Deck 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Psychologists define hypothetical states that activate behavior and propel one towards goals as

A)needs.
B)motives.
C)drives.
D)incentives.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A need for approval may cause an individual to

A)withdraw from others.
B)fear rejection.
C)seek to please others.
D)go without food.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Motives can take the form of

A)needs, drives, and incentives.
B)requirements, desires, and impulses.
C)stimuli, events, and actions.
D)both a and b

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Needs give rise to__________.

A)pleasure
B)pain
C)drives
D)experience

Question 5

An animal has requirements to eat and drink. A species must reproduce. Behavior is organized to maintain the proper temperature. What are these all examples of?

A)learned behavior
B)unconscious motives
C)physiological needs
D)preferences

Question 6

The study of motivation is complex because it cannot be directly observed, only

A)assumed to exist.
B)compared with other behavioral forces.
C)inferred from behavior.
D)subjectively viewed.

Question 7

Motives activate behavior and propel the organism

A)to flee.
B)to respond.
C)toward goals.
D)to drives.

Question 8

__________ will lead to higher or greater levels of drive.

A)Basic needs
B)Environmental conditions
C)Deprivation
D)Need gratification

Question 9

Psychological needs are generally based upon

A)biological needs.
B)inner weaknesses.
C)learning experiences.
D)reflexes.

Question 10

Physiological needs must be met

A)by caretakers.
B)by the environment.
C)in order to be happy.
D)in order to survive.

Question 11

A(n) __________ is an object, person, or situation that is perceived as being capable of satisfying a need or as desirable for its own sake.

A)drive
B)impulse
C)compulsion
D)incentive

Question 12

Which of the following are examples of physiological needs?

A)oxygen, food, and water
B)love, esteem and finances
C)waste elimination and proper temperature
D)both a and c

Question 13

The study of motivation is an attempt to understand __________ a behavior occurs.

A)why
B)how
C)when
D)all of these

Question 14

Motives are believed to give rise to

A)incentives.
B)drives.
C)behavior.
D)needs.

Question 15

Why are motives described as hypothetical states?

A)There is no theory of motivation.
B)They are questionable.
C)They cannot be measured.
D)They cannot be seen or measured directly.

Question 16

Good grades serve as a(n) _______ for studying.

A)incentive
B)drive
C)stimulus
D)requirement

Question 17

Hunger is to _______ as food deprivation is to _______.

A)desire; motive
B)drive; need
C)incentive; drive
D)motive; desire

Question 18

A high need for achievement would drive a person to

A)distraction.
B)work hard.
C)avoid work.
D)turn down a promotion.

Question 19

One child takes great pride in academic accomplishments. Another child takes great pride in pleasing her parents. These are examples of the influence of __________ on psychological needs.

A)survival
B)intelligence
C)learning
D)biology

Question 20

Needs can be described as

A)physiological and psychological.
B)physiological and biological.
C)psychological and spiritual.
D)permanent states.

Question 21

Research regarding human instincts agrees with all of the following EXCEPT

A)Human behavior is biologically influenced but not controlled.
B)There are 12 basic human instincts.
C)The question regarding human instincts remains unresolved.
D)There is too much complexity in human behavior to reach agreement on this issue.

Question 22

According to drive-reduction theory, _________ trigger arousal and activate behavior to reduce the tension.

A)instincts
B)homeostasis
C)drives
D)stimulus motives

Question 23

The tendency toward homeostasis would

A)drive a person to acquire wealth.
B)satisfy a need.
C)lead a hungry person to eat.
D)lead to a state of deprivation.

Question 24

An infant places a coin in his mouth. This probably demonstrates a(n) ________ drive and the lack of a(n) ________ drive.

A)acquired; primary
B)primary; instinctual
C)primary; acquired
D)learned; acquired

Question 25

Pain avoidance is a response to

A)hunger pangs.
B)acquired drives.
C)a primary drive.
D)a secondary drive.

Question 26

The tendency toward homeostasis or a steady state would cause

A)a tired person to sleep.
B)a rich person to give money away.
C)a smart person to write a book.
D)a poor person to seek work.

Question 27

William McDougall (1908) compiled a list of 12 human _________ that included hunger, sex, and self-assertion.

A)impulses
B)releasers
C)incentives
D)instincts

Question 28

Feeding behavior is a(n) __________ to a primary drive.

A)stimulus
B)response
C)incentive
D)motive

Question 29

Lower car insurance rates serve as a(n) __________ for good driving.

A)incentive
B)drive
C)stimulus
D)motive

Question 30

Drive-reduction theory defines hunger, pain, and thirst as

A)primary drives.
B)instincts.
C)secondary drives.
D)acquired motives.

Question 31

According to drive-reduction theory, the drive to accumulate wealth is described as a(n)

A)primary drive.
B)acquired drive.
C)biological need.
D)fear.

Question 32

The evolutionary perspective describes behaviors that

A)come naturally to a species.
B)must be learned.
C)are nurtured.
D)require environmental experience.

Question 33

__________ theories suggest that needs create a state of tension and that behavior relieves that tension and returns the organism to a calm, resting state.

A)Drive-reduction
B)Humanistic
C)Need-based
D)Motive

Question 34

The observation that birds reared in isolation from other birds have the capacity to build nests without observation or learning experience provides evidence for the

A)nurture theory.
B)evolutionary perspective.
C)needs theory.
D)learning theory.

Question 35

Psychologists who theorize the existence of stimulus motives disagree with

A)achievement theory.
B)cognitive dissonance theory.
C)all motivation theories.
D)drive reduction theory.

Question 36

What is instinctual behavior indicative of?

A)unlearned responses
B)genetically transmitted behaviors
C)species-specific responses
D)all of these

Question 37

According to William James, humans have instincts that foster

A)survival.
B)social behavior.
C)intelligence.
D)survival and social behavior.

Question 38

The individual responsible for describing the drive-reduction theory was

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)William James.
C)Richard Solomon.
D)Clark Hull.

Question 39

According to Hull, the motivation to avoid touching a hot iron is a(n)

A)primary drive.
B)acquired drive.
C)instinct.
D)reduced drive.

Question 40

The concept of __________ describes the body's tendency to maintain a steady state or to act to restore balance in response to deprivation.

A)hunger
B)acquired drives
C)homeostasis
D)releasers

Question 41

Many artists and intellectuals pursue creative and intellectual goals without recognition or reward. The fact that they pursue growth motives in the absence of safety and security argues against Maslow's idea that needs are organized as

A)psychic energy.
B)drives.
C)a hierarchy.
D)stimulus motives.

Question 42

A prisoner is punished with solitary confinement. This punishment consists of the deprivation of a need for

A)stimulation.
B)approval.
C)forgiveness.
D)rehabilitation.

Question 43

Amy strongly identifies with her Christian faith and being a law-abiding citizen, yet she sometimes goes to parties where she drinks alcohol to excess, even though she is only 16. According to cognitive theorists, what is Amy likely to be experiencing?

A)a lot of fun
B)cognitive dissonance
C)guilt
D)stimulus motives.

Question 44

A sick individual who goes to bed to rest is satisfying the _______ of Maslow's hierarchy.

A)primary needs
B)acquired needs
C)physiological needs
D)actualization needs

Question 45

The observation that we enjoy stimulating activities such as driving in fast cars or riding roller coasters is inconsistent with __________ theories.

A)humanistic
B)drive-reduction
C)instinct
D)primary drive

Question 46

A homeless individual motivated to seek shelter at a church to escape the rain is satisfying ________ according to Maslow's hierarchy.

A)physiological needs
B)esteem needs
C)safety needs
D)physiological and safety needs

Question 47

According to Maslow's _________ theory, humans are motivated by drives for personal growth.

A)behavioral
B)psychoanalytic
C)humanistic
D)Freudian

Question 48

According to Maslow, individuals would not be motivated to satisfy their _______ needs until their ________ needs are met.

A)physical; psychological
B)psychological; physical
C)physical; actualization
D)primary; acquired

Question 49

____________ was responsible for devising the Hierarchy of Needs.

A)Leon Festinger
B)Henry Murray
C)David McClelland
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 50

According to stimulus motives, if a person is bored they will be motivated to

A)fall asleep.
B)seek stimulation.
C)withdraw.
D)none of these.

Question 51

What does research on sensory deprivation reveal?

A)It improves concentration.
B)It is an easy way to earn money.
C)It makes it easier to sleep.
D)It produces boredom and disorientation.

Question 52

Some psychologists believe that exploration and manipulation are primary motives that are rewarding in and of themselves. How would these psychologists explain the exploratory behavior of a young kitten or puppy recently brought to their new home?

A)They are looking for their mothers.
B)They are trying to escape an unfamiliar setting.
C)They are looking for sources of food.
D)They are exploring a novel environment.

Question 53

Which of the following is a stimulus motive?

A)exploration
B)hunger
C)thirst
D)homeostasis

Question 54

According to humanistic theory, people are separated from lower animals by our capacity for ______________.

A)instinctual behavior
B)stimulus needs
C)self-actualization
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 55

Maslow argued that humans differ from other animals in that humans have a self-initiated striving for

A)survival.
B)self-actualization.
C)self-control.
D)self-regulation.

Question 56

According to Maslow, needs are organized in a __________ with physiological needs and self-actualization needs at the extremes.

A)hierarchy
B)pattern
C)schema
D)Gestalt

Question 57

A group of research participants are placed alone in quiet cubicles where their arms are bandaged and they hear nothing but the sound of a dull, continuous hum. This method is used to study the effects of

A)relaxation.
B)conditioning.
C)sensory overload.
D)sensory deprivation.

Question 58

According to the cognitive perspective of motivation, people

A)do what they think about.
B)try to eliminate discrepancies in information.
C)hold inconsistent beliefs.
D)are more likely to appreciate things that come easy to them.

Question 59

An honor student who joins a scholastics club looking for friendship is mostly satisfying the _________ of Maslow's hierarchy.

A)esteem needs
B)love and belonging needs
C)safety needs
D)physiological needs

Question 60

What do stimulus motives lead organisms to do?

A)fight or flee
B)seek stimulation
C)decrease stimulation
D)react to tension

Question 61

A man has most of his stomach removed because of cancer. He learns __________ after his surgery.

A)that he will become aphagic
B)that he will become hyperphagic
C)that he will no longer experience satiety and must sham feed for the rest of his life
D)that his body will continue to regulate hunger through blood, liver, and brain function

Question 62

If the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of a rat's brain is destroyed, the rat

A)becomes aphagic and continues to eat until it has doubled its normal weight.
B)becomes aphagic and stops eating altogether.
C)becomes hyperphagic and continues to eat until it has doubled its normal weight.
D)becomes hyperphagic and stops eating altogether.

Question 63

In the classic "sham feeding" experiments with dogs, what occurred?

A)The dogs received no signals of satiety from chewing and swallowing.
B)The food reached the dogs' stomachs, and they stopped eating.
C)Even though no food reached their stomachs, the dogs stopping feeding after a while, and resumed feeding sooner than dogs whose food reached their stomachs.
D)The dogs stopped feeding after a while, and did not eat as soon as dogs whose food reached their stomachs.

Question 64

Eating because you are bored, depressed, or socializing demonstrates the role of _________ in regulating the hunger drive.

A)learned behavior
B)psychological factors
C)external incentives
D)all of these

Question 65

The hypothalamus plays a key role in hunger regulation in that it is a brain center that

A)drops the sugar level of the blood.
B)launches the conversion of glycogen into glucose.
C)regulates the pleasure in eating.
D)signals hunger and satiety.

Question 66

Which type of tissue metabolizes food faster and makes it easier to lose weight?

A)fatty tissue
B)muscle tissue
C)organ tissue
D)none of these

Question 67

Satiety or satisfaction with the amount eaten is provided for by

A)chewing and swallowing.
B)digestive tract signals.
C)stomach contractions.
D)a and b only.

Question 68

It is suspected that ___________ is a factor in obesity.

A)heredity
B)adaptive thermogenesis
C)having a high fat-to-muscle ratio
D)all of these

Question 69

Which of the following is True about obesity?

A)1 out of 3 adult Americans are obese.
B)Less than one half of African American women over the age of 40 are obese.
C)Problems with unhealthy weight gain in the United States have been decreasing.
D)Successful dieting leads to weight control for most people.

Question 70

The experience of hunger pangs, or __________, while obvious to the person, are not the primary bodily signals for the regulation of hunger.

A)changes in blood sugar level
B)hypothalamic signals
C)stomach contractions
D)salivation

Question 71

When the ventromedial nucleus of a rat's hypothalamus is surgically destroyed, the rat will

A)become aphagic.
B)become hyperphagic.
C)not experience any stomach contractions.
D)stop eating.

Question 72

The eating behavior of the aphagic rat suggests there is

A)an "on" center for eating in the lateral hypothalamus.
B)an "off" center for eating in the lateral hypothalamus.
C)no way to electrically stimulate the hypothalamus.
D)no brain mechanism involved in hunger regulation.

Question 73

The ________ is signaled when there is a drop in blood sugar due to food deprivation.

A)hypothalamus
B)amygdala
C)pituitary gland
D)thyroid gland

Question 74

Lesioning the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamus affects hunger regulation by damaging the

A)liver functions.
B)stomach contractions.
C)on and off signals for feeding.
D)pleasure of sham feeding.

Question 75

Satiety refers to

A)satisfaction with the amount of food eaten.
B)being well rested.
C)being in a state of balance.
D)tension reduction.

Question 76

Biological factors in hunger include

A)stomach contractions.
B)blood sugar level.
C)the hypothalamus.
D)all of these.

Question 77

Hyperphagic animals fail to experience

A)blood sugar effects.
B)satiety.
C)hunger.
D)glycogen conversion.

Question 78

The eating behavior of the hyperphagic rat suggests there is

A)anorexia in rats.
B)satiety in rats.
C)an "off" center in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.
D)an "off" center in the lateral hypothalamus.

Question 79

Sugar levels and hypothalamic control centers provide evidence of the _______ of hunger.

A)physiological regulation
B)stimulus regulation
C)disregulation
D)voluntary regulation

Question 80

The ventromedial hypothalamus ________ hunger while the lateral hypothalamus _________ hunger.

A)activates; depresses
B)encourages; ceases
C)motivates; satisfies
D)depresses; activates