martin's theoretical view of attachment?

A) the cognitive view
B) the biological view
C) the behavioural view
D) the psychoanalytic view

Question 40

Christopher is 4 months old.He prefers to be held by his mother or father rather than by relatives or a person he's never met.According to Ainsworth, which phase of attachment is Christopher in?

A) the absolute-attachment phase
B) the initial-preattachment phase
C) the clear-cut-attachment phase
D) the attachment-in-the-making phase

Question 41

What is the change in the number of reported incidents of child abuse between the first Canadian Incidence Study (CIS) of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect and the most recent CIS?

A) The number has increased despite public awareness campaigns.
B) The number has dropped, correlating with the introduction of public awareness campaigns.
C) The number has more or less stayed the same.
D) Reporting has dropped off considerably, leading to inconclusive data.

Question 42

Which of the following defines positive parenting as breast feeding into toddlerhood if desired and responding immediately to the cries of a child?

A) Dr. Spock
B) The Attachment Parenting Book
C) Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother
D) Battle Hymn of the Tiger Child

Question 43

How did Bowlby explain smiling in the infant?

A) It is unrelated to attachment.
B) It is random until about 6 months of age.
C) It is usually due to gastrointestinal distress.
D) It may serve as a stimulus for affection from others.

Question 44

What is the relationship between humans and our ability to experience imprinting?

A) It can occur in humans, as illustrated by Konrad Lorenz.
B) It occurs in humans only during a specific critical period.
C) It does NOT occur in humans.
D) It occurs in humans only when the infant is very vulnerable at birth.

Question 45

Of all substantiated child abuse cases in Canada, approximately what percentage involved children being exposed to domestic violence?

A) 25%
B) 35%
C) 45%
D) 55%

Question 46

Which of the following statements best explains the nature of attachment in humans?

A) It is genetic.
B) Attachment must occur within 2 months or it might NOT occur.
C) A child will attach to anyone regardless of the amount of contact.
D) Early attachment attempts may fail, but attachment bonds can be established later.

Question 47

Of all substantiated child abuse cases in Canada, approximately what percentage involved neglect?

A) 25%
B) 35%
C) 45%
D) 55%

Question 48

Whose view is contradicted by Harry and Margaret Harlow's (1966) attachment research with monkeys?

A) Ainsworth's view
B) Erikson's view
C) Freud's view
D) Bowlby's view

Question 49

What were the subjects in the Harlows' studies that used wire-mesh surrogate mothers?

A) goslings born in captivity
B) rhesus monkeys
C) white lab rates
D) 3- to 6-month-old children from Russian orphanages

Question 50

According to your textbook, which of the following can help socially withdrawn 4- and 5-year-old children make gains in their social and emotional development?

A) younger playmates
B) older playmates
C) large families with many siblings
D) large range of colourful and age appropriate toys

Question 51

Imprinting must occur during a specific time period for it to develop at all, as demonstrated by Konrad Lorenz with the geese.What is the term for this time period?

A) the critical period
B) the learning period
C) the sensitive period
D) the maturational period

Question 52

What is suggested by the infant attachment research of Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966)?

A) Attachment is driven by the need for trust.
B) The basis of attachment is the food supplied by the mother.
C) Infants become attached because it helps them to form their identity.
D) Contact reassurance may be as important a basic need as the need for food.

Question 53

In Canada, who has a duty to report child abuse?

A) legally only child welfare workers and police
B) teachers and spiritual leaders
C) physicians
D) everyone; all citizens

Question 54

According to the textbook, the consequences of child abuse and neglect vary widely and depend on two factors.One factor is the circumstances of the abuse.What is the other factor?

A) the parents' socioeconomic circumstances
B) the parents' cognitive abilities
C) the resiliency of the child
D) the gender of the child

Question 55

How many cycles of The Canadian Incidence Study (CIS) of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect have been published?

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

Question 56

Attachment that occurs during a critical period is based on a stimulus.What is the term for this stimulus?

A) imprinting
B) maturation
C) the fixed response
D) the maternal instinct

Question 57

What is the definition of social deprivation?

A) a lack of social smiling on the part of the infant
B) a lack of responsive smiling on the part of the parent
C) a lack of material items, such as books and television
D) an overall lack of social stimulation provided to the infant

Question 58

In a classic research study of infant attachment by Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966), what was the major observation regarding the rhesus monkeys' relationship with the two surrogate mothers?

A) They would NOT come close to either surrogate mother.
B) They spent most of their time clutching the cloth mother.
C) They divided their time between the two surrogate mothers.
D) They spent most of their time clutching the surrogate mother with the baby bottle.

Question 59

Which of the following most likely influences the effects of social deprivation?

A) the age of the infant
B) a lack of love and affection
C) a deficiency in social stimulation
D) a deficiency in sensory stimulation

Question 60

What has been determined to NOT impair the development of attachment?

A) autism
B) social deprivation
C) child abuse
D) institutional care

Question 61

William's mother moved the lamp that was beside his crib.When William woke up and noticed the lamp was gone, he screamed and would NOT stop until the lamp was moved back.What is William's behaviour characteristic of?

A) autism
B) schizophrenia
C) being frightened by change
D) the need for "sameness" shown by all children

Question 62

What research finding lends support for a biological cause of autism?

A) Poor nourishment is related to autism spectrum disorders.
B) Parents of autistic children are lacking in parenting skills.
C) Peer rejection is correlated with autistic behaviours in children.
D) Concordance rates for autism spectrum disorders are about 60% among identical twins.

Question 63

Which of the following is most likely to cause autism?

A) poor parenting
B) biological issues
C) a viral infection during infancy
D) in utero contact with lead or other heavy metals

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autism?

A) preservation of sameness
B) echolalia
C) self-mutilation
D) clinging

Question 65

What is considered the best treatment for autism?

A) antipsychotic medications
B) no treatments have proven effective in diminishing autism spectrum disorder symptoms
C) behaviour modification to increase children's interactions with others
D) electric shock treatments, which are effective in enhancing language development

Question 66

Jennifer is a researcher who studies autism in children.Which of the following is she most likely to say about the prevalence of autism?

A) It has very strong ethnic differences.
B) It is 3 to 4 times more likely in girls than boys.
C) It is 4 to 5 times more likely in boys than in girls.
D) It is more likely to strike a child from a low socioeconomic background.

Question 67

Which of the following children are most at risk of abuse from their parents?

A) girls
B) full-term infants
C) first-born children
D) sick or unhealthy children

Question 68

David always refers to himself as "you." What is this tendency a sign of?

A) an atypical response when language is first acquired
B) childhood schizophrenia
C) insecure attachment relationships
D) an unusual speech pattern called pronoun reversal

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT considered an autism spectrum disorder?

A) Asperger's disorder
B) Rett's disorder
C) childhood disintegrative disorder
D) Reye's disorder

Question 70

Kevin has been maltreated by his parents.Which of the following behaviours is Kevin LEAST likely to exhibit?

A) low self-esteem
B) impaired cognitive functioning
C) aggressive actions toward a date or spouse
D) anti-social personality disorder

Question 71

Cynthia has Asperger's disorder.What of the following would you most likely tell Cynthia's parents about how Cynthia will experience this disorder?

A) She will NOT have significant cognitive or language delays.
B) She will NOT show social deficiencies or stereotyped behaviours.
C) Her symptoms will diminish and eventually disappear with time.
D) Her specified type of treatment will be similar to the treatment for an autistic child.

Question 72

Which of the following language patterns is NOT common in autistic children?

A) mutism
B) echolalia
C) pronoun reversal
D) babbling

Question 73

Kai was developing normally until the age of 2, when he began to lose skills that he had previously acquired.What disorder is Kai most likely to have?

A) Asperger's disorder
B) Rett's disorder
C) childhood disintegrative disorder
D) Reye's disorder

Question 74

What biological factors are suspected of contributing to autism spectrum disorders?

A) abnormal brain wave patterns or seizures
B) in utero contact with lead or other teratogens
C) increased activity in the frontal and temporal lobes
D) vaccines, particularly those that include a mercury preservative

Question 75

What is a defining characteristic of echolalia?

A) referring to the self as "you" or "she"
B) refusing to speak
C) automatically repeating sounds
D) repetitive sound making

Question 76

Of all substantiated child abuse cases in Canada, approximately what percentage involved physical abuse?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 25%

Question 77

Of all substantiated child abuse cases in Canada, approximately what percentage involved sexual abuse?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Question 78

Which of the following strategies is most likely to be recommended to prevent child abuse?

A) strengthening parenting skills in the general population
B) fining those who fail to report suspected cases of child abuse
C) making child abuse a crime
D) taking abused children out of their environment and placing them in foster care

Question 79

Of all substantiated child abuse cases in Canada, approximately what percentage involved children who had been emotionally mistreated?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Question 80

Chantal is concerned that her daughter may have an autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Which of the following would you tell her about ASDs?

A) They tend to be evident by age 3.
B) They are found in 100 out of 1,000 children.
C) They are found in 200 out of 1,000 children.
D) They are generally NOT apparent until the child enters kindergarten.