Deck 2: Research Methods

Question 1

_____ had the lowest number of infant deaths in 2008, according to the raw data on infant mortality statistics.

A)The United States
B)Finland
C)France
D)Germany

Answer 1

Finland

Question 2

In 2005, the Ukraine reported an HIV prevalence rate of 1.4%, which indicates that

A)1.4% of all children in the Ukraine had HIV.
B)1.4% of all children ages 2-12 had HIV.
C)1.4% of all adults in the Ukraine had HIV.
D)None of the above

Answer 2

1.4% of all adults in the Ukraine had HIV.

Question 3

_____ refers to the total number of cases (old and new) of a specific disease in a given population.

A)Prevalence
B)Incidence
C)Relative risk
D)Morbidity

Answer 3

Prevalence

Question 4

Rolando works for the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP).What type of work does Rolando do

A)He monitors research involving human subjects.
B)He monitors research involving human and animal subjects.
C)He approves the sale and distribution of drugs for humans.
D)He supervises individuals working for the Food and Drug Administration.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding "relative risk"

A)Relative risk involves the number of new cases of a disease.
B)Relative risk is the total number of cases of a specific disease in a given population.
C)Relative risk helps to estimate the risk of acquiring a disease by "members" of an exposed group.
D)Relative risk is not a useful tool for gauging risks involved for a population exposed to disease.

Question 6

According to the raw data on infant mortality statistics, which country had the highest number of infant deaths in 2008

A)Finland
B)France
C)United States
D)Afghanistan

Question 7

Dr.Nelson is studying infant mortality rates in Third World countries.In other words, Dr.Nelson is studying

A)The number of live births.
B)Infant survival rates.
C)Infant death rates.
D)Diseases commonly found in infants.

Question 8

Research scientists accurately compare mortality statistics across two or more countries by using

A)Mortality rates.
B)Raw data.
C)Epidemiological statistics.
D)Cross-comparisons.

Question 9

According to the information on infant mortality statistics of 2008, France had the _____ highest raw number of infant deaths and the _____ highest mortality rate.

A)First; first
B)First; second
C)Second; fifth
D)Second; third

Question 10

What is the purpose of the Food and Drug Administration

A)It is the agency that approves the sale and distribution of drugs for humans and animals.
B)It is the agency that monitors research studies.
C)It is the agency that approves the sale and distribution of drugs for humans.
D)It is the agency that approves research studies.

Question 11

One aspect of the field of epidemiology involves

A)Reviews of health policies and procedures for research institutions.
B)Investigation of situations where research subjects were harmed.
C)Efforts to control the spread of health problems amongst populations.
D)Oversight of research review boards.

Question 12

Rita missed a class lecture on morbidity.What type of information would the lecture certainly have included

A)A discussion of the types of diseases that may eventually lead to death.
B)A discussion of various medical treatments.
C)A discussion of pediatric milestones.
D)A discussion of death rates in underdeveloped countries.

Question 13

Epidemiologists are analogous to

A)Psychologists.
B)Medical detectives.
C)Government workers.
D)School teachers.

Question 14

The term _____ refers to the death of a study participant or any injury or illness to a participant as a result of their involvement in an approved research study.

A)"Toxicity"
B)"Adverse event"
C)"Hexamethonium"
D)"Critical issue"

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function performed by an epidemiologist

A)Identifying the earliest known human infected with a particular disease.
B)Pinpointing the origins of an infection or a disease.
C)Determining potential risks of disease.
D)Developing health policies regarding the sale and distribution of medication for certain diseases or infections.

Question 16

Which of the following variables is NOT considered a measure of the health of a population

A)Relative risk
B)Morbidity
C)Prevalence
D)Adverse effects

Question 17

The two types of data used to report morbidity and mortality statistics are

A)Raw data and disease susceptibility.
B)Raw data and rates.
C)Number of subjects studied and number of experiments performed.
D)Risk factors and rates.

Question 18

Isaac wants to know how quickly the HIV/AIDS virus is spreading among teenagers.When conducting his research, he will want to look at the number of new cases, or the _____ of the disease.

A)Prevalence
B)Incidence
C)Relative risk
D)Mortality rates

Question 19

According to the Johns Hopkins research example in the text, the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) was responsible for

A)Approving the sale of new drugs for asthma.
B)Approving the distribution of drugs for humans.
C)Investigating the death of an individual with asthma.
D)Investigating the death of a healthy individual involved in a study about asthma.

Question 20

When considering a research study, one of the primary criteria for research scientists is that they must

A)Balance the potential benefits of the study with the potential harm to participants.
B)Ensure they are not using healthy subjects.
C)Ensure they are not using unhealthy subjects.
D)Create ethical guidelines for the sale and distribution of any medication being studied.

Question 21

A distal cause of illness is also called a(n)

A)Predisposing factor.
B)Adverse effect.
C)Proximal cause.
D)Immediate cause.

Question 22

A correlation coefficient is a number between _____ and _____.

A)+1.00; -1.00.
B)+1.50; -1.50.
C)+2.00; -2.00.
D)+2.50; -2.50.

Question 23

Quantitative data is to numerical data as qualitative data is to

A)Rated data.
B)Raw data.
C)Statistical data.
D)Non-statistical data.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a function of a focus group

A)To explore decision-making processes
B)To generate insight
C)To gather information
D)To determine cause and effect relationships

Question 25

Proximal causes of illness involve _____ factors.

A)Predisposing
B)Precipitating
C)Morbidity
D)Distant

Question 26

_____ questions allow respondents to construct and deliver their own answers without regard to the length of their response.

A)Open-ended
B)Closed-ended
C)Structured
D)Simplified

Question 27

_____ is used to determine whether or not a relationship exists between two or more variables.

A)Case study research
B)Experimental research
C)Qualitative research
D)Correlational research

Question 28

Dr.Higgins is interested in the immediate, or _____ cause of a recent outbreak of the flu.

A)Distal
B)Proximal
C)Incidental
D)Ecological

Question 29

A team of researchers is designing a study that will consist primarily of "contextual" data.Which type of study will they be using

A)An experimental study
B)A quantitative study
C)A qualitative study
D)A correlational study

Question 30

A relationship between two variables is called a(n)

A)Case study.
B)Correlation.
C)Focus group.
D)Experiment.

Question 31

"Do you exercise on a daily basis" is an example of a(n) _____ question.

A)Open-ended
B)Closed-ended
C)Unstructured
D)In-depth

Question 32

A correlation coefficient of 0.00 would indicate

A)A positive correlation.
B)A negative correlation.
C)No correlation.
D)A strong correlation.

Question 33

Which of the following would be considered a distal cause of heart disease

A)Staph infection
B)E.coli bacteria
C)Congenital defects
D)All of the above

Question 34

The West Nile Virus outbreak in the United States provides an example of the use of a(n) _____ approach to investigate the cause of illness.

A)Correlational study
B)Case study
C)Experimental study
D)Quantitative study

Question 35

Which of the following questions serves as an example of an open-ended question

A)"Is your birthday in April?"
B)"What brings you to the doctor's office today?"
C)"Do you have children?"
D)"Do you work outside of the home?"

Question 36

Margie is conducting a correlational study related to the amount of time spent studying and overall exam scores.This type of study is called a(n)

A)Epidemiological study.
B)Experimental study.
C)Nonexperimental study.
D)Proximal study.

Question 37

Focus groups are facilitated by

A)A health psychologist.
B)A moderator.
C)A member of the group.
D)A team leader.

Question 38

Which type of study is NOT considered "qualitative"

A)Correlational study
B)Case study
C)Focus group
D)None of the above

Question 39

Gathering information about eating behaviors to determine the cause of a food-borne illness is an example of

A)Qualitative data.
B)Quantitative data.
C)Incidental data.
D)Experimental data.

Question 40

Health scientists determined that the proximal cause of a gastrointestinal illness suffered by some who had eaten at various Taco Bell restaurants in December 2006 was due to

A)A type of
B)Congenital defects.
C)A type of staph infection.
D)Symptoms of high blood pressure.
E)coli bacteria.

Question 41

The _____ hypothesis of an experiment assumes no relationship between two variables.

A)Negative
B)Research
C)Alternative
D)Null

Question 42

Christy wants to explore whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two variables, therefore she would want to design a(n)

A)Experimental research study.
B)Correlational study.
C)Case study.
D)Focus group study.

Question 43

When both variables of a correlational study decrease, the relationship involves a

A)Positive correlation.
B)Negative correlation.
C)Weak correlation.
D)Strong correlation.

Question 44

In order to generalize the results of a study to the larger population, researchers must

A)Test the entire population rather than a subset of the population.
B)Select subjects based on the outcomes they hope to produce.
C)Include data from at least 100 subjects.
D)Select a random sample of subjects who are representative of the population being studied.

Question 45

The variable manipulated or controlled in an experimental study is called the

A)Dependent variable.
B)Independent variable.
C)Correlational variable.
D)Null hypothesis.

Question 46

One disadvantage of a longitudinal study is that

A)It is less reliable than cross-sectional studies.
B)It is often too short.
C)It only studies one individual at a time.
D)Attrition rates influence participation levels.

Question 47

Which of the following would be considered a positive correlation

A)David has increased the amount of exercising he's been doing and has noticed a decrease in his weight.
B)Sal has decreased the amount of sugar he eats and has experienced a decrease in the number of headaches he typically has.
C)Tina has experienced a decrease in grades but the amount of TV she has been watching has increased.
D)None of the above

Question 48

The purpose of the Framingham Heart Study (1949) was to

A)Help identify the personal habits and traits that contributed to the development of coronary heart disease.
B)Determine whether a correlation existed between age and one's risk of developing coronary heart disease.
C)Measure the effectiveness of new heart medications designed to control coronary heart disease.
D)Provide researchers with guidelines for diagnosing coronary heart disease.

Question 49

Juanita is part of an experimental study where she receives a special treatment or condition.Which type of group is she a part of

A)The experimental group
B)The control group
C)The case study group
D)The epidemiological group

Question 50

In an experimental design that investigates the effects of stress on mental illness, the dependent variable would be

A)Stress.
B)Mental illness.
C)Age.
D)Gender.

Question 51

A psychologist is analyzing existing data from an existing database to determine health behaviors in Jamaica.She is conducting a

A)Health policy analysis.
B)Introspective analysis.
C)Retrospective analysis.
D)Comprehensive analysis.

Question 52

One of the limits of a correlational study is that

A)It does not provide researchers with reliable information if the coefficient value is less than 0.30.
B)It does not provide information on the strength of a relationship between two variables.
C)It does not determine a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.
D)It does not recognize negative correlations.

Question 53

A coefficient value of _____ and above generally indicates a strong correlation.

A)r = 0.20
B)r = 0.40
C)r = 0.60
D)r = 0.80

Question 54

A random _____ involves a group of people who have an equal chance of participating in an experimental study and who will be representative of the population to be studied.

A)Recruitment
B)Assignment
C)Sample
D)Disbursement

Question 55

Researchers would conduct a _____ study to investigate the effects of cardiovascular disease over a 10-year period for one group of males ages 40-45.

A)Cross-sectional
B)Longitudinal
C)Correlational
D)Qualitative

Question 56

The outcome variable of the experimental research design is called the

A)Independent variable.
B)Dependent variable.
C)Retrospective analysis.
D)Null hypothesis.

Question 57

In an experimental design that investigates the effects of stress on mental illness, the independent variable would be

A)Stress.
B)Mental illness.
C)Age.
D)Gender.

Question 58

Dr.Rooftop is conducting a study to determine the effects of caffeine on memory.What type of study is he using

A)Case study
B)Correlational study
C)Experimental research study
D)Non-experimental research study

Question 59

The Framingham Heart Study (1949) was an example of the use of a _____ study.

A)Qualitative
B)Longitudinal
C)Cross-sectional
D)Correlational

Question 60

_____ is the independent variable in a study on the effects of caffeine on memory.

A)Caffeine
B)Memory
C)The memory test
D)The type of memory

Question 61

The _____ design addresses the ethical concern of time delays for randomized clinical trials.

A)Cross-sectional
B)Post-test
C)Case study
D)Pre-post-post-test

Question 62

The Declaration of Human Rights is a document developed and approved by the original members of the

A)United Nations.
B)Nuremburg Trials.
C)World Medical Society.
D)American Psychological Association.

Question 63

Jessie's grandmother read about a medical study being conducted on senior citizens.She expresses an interest in the study but tells Jessie she has some concerns about whether or not the study will follow ethical protocol (Jessie's grandmother is familiar with the results of the Johns Hopkins study on asthma).Jessie tells her grandmother that a(n) _____ has been established to ensure protection of human subjects in research studies; therefore, she recommends her grandmother consider participating in the study.

A)Bill of Patient Rights
B)White House Special Commission
C)Institutional Review Board
D)Subject Review Panel

Question 64

Martina is part of a study on heart rate and exercise.Her heart rate is measured before walking on a treadmill and then again after walking on the treadmill.What type of study is she participating in

A)Longitudinal
B)Cohort
C)Intervention
D)Directional

Question 65

Which of the following statements is TRUE

A)Correlational tests are considered experimental tests.
B)Cross-sectional studies incorporate pre-test/post-test procedures.
C)Longitudinal studies are at an advantage over other studies because of attrition rates.
D)Intervention studies that do not include control groups limit the researcher's ability to determine the true effectiveness of the intervention.

Question 66

The Stanford Three Community Study was instrumental in

A)Providing a variety of treatments for the reduction of mental illness.
B)Conducting seminars on recognizing depressive symptoms.
C)Organizing and developing pharmacological manuals for the proper dispensation of medication.
D)Demonstrating the effectiveness of mass media in changing health behaviors.

Question 67

The Johns Hopkins study of asthma in the opening story of Chapter 2 is an example of a(n)

A)Randomized clinical trial.
B)Intervention study.
C)Community-based study.
D)Prospective study.

Question 68

The Stanford Three Community Study utilized a(n) _____ research design.

A)Cross-sectional
B)Intervention
C)Qualitative
D)Organizational

Question 69

Intervention studies are also called _____ studies.

A)Cross-sectional
B)Pretest-posttest
C)Posttest
D)Case

Question 70

A randomized clinical trial tests

A)The strength of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation.
B)The degree to which two variables are related.
C)The effectiveness of new drugs.
D)The effects of random sampling in research subject selection.

Question 71

The _____ was the first formal document defining the rules of conduct for research involving human subjects.

A)Tuskegee Code
B)Stanford Prison Code
C)Nuremburg Code
D)Framingham Code

Question 72

What is the required order in which new drugs/medication must be tested according to the U.S.Food and Drug Administration

A)Animal testing, laboratory testing, human testing
B)Laboratory testing, animal testing, human testing
C)Human testing, laboratory testing, animal testing
D)Animal testing, human testing, laboratory testing

Question 73

_____ studies measure the impact of an intervention in the subject's natural environment rather than in a laboratory.

A)Randomized
B)Community-based
C)Eligibility-based
D)Cohort-based

Question 74

Mel is conducting a cross-sectional study on the health behaviors of teenagers.He will inform the research subjects that their health behaviors will be measured _____ during the study.

A)One time
B)Two times
C)Three times
D)None of the above

Question 75

Attention to the abuse of human subjects was prompted by discoveries after

A)World War I
B)World War II
C)The Civil War
D)The Iraq War

Question 76

A disadvantage of the quasi-experimental design is that

A)Researchers are unable to demonstrate a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.
B)The study has strict controls for variables such as age and ethnicity.
C)It contains 2 control groups rather than 1.
D)All of the above are disadvantages of the quasi-experimental design.

Question 77

Lee is in the process of designing a research study focusing on stress and heart disease.He understands that he will not be able to control for variables such as age, gender and ethnicity.Based on his concerns that these variables may impact the results of his study, Lee's supervisor recommends he use a _____.

A)Longitudinal research design.
B)Pre-test-post-test design.
C)Qualitative design.
D)Quasi-experimental design.

Question 78

How did society initially discover what was going on with the Tuskegee Syphilis Study

A)Researchers held a public forum to disclose what they had been doing.
B)An internal review board examined the study and declared it unethical.
C)An investigator with the U.S.Public Health Service informed the Associated Press about the study.
D)The subjects involved in the study informed their families, who in turn leaked it to the media.

Question 79

A pre-test, or baseline measure, is used with a(n) _____ study.

A)Cross-sectional
B)Longitudinal
C)Intervention
D)Qualitative

Question 80

Compared to a longitudinal study, one advantage of the cross-sectional research design is that

A)The same group of subjects is measured multiple times to ensure accurate results.
B)The varied subject groups allow for more variability in results.
C)It is shorter in design.
D)It is longer in design.