Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol, drugs, or hypnosis?

A)daydreaming
B)meditative absorption
C)stream of consciousness
D)altered state of consciousness

Answer 1

altered state of consciousness

Question 2

What is the most significant environmental cue that influences the circadian rhythm?

A)the temperature
B)food
C)light
D)sleep

Answer 2

light

Question 3

Your _____ night is when your biological clock is telling you to go to sleep.

A)circadian
B)objective
C)biological
D)subjective

Answer 3

subjective

Question 4

Within each 24-hour period, the regular fluctuation from high to low points of certain bodily functions and behaviors is known as _____

A)circadian rhythm.
B)hypothalamic phases.
C)metabolism.
D)transduction.

Question 5

Jackie is an airline pilot who frequently flies across time zones. She tries to compensate for this disturbance in her circadian rhythm by adjusting her light exposure with artificial lighting. This will work best if she does which of the following?

A)gets bright light in the early morning and avoids it during the evening
B)makes sure light exposure is equal throughout the day
C)avoids bright light in the morning and gets it in the afternoon
D)it doesn't matter, this does not work

Question 6

Bao finds that she feels least alert during the day around 3 p.m., and she does her best work before noon every day. This is most likely because her circadian rhythm causes her cortisol to be _____ in the morning before noon and _____ in the afternoon around 3 p.m.

A)higher; lower
B)lower; higher
C)absent; peaking
D)balanced; unbalanced

Question 7

Observing many cultures might lead us to think that a desire to alter our state of consciousness is _____

A)universal.
B)a mental illness.
C)fairly rare.
D)a modern problem.

Question 8

The _____, also called the biological clock, consists of a pair of tiny structures in the brain's hypothalamus that control the timing of the circadian rhythms.

A)amygdala
B)suprachiasmatic nucleus
C)pineal gland
D)hypothalamic nucleus

Question 9

When referring to the circadian rhythm, which of the following reflects the correct order of processing?

A)retina, optic nerve, suprachiasmatic nucleus
B)retina, pineal gland, hypothalamus
C)optic nerve, retina, suprachiasmatic nucleus
D)pineal gland, retina, optic nerve

Question 10

Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of _____

A)self-awareness.
B)self-absorption.
C)waking consciousness.
D)altered states of consciousness.

Question 11

Most people's _____ level peaks before noon, making this the time they are likely to be most _____

A)serotonin; mellow.
B)dopamine; happy.
C)melatonin; sleepy.
D)cortisol; alert.

Question 12

If you work during the time your biological clock is telling you to go to sleep, your _____ will go up, and your _____ will go down.

A)pulse; blood pressure
B)accident rate; productivity
C)metabolism; weight
D)serotonin; dopamine

Question 13

American psychologists did not study consciousness for many decades because of the influence of _____

A)behaviorism.
B)psychoanalysis.
C)humanistic psychology.
D)dualism.

Question 14

Studies have shown that exposing people to _____ during their last 4 hours of sleep can help shift workers who experience a sleep-phase delay.

A)low light levels
B)cooler temperatures
C)warmer temperatures
D)bright light

Question 15

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts?

A)thinking
B)cognition
C)conscience
D)consciousness

Question 16

During daylight hours, we are less likely to feel sleepy because the _____ gland does not produce _____

A)adrenal; adrenaline.
B)hypothalamic; cortisol.
C)SCN; acetylcholine.
D)pineal; melatonin.

Question 17

If you managed a manufacturing plant that ran three rotating shifts, what could you do to help your employees remain in a more normal biological rhythm?

A)provide plenty of caffeinated drinks
B)keep noise down on the evening and night shifts
C)rotate shifts no more often than every 3 weeks
D)provide super bright lighting for the night shift

Question 18

How many physiological and psychological functions are affected by the circadian rhythms?

A)two; sleep and wakefulness
B)three; sleep, wakefulness, and temperature
C)virtually every one that has been studied
D)four; sleep, wakefulness, temperature, and digestion

Question 19

The use of methods, including drugs, that alter the state of consciousness are _____

A)condemned by all religions as evil.
B)used in some religious rituals.
C)seen as immoral in all religious traditions.
D)viewed as an illness in all religious traditions.

Question 20

Because of modern brain-imaging techniques, today's psychologists think of consciousness largely in terms of _____

A)altered states.
B)neurobiology.
C)subjective experience.
D)behaviorism.

Question 21

Who has the highest percentage of REM and slow-wave sleep?

A)teenagers
B)young adults
C)the elderly
D)infants

Question 22

Janice was taking part in an experiment in the sleep lab. She was given a verbal task to learn under two conditions. In condition one, she was deprived of NREM sleep the following sleep period. In condition two, she was deprived of only REM sleep. Under which condition was she likely to do better on the verbal task the next day, and why?

A)Condition one, because we spend more time in NREM than REM sleep.
B)Condition one, because memory is consolidated during NREM sleep.
C)Condition two, because memory is consolidated during REM sleep.
D)Condition two, because we spend more time in REM than NREM sleep.

Question 23

Which theory of sleep suggests that we sleep to rest our bodies and minds and rejuvenate ourselves for the next day?

A)the place theory
B)the circadian theory
C)the evolutionary theory
D)the restorative theory

Question 24

How many stages of the sleep cycle are there?

A)2
B)4
C)7
D)5

Question 25

Each stage of the sleep cycle lasts about how long?

A)an hour
B)30 minutes
C)15 minutes
D)90 minutes

Question 26

Mekala is in REM sleep. Which of the following describes that type of sleep?

A)Her eyes are moving under her eyelids and her brain is highly active.
B)Her arms, legs, and trunk are jerking and moving.
C)She is totally still, nothing is moving.
D)She is talking in her sleep.

Question 27

Alexander Borbley combined two main theories of sleep and explained that the urge to sleep is partly a function of how long we have been awake and which of the following?

A)how much we slept the last night
B)the time of day
C)the weather
D)whether we are an owl or a lark

Question 28

According to a large survey in North America, Europe and Japan, up to two-thirds of _____ experience insomnia and wake up off and on through the night on a regular basis.

A)teens
B)young adults
C)older adults
D)children

Question 29

Through what means did researchers discover the characteristics of two major types of sleep?

A)the polysomnogram
B)the microelectrode
C)behavioral observations
D)the fMRI

Question 30

When _____ waves outnumber _____ waves, we enter the first stage of sleep.

A)theta; delta
B)beta; alpha
C)REM; NREM
D)alpha; beta

Question 31

_____ waves are associated with deep relaxation.

A)Alpha
B)Beta
C)Spindle
D)REM

Question 32

Jax was deprived of REM sleep during an experiment in the sleep lab last night. We could reasonably expect that tonight he will _____

A)have trouble falling asleep.
B)have more Stage 4 sleep.
C)spend more time dreaming.
D)have more delta wave sleep.

Question 33

Last night I dreamed I saw an alien spacecraft gleaming in a field of flowers in the fog. It was a vivid, colorful dream. I was in _____ sleep.

A)NREM
B)slow-wave
C)delta wave
D)REM

Question 34

Slow wave sleep begins in stage _____, when an EEG shows about 20% of the brain waves are _____ waves.

A)two; alpha
B)four; theta
C)three; delta
D)one; transition

Question 35

Of the following, who has the longest average sleep time?

A)teenagers
B)children aged 6 to puberty
C)newborns
D)people over age 65

Question 36

According to this theory, sleep is necessary for growth and repair of the body.

A)restorative theory
B)adaptive theory
C)psychoanalytic theory
D)dream theory

Question 37

Who is likely to live the longest? An adult who sleeps _____

A)4 hours per night.
B)9 hours per night.
C)7 hours per night.
D)5 hours a night.

Question 38

The stage of deepest sleep shows 50% of brain waves are _____ waves.

A)alpha
B)delta
C)theta
D)beta

Question 39

Which theory of sleep is based on the premise that sleep evolved to keep humans out of harm's way?

A)restorative
B)melatonin
C)circadian
D)ecobehavioral

Question 40

Falling asleep occurs in Stage _____ with irregular brain waves and occasional _____ waves.

A)2; beta
B)4; alpha
C)2; alpha
D)1; alpha

Question 41

A(n)_____ is characterized by a sleeper who, while in Stage 4 sleep, springs up in his/her bed screaming, appears in a state of panic, then falls back to sleep within a few minutes having no memory of the event the next day.

A)nightmare
B)episode of sleep apnea
C)case of insomnia
D)sleep terror

Question 42

_____ is the correct term for the group of sleep disturbances in which behaviors and physiological states that normally occur only in the waking state, take place during sleep.

A)Nightmares
B)Parasomnias
C)Sonambulences
D)Dyssomnias

Question 43

If they are free from scheduling pressures, teens tend to sleep _____

A)less than 4 hours a night.
B)longer than elementary-aged children.
C)mostly during daytime hours.
D)in short naps of about 40 minutes each.

Question 44

Margaret sleeps erratically but when all that time is added up, she sleeps about 14 hours a day. Based on the research on sleep across the lifespan, Margaret is likely to be _____

A)elderly.
B)an adolescent.
C)in her 30s.
D)an infant.

Question 45

According to research on sleep deprivation, a small amount of sleep loss ____

A)decreases cognitive ability.
B)is not a problem at all.
C)is a problem only for women, not men.
D)does not affect people older than age 12.

Question 46

The difference in brain activation patterns between people who were deprived of sleep and people who slept normally show us that _____

A)learning is significantly impaired by sleep deprivation.
B)most people aren't significantly affected by sleep deprivation.
C)because the brain works harder when sleep deprived, we may perform better.
D)because the prefrontal cortex shuts down, we can't learn very well.

Question 47

Researchers deprived one group of sleep for 35 hours and then gave them a verbal learning task. They compared brain activity between the sleep and no-sleep groups during the learning task. Which of the following was true of the no-sleep group compared to those that slept normally?

A)The no-sleep group had lower overall activity in their brain.
B)The no-sleep group had higher overall activity in their brain.
C)In the no-sleep group, the language perception areas of the temporal lobes were more active.
D)In the no-sleep group, the language perception areas of the temporal lobes were inactive.

Question 48

Paige is a conscientious student. Even on the weekend, she never stays up past 2 a.m. to socialize. She works weekends from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. and does not nap. On Monday, she has four classes. On Monday night, she goes to bed early, and the rest of the week she gets 7 to 8 hours of sleep. Which of the following is most likely?

A)There is no difference in her ability to learn on Monday compared to the rest of the week.
B)Her learning ability is impaired on Monday by sleep deprivation.
C)Her learning ability will peak on Monday after her refreshing weekend.
D)Her learning ability is improved Monday by having some recreation on weekend nights.

Question 49

The _____ increase(s)activation when we are sleep-deprived, and can reduce impairment in learning to a small degree.

A)frontal cortex
B)parietal lobe
C)geniculate nucleus
D)occipital lobe

Question 50

_____ is the correct term for the group of sleep disorders that involve the timing, quantity, quality of sleep.

A)Parasomnias
B)Apneas
C)Insomnias
D)Dyssomnias

Question 51

_____ is the scientific term for the sleep disorder in which a person talks in his/her sleep.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Somnambulism
C)Narcolepsy
D)Somniloquy

Question 52

The stage of life in which changes in sleep patterns are most often experienced as decreasing the quality of life is _____

A)adolescence.
B)young adulthood.
C)older adulthood.
D)middle adulthood.

Question 53

Which of the following sleep disorders is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep that usually last 10 to 20 minutes?

A)parasomnia
B)insomnia
C)somnambulism
D)narcolepsy

Question 54

The total number of hours a person sleeps tends to _____ dramatically across the life span.

A)decrease
B)increase
C)shift toward more morning sleep
D)increase in REM

Question 55

About _____ of people report sleep problems.

A)half
B)one-third
C)one-tenth
D)three-fourths

Question 56

_____ is diagnosed when an individual has difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, has poor quality sleep, and/or wakes too early.

A)Narcolepsy
B)Restless leg syndrome
C)Insomnia
D)Sleep apnea

Question 57

Kate is a well-respected, 15-year employee at a small office. Because her co-workers have known her for so long, they know that if she falls asleep in the middle of a meeting, they should just leave her alone until she wakes up a few minutes later. It is clear that her coworkers are aware that Kate suffers from _____

A)sleep terrors.
B)somniloquy.
C)REM rebound.
D)narcolepsy.

Question 58

A(n)_____ is characterized by an individual who, typically while in REM sleep, experiences frightening dream content that he/she remembers vividly upon waking.

A)nightmare
B)episode of sleep apnea
C)case of insomnia
D)sleep terror

Question 59

Dr. Khan has been on call at St. Joseph's emergency room for the past thirty-six hours. What area in Dr. Khan's brain will likely have increased activity levels to try to compensate for his sleep-deprived state?

A)parietal lobe
B)temporal lobe
C)occipital lobe
D)caudate nucleus

Question 60

Which of the following correctly names the sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing numerous times throughout the night?

A)narcolepsy
B)mid-phase insomnia
C)sleep apnea
D)somnambulism

Question 61

Freud believed that dreams functioned to satisfy unconscious _____ and _____ desires.

A)narcissism; selfish
B)homicidal; suicidal
C)sexual; aggressive
D)childlike; naive

Question 62

What two categories of dream content did Sigmund Freud describe?

A)poetic and realistic
B)literal and symbolic
C)latent and manifest
D)delusional and hallucinatory

Question 63

Skyla Smith is going camping with her mom and dad. She asks if her friend Jessica can come along. Jessica's parents agree, but inform the Smiths that Jessica has somnambulism. This means that _____

A)Jessica talks in her sleep.
B)Jessica experiences periods of time when she stops breathing while sleeping.
C)Jessica may fall asleep out of the blue with no apparent reason.
D)Jessica walks in her sleep.

Question 64

The bizarre, illogical events of dreams can be explained in part because the prefrontal cortex is _____ during REM dreams.

A)suppressed
B)overactive
C)fluctuating
D)paralyzed

Question 65

Certain neurotransmitters that exert inhibiting influences on impulsive thoughts and acts during the day are less plentiful during REM dreaming. They are _____ and _____

A)dopamine; acetylcholine.
B)endocannabinoid; endorphine.
C)adrenaline; cortisol
D)serotonin; norephinephrine

Question 66

Pete cannot figure out why he is tired all of the time, because he sleeps for about 8 hours a night. His wife wants him to go see a doctor because of his terrible snoring and the gasping she hears throughout the night. Pete likely has which of the following sleep disorders?

A)sleep apnea
B)narcolepsy
C)insomnia
D)somniloquy

Question 67

The _____ theory proposes that dreams are thinking while asleep and represent a broad range of the dreamer's _____

A)activation-synthesis; random neural firing.
B)evolutionary; threats.
C)cognitive; concerns.
D)cognitive; repressed wishes.

Question 68

Jeff has been having unpleasant, recurring dreams and is feeling a bit depressed. His friend, a good therapist, suggested he try to _____ in order to stop them in a healthy way.

A)stay awake for several days
B)take heavy duty sleeping pills for a month
C)admit himself to a psych ward
D)work on lucid dreaming

Question 69

The uninhibited, _____-stimulated activity of dreaming has been compared to a psychotic mental state.

A)serotonin
B)under
C)dopamine
D)cortisol

Question 70

Brain imaging studies support the conclusion that meditation _____

A)is a form of sleep.
B)induces an altered state of consciousness.
C)is a quick fix for health problems.
D)is not helpful to health.

Question 71

A newspaper advertisement describes a book that offers interpretations of dreams. In attempting to tell readers the meaning of the symbols of their dreams, the author intends to describe the _____ content.

A)deep
B)latent
C)manifest
D)subliminal

Question 72

The idea that dreams consist of random firing of brain cells during REM, but are significant in terms of the meaning we give them, represents which theory?

A)Freudian
B)cognitive
C)activation-synthesis
D)evolutionary

Question 73

From an evolutionary perspective, dreams should serve a protective function. The fact that we often dream about _____ supports that view.

A)sex
B)eating
C)social success
D)handling threats

Question 74

According to Freud, the important, underlying meaning of our dreams is found in the _____

A)deep content.
B)latent content.
C)manifest content.
D)subliminal content.

Question 75

While having a vivid REM dream, forebrain activity resembles that of _____

A)great creativity.
B)a delusional disorder.
C)a genius.
D)normal, waking activity.

Question 76

Janae was having a bad dream in which she was watching the dream while a tiger was about to jump on her. She turned the tiger into a beautiful striped butterfly and it floated down to rest softly on her finger. Janae was having a _____ dream.

A)NREM
B)narrative
C)lucid
D)night terror

Question 77

Jeff and Franco are both involved in a sleep study. Jeff wakes up screaming early in the night. The researchers notice that although his eyes are open, he doesn't seem to be totally awake. Additionally, recordings show Jeff's heart rate is very fast. Franco wakes up much later in the sleep period because he was frightened by the content of his dream. He was able to report to the researcher a vivid account of the dream upon waking. Jeff likely experienced a _____, whereas Franco experienced a _____

A)sleep terror; somnambulism.
B)sleep terror; nightmare.
C)nightmare; somniloquy.
D)nightmare; sleep terror.

Question 78

Brain activity is taking place _____ during REM dreams.

A)only in memory areas
B)in visual, emotional and other areas
C)only in association areas
D)mostly in the prefrontal cortex

Question 79

Interpretation of the _____ content of a dream is expected to reveal the _____ content.

A)latent; manifest
B)manifest; latent
C)manifest; sublimated
D)metaphorical; denotative

Question 80

Modern psychologists, for the most part, _____ Freudian interpretation of dreams.

A)agree with
B)have moved away from
C)do therapy through
D)research