Deck 11: Stress, Health, and Coping

Question 1

According to Peggy Blake and her colleagues (1984), which of the following did college students rate as stressful?

A)graduation from college
B)academic failure
C)going on vacation
D)all of these

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Lazarus found that daily hassles include all of the following except

A)health issues.
B)financial responsibility hassles.
C)natural disasters.
D)work hassles.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

William feels as if he has too much to do and not enough time to accomplish these things. These thoughts are considered

A)daily hassles.
B)uplifts.
C)downers.
D)leukocytes.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Influenza is caused by a virus. This virus is part of a broad category of disease-causing organisms called

A)pathogens.
B)antibodies.
C)osmoregulators.
D)autoimmune agents.

Question 5

Life changes that are positive can still be stressful because __________ is involved.

A)loneliness
B)adjustment
C)depression
D)none of these

Question 6

Stressors such as daily hassles and life changes predict health problems such as heart disease and __________.

A)smoking
B)diabetes
C)athletic injuries
D)depression

Question 7

The branch of psychology that studies the relationships between psychological factors and the prevention and treatment of physical health problems is

A)Psychopathology.
B)Neuropsychology.
C)Psychoanalysis.
D)Health Psychology.

Question 8

What is the study of how psychological issues affect physical illness called?

A)stress psychology
B)health psychology
C)illness psychology
D)cognitive dissonance

Question 9

Gerald is a professional who studies stress management. This field is called

A)managerial training.
B)assertiveness training.
C)transactional analysis.
D)health psychology.

Question 10

What can daily hassles result in?

A)worry
B)nervousness
C)sadness
D)all of these

Question 11

Some stress is necessary to keep individuals alert and occupied. Hans Selye (1980) referred to this as

A)stress.
B)eustress.
C)positive psychology.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 12

Concerns about job stability, terrorism, and retirement investments are called

A)work hassles.
B)security hassles.
C)financial responsibility hassles.
D)all of these.

Question 13

Life changes differ from daily hassles because

A)they can be positive and desirable rather than just negative.
B)they occur at irregular intervals rather than regularly.
C)both of these
D)none of these

Question 14

A demand made on an organism to adapt is called

A)a request.
B)stress.
C)dissonance.
D)equilibrium.

Question 15

__________ is a demand made on an organism to adapt, cope, or adjust.

A)Stress
B)Illness
C)Drive
D)Cognitive dissonance

Question 16

Stress that is healthful is referred to as

A)positive stress.
B)pro-stress.
C)eugenics.
D)eustress.

Question 17

Life changes are to __________ as daily hassles are to __________.

A)continuous; discontinuous
B)regular; irregular
C)negative; positive
D)discontinuous; continuous

Question 18

Rita is concerned about her job security and her ability to make her mortgage payments. What can these concerns lead to?

A)indebtedness
B)physical illness
C)eustress
D)Type A behavior

Question 19

Lisa is a single parent of three children. During the course of each week she prepares meals, shops for food, and takes care of the household. She also works outside the home in a demanding job that she does not like yet is concerned about meeting her everyday expenses. Psychologists call these stresses

A)daily hassles.
B)uplifts.
C)pathogens.
D)environmental hassles.

Question 20

What was Hans Selye's term for stress that is healthful?

A)stress
B)daily hassles
C)eustress
D)conflict

Question 21

According to Ellis, a situation, such as failing a test, which results in stress is called a(n)

A)stimulus event.
B)causal event.
C)initiating event.
D)activating event.

Question 22

A patient has a choice between surgery and a painful treatment. This is indicative of an __________ conflict.

A)approach-avoidance
B)avoidance-approach
C)approach-approach
D)avoidance-avoidance

Question 23

Greg is attempting to decide whether he should stay home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay home because he likes to relax, but then he will feel guilty that he is not exercising. If he were to go to the gym, he would be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the exercise itself. This is __________ conflict.

A)multiple approach-approach
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-avoidance
D)multiple approach-avoidance

Question 24

What does the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives result in?

A)catastrophe
B)conflict
C)controversy
D)none of these

Question 25

Sam wants to be a clinical psychologist. He has been accepted at two different graduate schools. Both schools are equally prestigious and would provide him with an outstanding education. He must choose to attend one of the schools. Psychologists would call this type of conflict a(n)

A)avoidance-avoidance conflict.
B)approach-avoidance conflict.
C)approach-approach conflict.
D)multiple approach-avoidance conflict.

Question 26

According to Ellis, the result of a situation that causes stress is called a(n)

A)outcome.
B)result.
C)consequence.
D)stimulus.

Question 27

Psychologists often classify conflict into 4 types. Which of the following is NOT one of those types?

A)approach-approach
B)approach-withdrawal
C)avoidance-avoidance
D)multiple approach avoidance

Question 28

Goals that produce mixed motives which consist of both positive and negative aspects are called

A)approach-avoidance conflicts.
B)vacillating conflicts.
C)stressful conflicts.
D)confusing conflicts.

Question 29

Dawn wants to be a veterinarian because she wants to help animals remain healthy. On the other hand, she knows she does not like to see animals suffering from illnesses. This produces a(n) __________ conflict.

A)multiple approach-approach
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-approach
D)approach-avoidance

Question 30

A conflict that involves two negative goals is called

A)negative-negative.
B)avoidance-avoidance.
C)withdrawal-withdrawal.
D)all of these.

Question 31

Sara is having trouble deciding whether to buy a BMW or a Mercedes because she likes them both immensely. This is

A)multiple approach-avoidance conflict.
B)highly unlikely.
C)approach-approach conflict.
D)approach-avoidance conflict.

Question 32

Emily is on a diet. For lunch she has the choice of a salad with fat-free dressing, or a fruit plate, neither of which she likes. What is this type of conflict called?

A)avoidance-avoidance
B)approach-avoidance
C)multiple approach-avoidance
D)none of these

Question 33

If a person tends to exaggerate the extent of a loss, which heightens his or her emotional reaction, this is called

A)catastrophizing.
B)conflictualizing.
C)delusional thinking.
D)none of these.

Question 34

What is being pulled in two directions at the same time called?

A)conflict
B)depression
C)arousal
D)psychological hardiness

Question 35

Which of the following is the least stressful type of conflict?

A)approach-avoidance
B)avoidance-avoidance
C)approach-approach
D)multiple avoidance-avoidance

Question 36

Mark is having difficulty in school. He thinks he should tell his professor that he believes he is being treated unfairly but is afraid that this will just make the professor angry and result in more unjust treatment. He decides to stay in bed and avoid class (and his professor) because he does not know how to resolve the

A)multiple approach-avoidance conflict.
B)approach-approach conflict.
C)avoidance-approach conflict.
D)avoidance-avoidance conflict.

Question 37

The amount of stress resulting from daily hassles and life changes depends upon the individual's

A)cognitive appraisal of the situation.
B)personality type.
C)both a & b
D)none of these

Question 38

Mark is trying to make a choice between asking Helen or Lorelei to a party this weekend. He's having a tough time deciding because both are equally appealing options. This is indicative of a(n) __________ conflict.

A)vacillating
B)approach-avoidance
C)approach-approach
D)avoidance-approach

Question 39

Between activating events and consequences, Ellis proposed that __________ could increase the level of stress experienced.

A)ideas
B)beliefs
C)emotions
D)all of these

Question 40

Kathy hurt her back. She is afraid to go to the doctor because she is worried it is serious, but she is also concerned that it will only worsen without treatment. This is

A)multiple approach-approach conflict.
B)avoidance-avoidance conflict.
C)approach-approach conflict.
D)approach-avoidance conflict.

Question 41

Sarah earns high grades and leads a study group at school. Her brother is less ambitious and earns low grades. Most likely Sarah is a

A)Type A.
B)Type B.
C)Type C.
D)not enough information to determine.

Question 42

Irrational beliefs can create or compound stress by

A)making negative events more aversive.
B)causing stressed individuals to catastrophize the negative events.
C)both of these
D)none of these

Question 43

Margaret is very impatient, driven, and competitive. She shows a __________ pattern.

A)Type A.
B)Type B.
C)Type C.
D)Type D.

Question 44

Which of the following most closely matches Type A beliefs?

A)Type A individuals can change their behaviors.
B)Type A individuals need to be perfect.
C)Impatience and irritation contribute to failure.
D)Life is not predictable, so why worry?

Question 45

Karen is a highly driven person. She is competitive, impatient, and often aggressive. She walks, eats, and talks rapidly and constantly feels rushed and under pressure. Psychologists would say that Karen's behavior is typical of a person

A)with eustress.
B)with a Type B personality.
C)with a Type A personality.
D)who tends to catastrophize.

Question 46

Which of the following best describes the beliefs of Albert Ellis?

A)People are able to reduce stress through biofeedback.
B)People frequently minimize the significance of events.
C)Emotions are not caused by events but are the result of beliefs.
D)Type A behavior can lead to heart disease.

Question 47

Catastrophizing over the extent to which a loss will result in more problems can

A)heighten the individual's emotional reaction.
B)foster feelings of hopelessness.
C)lower the person's coping ability.
D)all of these

Question 48

Among individuals with similar IQ levels, which of the following tends to make more money and have higher grades?

A)Type A
B)Type B
C)Neither. Both have similar IQs and it is IQ which is related to grades and money, not personality type.
D)There is no research on this topic.

Question 49

Which of the following are the components of Ellis' approach (in the correct order)?

A)belief, consequence, activating event
B)belief, activating event, consequence
C)activating event, belief, consequence
D)activating event, consequence, belief

Question 50

The idea that your past has influenced you immensely and must therefore continue to determine your feelings and behavior now is considered

A)an explanation for eustress.
B)a reasonable assumption.
C)an irrational belief.
D)a locus of control.

Question 51

Individuals who are more likely to exhibit irrational beliefs that can put them at a higher risk for anxiety and depression are

A)perfectionists and dependent on social approval.
B)Type B personalities.
C)high in self efficacy.
D)competent.

Question 52

Type A is to __________ as Type B is to __________.

A)hurry up; fast pace.
B)relaxation; hurry up.
C)hurry up; relaxation.
D)patient; impatient.

Question 53

Since Michelle failed her biology final, she has been thinking that she will never be able to find a job when she graduates. She believes that she will end up homeless and a transient. This demonstrates what Ellis calls

A)irrational beliefs.
B)rational beliefs.
C)competitive failure.
D)the fight-or-flight response.

Question 54

Which would be True of a person with a Type A behavior pattern?

A)eating slowly
B)delegating authority to others
C)dominating group discussions
D)arriving late to appointments

Question 55

Edward's professor told him that his first paper could have been shorter in length. Edward becomes very concerned because now he realizes that he does not know how to write papers and will definitely fail the class. This is an example of

A)imbibing.
B)imbuing.
C)catastrophizing.
D)impetuous behavior.

Question 56

Betsy paces herself in her work, tends to be less impatient, and also tends to be less ambitious. She fits a __________ pattern.

A)Type A.
B)Type B.
C)Type C.
D)Type D.

Question 57

Individuals who experience more car accidents and often arrive early for appointments are _________ personalities.

A)Type A
B)Type B
C)Type C
D)Type D

Question 58

Stewart is relaxed and focuses on quality-of-life issues. He shows a __________ pattern.

A)Type A
B)Type B
C)Type C
D)Type D

Question 59

Individuals who are highly driven, competitive, impatient, and aggressive are referred to as

A)Type B.
B)Type A.
C)Type C.
D)none of these

Question 60

Individuals who are relaxed, patient, forgiving, and focus on the quality of life are

A)Type A.
B)Type B.
C)Type C.
D)Type D.

Question 61

According to Kobasa, a professor who takes an active part in the college's future endeavors, in addition to the normal teaching duties, exhibits __________.

A)commitment
B)control
C)challenge
D)change

Question 62

Carole seems to be incredibly healthy; she is able to resist illness no matter how much stress she is under. She tends to fully involve herself in whatever she is doing, she believes that change is normal and that she has control over the course of her life. Psychologists would say that Carole has

A)an external locus of control.
B)high psychological hardiness.
C)moderate self-efficacy expectations.
D)Type A behavior.

Question 63

Psychological moderators of stress include all of the following EXCEPT

A)age.
B)psychological hardiness.
C)sense of humor.
D)predictability and control.

Question 64

Which of the following does NOT act to moderate the effects of stress?

A)psychological hardiness
B)a sense of humor
C)social support
D)genetic predispositions

Question 65

Denise believes that she can affect desired changes in her life. When faced with a fear-inducing object, she will have relatively __________ in her bloodstream.

A)lower levels of adrenaline but higher levels of noradrenaline
B)higher levels of adrenaline but lower levels of noradrenaline
C)lower levels of adrenaline and lower levels of noradrenaline
D)higher levels of adrenaline and higher levels of noradrenaline

Question 66

A cancer patient has decided to face his/her disease with courage and make whatever adjustments are necessary to enjoy his/her remaining time. According to Kobasa, this patient demonstrates the __________ characteristic of psychological hardiness.

A)control
B)challenge
C)character
D)confidence

Question 67

Psychological factors that can moderate the way an individual handles stress include

A)self-efficacy expectations.
B)psychological hardiness.
C)a sense of humor.
D)all of these.

Question 68

People who are psychologically __________ are less likely to become ill under the impact of stress.

A)hardy
B)easy going
C)optimistic
D)all of these

Question 69

Eugene believes that he can bring about positive changes in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene has high

A)eustress.
B)daily hassles.
C)Type A personality traits.
D)self-efficacy expectations.

Question 70

Researchers have found that __________ is/are related to alcohol abuse in Native Americans.

A)self-efficacy expectations
B)psychological hardiness
C)personality type
D)consequences

Question 71

Confidence in one's own ability to deal with a situation, which helps one to withstand stress, is called

A)psychological hardiness.
B)self-efficacy expectation.
C)personality type.
D)power thinking.

Question 72

Which person has at least one characteristic of psychological hardiness?

A)Rose feels alienated from her co-workers.
B)Roanne sees changes as an opportunity to grow.
C)Robert feels helpless at work.
D)Rufus says that stability is normal.

Question 73

People with higher levels of self-efficacy are more likely to

A)lose weight or quit smoking.
B)be Type A personalities.
C)have irrational beliefs.
D)use alcohol.

Question 74

Psychological hardiness is characterized by

A)youth, commitment, and control.
B)youth, control, and challenge.
C)challenge, commitment, and control.
D)challenge, contraction, and control.

Question 75

What are 3 characteristics of psychological hardiness?

A)expectations, humor, and control
B)power, control, and commitment
C)commitment, challenge, and control
D)confidence, competence, and efficacy

Question 76

Suzanne Kobasa describes __________ as a phenomenon that allows individuals to resist stress.

A)locus of control
B)personality type
C)self-efficacy expectations
D)psychological hardiness

Question 77

What do high self-efficacy expectations result in?

A)Lower levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the bloodstream.
B)The ability to withstand stress.
C)Less disturbance when adverse events occur.
D)All of these.

Question 78

Moderators of stress include all of the following EXCEPT

A)personality type.
B)psychological hardiness.
C)sense of humor.
D)predictability and control.

Question 79

Bernadette not only takes a full schedule of classes at her college, but she also is involved in many clubs and other extracurricular activities. Which aspect of hardiness does she exhibit?

A)commitment
B)challenge
C)control
D)locus of control

Question 80

People with high self-efficacy expectations

A)are better able to withstand stress.
B)have higher levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the bloodstream.
C)are more prone to be disturbed by adverse events.
D)all of these