Deck 9: The Voyage Through the Life Span

Question 1

What is a fertilized egg cell called?

A)ovum
B)embryo
C)zygote
D)none of these

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What are the three prenatal growth stages?

A)amniotic, embryonic, and zygotic
B)zygotic, embryonic, and ovum
C)germinal, embryonic, and fetal
D)neonatal, infant and early childhood

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which visual capacity do infants develop first?

A)following a moving light with their eyes
B)focusing on objects at a distance of 12 feet
C)color vision
D)depth perception

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A primitive heart begins to beat and pump blood during the

A)period of the ovum.
B)fetal period.
C)fourth week.
D)first days after implantation.

Question 5

The major body organs begin to form during the

A)fetal stage.
B)germinal stage.
C)period of the ovum.
D)embryonic stage.

Question 6

In research with two-month-old infants, you would probably find they prefer

A)a clown's face to a printed word.
B)colored lines to a smiley face.
C)a red balloon to a green balloon.
D)criss-cross lines to a doll face.

Question 7

When do embryos develop into males?

A)When the amniotic sac develops.
B)When androgens are absent.
C)When the testes form and begin to produce androgens.
D)When the Y chromosome is activated.

Question 8

The embryonic stage lasts from __________ until the eighth week of development.

A)fertilization
B)the period of the ovum
C)germination
D)implantation

Question 9

In what organ does the exchange of nutrients and waste takes place?

A)amniotic sac
B)placenta
C)umbilical cord
D)none of these

Question 10

A researcher is recording the length of time an infant spends looking at one stimulus instead of another. Most likely the researcher is studying _____ by measuring _____.

A)visual acuity; staring time
B)depth perception; habituation
C)focusing; preferences
D)visual preferences; fixation time

Question 11

The prenatal life support system includes the

A)amniotic sac.
B)placenta.
C)umbilical cord.
D)all of these.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about children's motor development is True?

A)Children develop motor skills in a consistent sequence.
B)The age at which a child develops a motor skill may vary from one child to another.
C)Both genetic codes and environment influence the development of motor skills.
D)All of these.

Question 13

An infant hears a loud noise and draws up his/her legs, arches the back and starts to cry. The infant exhibits the _____ reflex.

A)Palmar
B)Moro
C)Babinski
D)Premack

Question 14

A neonate is tested for grasp, startle, and sucking responses. What are these measures of?

A)higher brain function
B)early cognitive capacity
C)reflexes
D)early learning

Question 15

The zygote journeys to the uterus, where implantation occurs. Which stage is this?

A)the germinal stage
B)the fallopian stage
C)the pre-embryonic stage
D)the pre-fetal stage

Question 16

What is the longest stage of prenatal development?

A)the placental stage
B)the brain and organ development stage
C)the germinal stage
D)the fetal stage

Question 17

A neonate's __________ reflex involves an automatic response to a stroke to the chin, a touch on the cheek, or an object placed at the lips.

A)Moro
B)sphincter
C)startle
D)rooting

Question 18

The __________ connects the embryo and fetus to the placenta.

A)amniotic sac
B)system of blood vessels in the uterine wall
C)umbilical cord
D)amniotic fluid

Question 19

Walk and Gibson (1961) demonstrated that infants tend to respond to visual cues for depth by the time they are able to _______.

A)crawl
B)talk
C)sit up
D)walk

Question 20

Robert Fantz (1961) measured fixation time in order to assess

A)visual cliffs.
B)visual preferences.
C)automatic reflexes.
D)three-day-old infants.

Question 21

During the sensorimotor stage, behavior becomes increasingly

A)cognitive.
B)automatic.
C)disorganized.
D)purposeful.

Question 22

A three-year-old child who doesn't understand that five single dollar bills are equal to a five-dollar bill is in Piaget's _______ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 23

Piaget described human thought in terms of two basic concepts:

A)logic and reason.
B)logic and emotion.
C)adaptation and affordances.
D)assimilation and accommodation.

Question 24

A two-year-old child's family has a pet cat. When they visit the zoo, the child sees a lion and calls it a cat. To modify the child's misunderstanding, what process must occur according to Piaget?

A)accommodation
B)acclamation
C)assimilation
D)adaptation

Question 25

Piaget's stages of cognitive development are, in order of increasing age:

A)sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.
B)sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational, preoperational.
C)preoperational, operational, post operational, formal operational.
D)assimilation, adaptation, accommodation.

Question 26

A four-month-old infant is playing with keys. You place a magazine on top of the keys. The infant does not search for them. What does this demonstrate a lack of?

A)object permanence
B)accommodation
C)egocentrism
D)conservation

Question 27

A two-year-old child's family has a pet dog. The child visits the neighbor's house and sees their pet dog. Even though the neighbor's dog is larger and a different color the child points to it and says "dog." Which of Piaget's processes does this demonstrate?

A)adaptation
B)accommodation
C)assimilation
D)acclamation

Question 28

People expect whales to be fish because they live in the sea. The recognition that whales are mammals requires a(n) __________ of existing schemas.

A)assimilation
B)accommodation
C)learning
D)formalizing

Question 29

Piaget identified four major stages of cognitive development. In order, they are

A)infancy, toddlerhood, early childhood, adolescence.
B)sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.
C)preoperational, concrete operational, sensorimotor, formal operational.
D)sensory operational, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

Question 30

Piaget's term for a pattern of action or a mental structure that is involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge is a(n)

A)invariance.
B)hierarchy.
C)schema.
D)adaptation.

Question 31

The acquisition of the basics of language at about age two allows the child to use words and symbols to represent objects. This begins the

A)cognitive stage process.
B)preoperational stage.
C)language operational period.
D)concrete operational period.

Question 32

After having several birthday parties at home, a six-year old develops a _____ for this type of an experience, so they will know what to expect if they go to someone else's birthday party.

A)pattern
B)plan
C)habit
D)schema

Question 33

How does Piaget interpret the four- to eight-month-old's interest in kicking a hanging toy and causing it to bounce?

A)assimilation to sucking reflexes
B)association based on memory
C)a function of visual perception
D)an active exploration of cause-effect relationships

Question 34

Jean Piaget hypothesized that cognitive development progressed

A)as a slow lifetime process.
B)as a result of heredity.
C)as a quantitative change process.
D)as an orderly sequence of stages.

Question 35

You find that your infant takes great pleasure in the game of peek-a-boo. What Piagetian concept explains this observation?

A)object permanence
B)deferred imitation
C)assimilation
D)preoperations

Question 36

Piaget's term for the creation of new ways of responding to objects is

A)assimilation.
B)schemata.
C)accommodation.
D)invariance.

Question 37

Toy manufacturers need to be careful that toys and parts of toys are too large for children to put into their mouths. Piaget would interpret this as

A)an understanding of children's tendency to assimilate.
B)an unnecessary intrusion in the developmental process.
C)an understanding of the egocentricity of young children.
D)an understanding of children's lack of object permanence.

Question 38

A newborn shows a preference for his/her mother's voice rather than the father's voice. What is this most likely the result of?

A)an inability to hear until after birth
B)learning to recognize the mother's voice because of more exposure to these sounds before birth
C)an inability to hear lower pitched tones as in a male's voice
D)liking mom more than they like dad

Question 39

Piaget interpreted an infant's tendency to explore new objects through sucking as an instance of

A)adaptation.
B)assimilation.
C)accommodation.
D)oral exploration.

Question 40

Prior to the age of six months, you could take a toy away from your infant and the baby would not protest. What Piagetian concept explains this observation?

A)object permanence
B)assimilation
C)concrete operations
D)accommodation

Question 41

Concrete operational children understand the law of __________; that is, they understand that the basic properties of substances such as weight and volume stay the same when you change superficial properties such as their shape or arrangement.

A)conservation
B)effect
C)formal operations
D)symbolic reasoning

Question 42

A pre-operational child is asked, "What is the wind?" He answers: "A man up in the sky blowing." What does this demonstrate?

A)animism
B)egocentrism
C)artificialism
D)conservation

Question 43

A five-year-old is speaking on the telephone to his/her grandparent. The child holds up the picture they were describing and says to the grandparent "See." According to Piaget, this demonstrates _____.

A)egocentrism
B)object permanence
C)animism
D)artificialism

Question 44

Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development referred to

A)the range of tasks that a child could accomplish with the assistance of a teacher or parent.
B)the range of physical abilities in an individual child.
C)the cultural context in which the child shows the weakest performance.
D)the range of tasks that the child can do without any assistance.

Question 45

One child breaks 15 dishes accidentally, and another child breaks one dish while attempting to steal money from the family change jar. Using the moral judgment of a concrete operational child, whose deed is naughtier?

A)the child who breaks the most dishes
B)the child who broke the dishes while attempting to steal
C)the child who broke the dishes accidentally
D)the child who broke the dishes deliberately

Question 46

Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's theory?

A)Piaget underestimated the ages at which children developed cognitively.
B)Egocentrism and conservation develop more continuously-they may not occur in stages.
C)Piaget overestimated the cognitive abilities of infants.
D)Both a and b

Question 47

Concrete operational children become __________ in their moral judgments. When assigning guilt, they center on the intentions of the wrongdoer.

A)objective
B)rational
C)subjective
D)predictable

Question 48

Preoperational children attribute life to physical objects like the sun and the moon. What does this demonstrate?

A)artificialism.
B)animism.
C)egocentrism.
D)conservation.

Question 49

Conservation, decentration, reversibility, and subjective responsibility are generally achieved at about __________ years.

A)1 to 2
B)3 to 5
C)7 to 10
D)12 to 15

Question 50

Piaget's concept for the concrete operational child's capacity to understand that many processes can be undone, reversed, and restored to their previous condition is

A)intentionality.
B)reversibility.
C)decentration.
D)induction.

Question 51

You show a child two tall and thin glasses filled with equal amounts of water. You pour the water from one glass into a short, wide glass and tell the child to take the glass with the most water in it. You are observing the child's capacity to

A)reason deductively.
B)conserve.
C)center on one aspect of the situation.
D)abstract.

Question 52

Other researchers have criticized Piaget's theory because

A)he underestimated children's abilities at younger ages.
B)he proposed a continuous progression in cognitive development.
C)his sequence of stages was not supported by research.
D)all of these.

Question 53

Support for Piaget's theory has been found in his view that

A)preschoolers are egocentric and lack conservation.
B)cognitive development progresses discontinuously.
C)cognitive development occurs in a particular sequence.
D)all of these.

Question 54

You are playing hide-and-seek with your preoperational child. You count to 10 while he/she hides. You find your child sitting in the middle of the room with his/her eyes closed. The child believes because he/she cannot see you, then you cannot see him/her. What does this demonstrate?

A)intellectual impairment
B)decentration
C)object permanence
D)egocentrism

Question 55

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development in children focuses on

A)cultural context.
B)innate intelligence.
C)teacher-learner relationship.
D)both a and c.

Question 56

Because concrete operational children are less egocentric, they can increasingly

A)take objective responsibility.
B)take the perspective of another.
C)take conservative positions.
D)reason artificially.

Question 57

The preoperational child judges only the consequences of an action and cannot center on both consequences and intention. Piaget describes this as

A)immoral.
B)objective responsibility.
C)injustice.
D)subjective moral judgment.

Question 58

Concrete operational children are capable of __________; they can center on two dimensions of a problem at once.

A)formal operations
B)visual motor integration
C)cause-effect reasoning
D)decentration

Question 59

Awareness of the concept of decentration supports conservation because it allows children to

A)consider intentions.
B)center on two dimensions rather than one.
C)figure out what they're supposed to do.
D)change their minds.

Question 60

When you arrange two rows of five pennies each and place them a half-inch apart in the first row while separating the other row of five pennies by three inches, the preoperational child will say that the second row has more pennies. However, the concrete operational child has the capacity to __________ numbers and will not make this same error.

A)add
B)subtract
C)symbolize
D)conserve

Question 61

Children at the __________ level of moral reasoning base their judgments on the consequences of behavior.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)metaconventional

Question 62

Attachment is defined as

A)an enduring emotional tie.
B)basic trust.
C)a human bond.
D)a temporary bond.

Question 63

Research demonstrates that _______ is a prerequisite for postconventional reasoning.

A)formal operational thinking
B)concrete operational thinking
C)preoperational thinking
D)none of these

Question 64

Erik Erikson described an early stage of psychosocial development during which we depend on primary caretakers. This relationship determines the emergence of

A)attachment.
B)autonomy.
C)trust versus mistrust.
D)attachment versus autonomy.

Question 65

The four childhood goals of social development, according to Erikson, are:

A)trust, identity, intimacy, and industry.
B)autonomy, initiative, integrity, and trust.
C)trust, autonomy, initiative, and industry.
D)trust, generativity, identity, and industry.

Question 66

At stage three of the conventional level, children show a __________ orientation.

A)metamoral
B)good-boy/good-girl
C)punishment
D)law and order

Question 67

Judy's teacher Ms. Kobes provides her with suggestions for solving a problem as well as hints to the solution. Ms. Kobes is using what Vygotsky termed

A)proximal development.
B)scaffolding.
C)verbalization.
D)maturation.

Question 68

A child who cleans up their room to avoid losing a privilege is operating at the _____ level of Kohlberg's theory.

A)conventional
B)post conventional
C)nonconventional
D)preconventional

Question 69

What technique did Ainsworth use to investigate attachment?

A)attachment situation method
B)reunion method
C)strange situation method
D)separation method

Question 70

A third grader who decides not to cheat on a test because if caught their parents would be displeased with them, is operating at the _____ level of Kohlberg's theory.

A)postconventional
B)nonconventional
C)preconventional
D)conventional

Question 71

According to Erikson, a toddler who is given opportunities to explore and manipulate things in their environment and who is encouraged to investigate will gain a sense of

A)trust.
B)autonomy.
C)superiority.
D)inferiority.

Question 72

What method of study did Kohlberg use?

A)moral dilemmas
B)memory schema
C)surveys
D)behavioral observations

Question 73

Support for Kohlberg's theory has been found in his view that

A)moral reasoning follows a developmental sequence.
B)most people reach the post conventional level.
C)there are no prerequisites for the post conventional level.
D)some people may skip stages.

Question 74

Inconsistencies in Kohlberg's theory have been found with the fact that

A)moral reasoning follows a developmental sequence.
B)most people reach the postconventional level.
C)Piaget's formal operations are a prerequisite for postconventional reasoning.
D)children who are exposed to examples of moral reasoning above their own stage will follow along.

Question 75

An adult who chooses not to park in a handicap space because they want to avoid a ticket and fine, is operating at the _____ level of Kohlberg's theory.

A)nonconventional
B)post convention
C)preconventional
D)conventional

Question 76

_____ described the psychosocial stages of development.

A)Jean Piaget
B)Erik Erikson
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 77

If a person reasons that Heinz could solve his moral dilemma by obeying the law, even at the cost of his wife's life, then that person demonstrates

A)preconventional reasoning.
B)postconventional reasoning.
C)stage one reasoning.
D)conventional reasoning.

Question 78

Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a(n) __________ theory.

A)information-processing
B)metamemory
C)stage
D)untested

Question 79

According to Erikson, the infant-parent relationship can affect issues associated with _____ during the first year of life.

A)guilt
B)trust
C)autonomy
D)identity

Question 80

According to Ainsworth, babies who demonstrate proximity to their mother and separation anxiety when apart are showing indications of

A)socialization.
B)individuality.
C)association.
D)attachment.