Deck 10: Biosocial Approaches

Question 1

The approach of ______ explores human behavior in reference to the ways that humans have changed throughout history.

A)behavior genetics
B)evolutionary psychology
C)neuroscience
D)psychology

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The behavior inhibition system is associated with the neurotransmitter ______.

A)androgen
B)dopamine
C)MAO
D)serotonin

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Hoping to acquire a sexual partner, Johnny spends a good deal of time getting ready for his night out.According to evolutionary psychologists, this effort would be identified as

A)affection effort
B)mating effort
C)parenting effort
D)presentation effort

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following best represents the findings regarding the relationship between genetic influences and antisocial behavior?

A)Genetic influences are not related to antisocial behavior.
B)Genetic influences are more strongly linked to juvenile antisocial behavior than adult behavior.
C)Genetic influences are more strongly linked to adult antisocial behavior than juvenile behavior.
D)Genetic influences are strongly predictive of both juvenile and adult antisocial behavior.

Question 5

Mary and Johnny allocate a good deal of their time to caring for their newborn, in what evolutionary psychologists would refer to as their ______ effort.

A)affection
B)mating
C)parenting
D)presentation

Question 6

______ refers to a number ranging from 0 to 1 indicating the extent to which variance in a trait in a population is due to genetic factors.

A)genotype
B)heritability
C)phenotype
D)synapse

Question 7

______ theory is a neurological theory based on the proposition that behavior is regulated by two opposing mechanisms.

A)behavioral dominance
B)reward dominance
C)behavioral inhibition
D)behavioral activating

Question 8

______ G/E correlation refers to the way parents, siblings, teachers, peers, and others respond to the individual on the basis of his or her behavior.

A)active
B)evocative
C)immediate
D)passive

Question 9

The reward dominance theory comes from which school of thought?

A)behavior genetics
B)evolutionary psychology
C)neuroscience
D)psychology

Question 10

The idea that individuals seek and find their niche in society as they grow into adulthood is indicative of which type of G/E correlation?

A)active
B)evocative
C)immediate
D)passive

Question 11

Evolutionary psychologists have identified crime with behaviors that tend to promote the

A)affection effort
B)mating effort
C)parenting effort
D)presentation effort Learning Objectives: 10.4 Understand the basic ideas behind an evolutionary view of criminality; 10.5 Differentiate between mating and parenting effort and understand how each is related to the probability of criminal behavior

Question 12

According to neuroscience, what largely determines the patterns of our neuronal connections?

A)experiences
B)genetics
C)heritability
D)phenotype

Question 13

Evolutionary psychologists refer to the illegitimate acquisition of resources as

A)criminal
B)cheating
C)lying
D)unfair advancement

Question 14

All evolutionary theories of crime focus on______.

A)economic development
B)genetic developments
C)reproductive strategies
D)the behavior activating system

Question 15

The concept of ______ involves the notion that people are differentially sensitive to identical environmental influences and will thus respond in different ways to them.

A)G/E interaction
B)G/E correlation
C)G/E relation?d.G/E communication

Question 16

The field of ______ studies the relative contributions of heredity and environment to behavioral and personality characteristics.

A)behavior genetics
B)evolutionary psychology
C)neuroscience
D)psychology

Question 17

Traditionally, a drawback of the ______ perspective has been the need to utilize samples of twins or adoptees in order to test its propositions.

A)behavior genetics
B)evolutionary psychology
C)neuroscience
D)reward dominance

Question 18

______ is associated with the functioning of our flight/fight system.

A)adrenaline
B)DNA
C)dopamine
D)serotonin

Question 19

______ simply means that genotypes and the environments they find themselves in are related.

A)G/E interaction
B)G/E correlation
C)G/E relation?d G/E communication

Question 20

An intelligent married couple enjoys engaging in academically oriented activities.When this couple has children, if those children go on to be academically successful, it might best be described to be the result of a(n) ______ G/E correlation.

A)active
B)evocative
C)immediate
D)passive

Question 21

According to biosocial criminologists, behavior is always the result of biological factors interacting with environmental factors.

Question 22

Individuals differences in physical and behavioral traits are partially the result of what geneticists call genetic

A)polymorphisms
B)neurotransmitters
C)genotypes
D)phenotypes

Question 23

The two forms of competitive/victimizing behavior (CVB) include

A)violent and victimless
B)antisocial and prosocial
C)biological and social
D)crude and sophisticated

Question 24

The ______ version of the MAOA gene results in a brain less efficient in utilizing serotonin, which is a risk factor for a number of behavioral problems.

A)high-activity
B)low-activity
C)antisocial
D)prosocial

Question 25

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A)is a chronic condition resulting from an individual's prenatal alcohol exposure
B)is the result of a disruption of the developing neurons in brain areas such as the frontal lobes
C)can result in behavioral symptoms including low IQ, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness
D)all of these

Question 26

Genetic effects on antisocial behavior are most likely to be found among those who begin offending in their early teenage years, and desist by their mid-twenties.

Question 27

Biosocial criminologists dismiss the nature versus nurture argument in favor of the approach of nature via nurture.

Question 28

______ are polygenic phenotypes that are manifestations of multiple genes working independently and synergistically.

A)traits
B)genotypes
C)10-repeat alleles
D)dopamine transporter genes

Question 29

A person with which of the following characteristics is more likely to engage in antisocial behavior?

A)a person with a weak BAS
B)a person with a strong BIS
C)a person with a strong flight/fight system
D)a damaged prefrontal cortex

Question 30

On the scale used by behavior geneticists to quantify the relative impact of genes versus environment, the closer the score to 1.0, the less variance there is for that trait in the population.

Question 31

Genetic effects on antisocial behavior are most likely to be found among

A)children
B)teenagers
C)chronic offenders
D)adolescent-limited offenders

Question 32

Which of the following represents the policy implications of biosocial theories of crime?

A)the offering of pre- and postnatal care for women
B)monitoring infants and young children in their early years
C)providing pharmacological treatments
D)all of these.

Question 33

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder typified by

A)panic attacks
B)manic episodes
C)seizures
D)depression

Question 34

According to evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory, ______ increase the probability of competitive/victimizing behavior (CVB) by decreasing an individual's sensitivity to adverse environmental consequences and inclining the limbic system to seizure more readily.

A)androgens
B)estrogen
C)serotonin
D)cortisol

Question 35

All else equal, antisocial males report having ______ sexual partners than average and a(n) ______ age of sexual onset.

A)fewer; later
B)fewer early
C)more; later
D)more; early

Question 36

______ emphasizes quantity over quality by maximizing the number of offspring rather than nurturing a few.

A)cooperating
B)cheating
C)parenting effort
D)mating effort

Question 37

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship of genetics to crime?

A)The relationship exists, but is always indirect.
B)The relationship exists, but is sometimes indirect.
C)There is a strong and direct relationship between genes and crime.
D)There is no known relationship between genes and crime.

Question 38

______ has/have been found to be associated with greater involvement in criminal behavior.

A)number of sexual partners
B)number of 10-repeat alleles
C)the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1)
D)All of these

Question 39

The ______ provides us with knowledge about how other people see and think about us, thus moving us to adjust our behavior accordingly.

A)behavior activating system
B)behavior inhibition system
C)prefrontal cortex
D)reward dominance system

Question 40

Modern day behavior geneticists are searching for the gene that causes criminal behavior.

Question 41

The behavioral activating system is associated with the neurotransmitter dopamine.

Question 42

According to evolutionary psychologists, crime is a normal behavior for which we all have the potential.

Question 43

While evolutionary psychology focuses on what makes people different, genetics looks for what makes us all the same.

Question 44

Traits that facilitate mating effort underlie other forms of prosocial activity.

Question 45

Active rGE refers to the active seeking of environments compatible with our genetic dispositions.

Question 46

Nonshared environment refers to unique environmental experiences that make children from the same family different.

Question 47

Research has consistently found a strong positive association between number of sex partners and adult criminal behavior.

Question 48

Possession of the 10R allele of the DAT1 polymorphism is related to increased involvement in antisocial behaviors for adult males but is not related to number of sexual partners.

Question 49

The stress hormone that has been investigated most in connection with criminality is serotonin.

Question 50

The most permanent and irreversible effects of testosterone occur prenatally.

Question 51

The flight/fight system is the part of the autonomic nervous system that pumps out epinephrine to mobilize the body for vigorous action in response to threats.

Question 52

One of the issues with biosocial studies of crime is that they are more expensive to conduct than most social science studies.

Question 53

According to evolutionary psychologists, while we all have the potential to exploit others, most of us do not because our minds have been forged by evolution to form cooperative relationships with others.

Question 54

Biosocial criminologists tend to be strong proponents of punishment rather than treatment in our system's response to crime.

Question 55

Humans invest more in parenting effort than any other species.

Question 56

Damage to the prefrontal cortex can increase the likelihood that a person will engage in antisocial behavior.

Question 57

The findings of most behavior genetic studies are supportive of the idea that genes affect antisocial behavior.

Question 58

Individuals who have a dominant BIS are at a greater risk for criminality.

Question 59

The low-activity version of the MAOA gene serves as a protective factor against criminal behavior.

Question 60

The neurosciences focus their attention on traits that are inherited at birth.

Question 61

What is G/E interaction?

Question 62

Identify the three types of rGE.

Question 63

Discuss the concept of behavior genetics and its relationship to criminal behavior.

Question 64

Compare the perspectives of evolutionary psychologists and neuroscientists.How does each perspective explain criminal behavior? Do you feel that one has more to offer in our efforts to understand crime? Support your answer.

Question 65

List and describe the three types of G/E correlation.Provide an example of each.
Learning Objectives: 10.1 Understand that while all behavior is the result of genes
interacting with environments, there is no gene "for" crime; 10.3 Be able to explain gene-environment correlation and interaction
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge/Comprehend
Answer Location: Gene-Environment Interaction and Correlation
Difficulty

Question 66

What are polymorphisms?

Question 67

Compare the reward dominance theory to the prefrontal dysfunction theory.What do these two theories have in common, and how do they differ?

Question 68

According to neuroscience, why are the experiences of children particularly crucial?

Question 69

According to evolutionary psychologists, even though cheating can be rational in some circumstances, why is it that humans so often engage in cooperation?

Question 70

What are neurons?

Question 71

Define and discuss evolutionary psychology.How do cheats and cooperators relate to evolutionary psychology?

Question 72

Define and discuss the reward dominance theory.What are neurotransmitters? How are the behavioral activating system (BAS) and the behavioral inhibition system associated with criminal behavior?

Question 73

Briefly define parenting effort and mating effort.

Question 74

Describe the key points of molecular genetics.What are polymorphisms? How is the MAOA gene associated with criminal activity?

Question 75

What is the flight/fight system?

Question 76

According to reward dominance theory, what causes crime?

Question 77

Describe the relationship observed by evolutionary psychologists between parenting and mating efforts and criminality.How might this information guide efforts to reduce or prevent crime?
Learning Objectives: 10.4 Understand the basic ideas behind an evolutionary view of criminality; 10.5 Differentiate between mating and parenting effort and understand how each is related to the probability of criminal behavior
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge/Comprehend
Answer Location: Evolutionary Psychology
Difficulty

Question 78

What is evolutionary psychology?

Question 79

Briefly define behavior genetics.

Question 80

Why do behavior geneticists use twin and adoption studies?