Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

In the case of the dogs Pavlov observed, the _____ was the unconditioned response and the _____ was the conditioned response.

A)food; bell
B)food; salivation
C)salivation; salivation
D)bell; salivation

Answer 1

salivation; salivation

Question 2

The type of learning that Pavlov observed and researched resulted from associating an unconditioned response with a _____

A)neutral stimulus.
B)neutral response.
C)conditioned response.
D)punishment.

Answer 2

neutral stimulus.

Question 3

Benson, a black lab, had learned to associate two stimuli with getting taken for a walk, his owner getting out his leash, and his owner getting out a belt. Every time his owner picked up his belt, Benson would jump around and get excited. His owner wanted Benson to stop that so he repeatedly took out his belt without taking Benson for a walk, and always took him for a walk when getting out his leash. He was teaching Benson to _____

A)generalize.
B)extinguish.
C)discriminate.
D)learn preferentially.

Answer 3

discriminate.

Question 4

A puff of air in the eye naturally causes an eye blink response. The puff of air is the _____ and the eye blink is the _____

A)conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response.
C)unconditioned response; conditioned response.
D)unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response.

Question 5

Denny is quite fearful of going to the dentist. Over time, he has noticed that he becomes anxious at even the smell of the dentist's office. Every step Denny takes, right up until the dentist starts to drill a tooth, seems to cause muscle tension and anxiety. Denny is experiencing _____

A)reflexive conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)graduated conditioning.
D)higher-order conditioning.

Question 6

What was learned in the case of Little Albert?

A)Fear can be learned via operant conditioning, but cannot be extinguished.
B)Fear can be learned via classical conditioning, but cannot be generalized.
C)It is important to ignore the consideration of a child's mental health as long as the research is important enough.
D)Fear can be learned via classical conditioning, and that fear can be generalized.

Question 7

Which of the following are terms used to describe changes in classically conditioned responses?

A)extinction and generalization
B)reinforcement and narrowing
C)expansion and elimination
D)deconditioning and reconditioning

Question 8

Jenni was startled by the sudden loud barking noise made by a large black dog. Every time she saw a large black dog after that, she felt anxious and jumpy. She also began to feel the same way when she saw any brown, medium sized dogs. This change in her conditioned response is known as _____

A)extinction.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)generalization
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 9

_____ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

A)Learning
B)Adaptation
C)Memory enhancement
D)Muscle memory

Question 10

After a conditioned response has been extinguished and a period of time has passed, _____ may occur in response to the original conditioned stimulus; however, it will be in _____ form.

A)higher-order conditioning; stronger
B)generalization; weaker
C)spontaneous recovery; weaker
D)generalization; stronger

Question 11

When conditioned stimuli are linked together to form a series of signals, such as the steps involved in having one's blood tested, this process is called _____

A)stimulus chaining.
B)graduated conditioning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)higher-order conditioning.

Question 12

Repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will eventually result in _____

A)reinforcement.
B)classical conditioning.
C)extinction.
D)generalization.

Question 13

_____ is any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds.

A)Higher-order conditioning
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Shaping
D)A stimulus

Question 14

Jetta was at her favorite coffee shop reading her psychology textbook. She was so engrossed in the material that she did not see her friend Willy coming up behind her. Willy approached her chair and tapped her back. Though she never learned to respond this way, Jetta jumped in surprise because Willy's tap had startled her. Which of the following would be considered the unconditioned response in this scenario?

A)Jetta's jump
B)the coffee shop
C)chatting with Willy
D)Willy

Question 15

The _____ started as a neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, became associated with it and now elicits a conditioned response.

A)unconditioned response
B)conditioned stimulus
C)unconditioned stimulus
D)neutral response

Question 16

The type of learning in which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another is called _____

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)maturation.
D)social-cognitive learning.

Question 17

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of_____

A)instrumental learning.
B)observational learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)habituation.

Question 18

The _____ is a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.

A)conditioned response
B)unconditioned stimuli
C)unconditioned response
D)conditioned stimulus

Question 19

Learning to make a reflex respond to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called _____

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)memory linkage.
D)adaptation.

Question 20

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not _____ had occurred.

A)behavior modification
B)stimulus discrimination
C)extinction
D)generalization

Question 21

A key principle learned in the Little Albert experiment was that _____

A)fear can be conditioned.
B)rats are an unconditioned fear stimulus.
C)conditioned fear can't generalize.
D)conditioned fear cannot be removed.

Question 22

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be _____

A)based on classical conditioning.
B)deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants.
C)based on the principle of observational learning.
D)based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement.

Question 23

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

A)show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat
B)let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly
C)show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following
D)have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present

Question 24

Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n)_____ response.

A)classical counterconditioned
B)conditioned emotional
C)positively reinforced
D)negatively reinforced

Question 25

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the results of Watson and Jones' experimental attempts to remove Peter's fear of rabbits?

A)Peter lost his fear of the rabbit, but not his generalized fear of similar stimuli.
B)Peter's fear of the rabbit gradually intensified.
C)Peter lost his fear of the rabbit and those things to which his fear had generalized.
D)Peter lost his fear of the rabbit, but began to fear Watson and Jones.

Question 26

In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as an unconditioned stimulus was the _____.

A)white rat
B)loud noise
C)fear of the rat
D)fear of the noise

Question 27

In terms of classical conditioning, which element of the process did Robert Rescorla argue was the most important?

A)the timing between the pairing of the stimuli
B)the reward that came after the stimulus
C)the predictive value of the unconditioned stimulus
D)the repeated pairing of the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli

Question 28

Rescorla provided evidence that supported his theory by _____

A)examining the brains of his rat subjects in a conditioning experiment.
B)presenting a conditioned stimulus with and without the unconditioned stimulus.
C)pairing conditioned and unconditioned stimuli only once.
D)pairing the unconditioned stimulus with several neutral stimuli.

Question 29

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind Albert by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _____ in his study.

A)discriminative stimulus
B)counterconditioning stimulus
C)conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 30

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of _____ to conditioning theory.

A)generalization
B)habituation
C)memory loss
D)expectancy

Question 31

Rescorla's cognitive theory proposed that the real reason Pavlov's dogs salivated to conditioned stimuli was that these stimuli allowed them to _____

A)guess food might come.
B)predict what food would come.
C)wonder if food might come.
D)remember the smell of food.

Question 32

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because it provides a means to predict the occurrence of the unconditioned response?

A)Pavlov
B)Garcia
C)Rescorla
D)Skinner

Question 33

Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced _____

A)blocking.
B)conditioned taste aversion.
C)operant taste conditioning.
D)noncontingent conditioning.

Question 34

Rescorla's modern concept of classical conditioning is based on the idea that _____

A)the CS substitutes for the US.
B)there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and US.
C)the CS has to provide information about the coming of the US.
D)reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event.

Question 35

_____ argued that humans and other animals seem to be most affected by classical conditioning when it affects their survival. From an evolutionary standpoint, he/she suggests that humans have a biological predisposition to associate fear with certain kinds of stimuli.

A)Robert Rescorla
B)Ivan Pavlov
C)Rosalie Rayner
D)Martin Seligman

Question 36

Mice who received a paired tone and shock 20 times and the same tone with no shock 20 times were not successfully conditioned to fear the tone. Mice who received a shock every time the tone sounded were conditioned to fear the tone. This observation supports the _____ theory of classical conditioning.

A)Pavlovian
B)cognitive
C)emotion-based
D)original

Question 37

Pavlov and Watson believed the critical element in classical conditioning was the _____ of stimuli; Rescorla believed it was how well the conditioned stimulus made it possible to _____

A)expectancy; remember the consequences.
B)pairing; make good predictions.
C)strength; repeat the pairing.
D)aversiveness; escape.

Question 38

According to Rescorla's theory, the CS must _____ the US or conditioning does not occur.

A)replace
B)come after
C)occur simultaneously with
D)predict

Question 39

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of _____ to conditioning theory.

A)generalization
B)habituation
C)memory loss
D)prediction

Question 40

After pairing a loud noise with a white rat many times, the sight of the rat would cause little Albert to cry. Crying is an example of a(n)_____

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)conditioned stimulus.
C)unconditioned response.
D)conditioned response.

Question 41

Voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequence is called _____

A)a reinforce.
B)shaping.
C)an operant.
D)an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 42

A consequence that brings about an increase in the frequency of a behavior is a(n)_____; a consequence that decreases the frequency of a behavior is a(n)_____

A)punishment; successive approximation.
B)positive reinforcement; shaping.
C)modeling; successive approximation.
D)reinforcement; punishment.

Question 43

What is likely to happen to rats who drink a flavored water solution and are then shocked?

A)They will develop an aversion to the flavored water.
B)They will refuse to drink any water and die.
C)They will not develop an aversion to the flavored water.
D)They will die as a result of the shocks they received in the research.

Question 44

Fourteen-year-old Judy Ann is frustrated with the way the kids at school treat her during lunch. Instead of sitting by herself like she normally does, she sits with another student at lunch. As they begin to engage in conversation, she notices that no one stops to make fun of her. Because of this, she decides to no longer sit by herself at lunch. Which of the following can be considered the operant?

A)the kids making fun of her
B)sitting with another student instead of sitting by herself
C)her frustration
D)the student she talks to at lunch

Question 45

_____ states that the consequence, or effect, of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened.

A)Classical conditioning
B)The effect and reliability hypothesis
C)Insight learning
D)The law of effect

Question 46

For his graduate project, Seth wanted to demonstrate that he could condition a monkey to be afraid of a flower. Seth might have to come up with a different plan because _____

A)the monkey will eat the flower and they can't be made to fear food.
B)the monkey has no biological predisposition to fear flowers.
C)the monkey will fear a flower it hasn't seen without conditioning.
D)you can't classically condition a monkey.

Question 47

If Behavior A brings about a desirable Consequence B, and Behavior A reoccurs, then Consequence B can be considered _____.

A)a punisher
B)an operant
C)a conditioned stimulus
D)a reinforcer

Question 48

How does classical conditioning affect our eating habits?

A)Conditioned stimuli can be so powerful that we eat when we are not hungry.
B)We use food as a reward to reinforce behavior change.
C)It doesn't; we have no biological predisposition toward conditioning related to food.
D)It is why we like sweet things.

Question 49

Which of the following researchers authored the classic research (1966)on taste aversion using rats and X-rays?

A)Bandura and Skinner
B)Martin Seligman
C)Rosalie Rayner and John Watson
D)Garcia and Koelling

Question 50

Bui wants to condition his lab rat to fear drinking orange-flavored water. He pairs a mild shock with the drinking of flavored water. He wants the rat to associate the unconditioned stimulus, the shock, with drinking the water. How could he be most successful?

A)Raise the shock to as strong as he can.
B)Choose a different neutral/conditioned stimulus.
C)Use a mouse instead of a rat.
D)Color the water a disgusting color, too.

Question 51

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called _____

A)primary reinforcers.
B)successive approximations.
C)secondary reinforcers.
D)unconditioned stimuli.

Question 52

Another example of the power of classical conditioning occurs when _____

A)a child is given a treat for finishing chores and increases that behavior.
B)we learn a by watching someone else, which makes our mirror neurons fire.
C)the neighborhood where we got high makes us crave the drug.
D)we teach our dog to sit by using rewards.

Question 53

The notion that behaviors with desirable outcomes will likely be repeated is part of _____

A)classical conditioning.
B)modeling.
C)the law of effect.
D)insight learning.

Question 54

Fourteen-year-old Judy Ann is frustrated with the way the kids at school treat her during lunch. Instead of sitting by herself like she normally does, she sits with another student at lunch. As they begin to engage in conversation, she notices that no one stops to make fun of her. Because of this, she decides to no longer sit by herself at lunch. Which of the following can be considered the reinforcer?

A)the kids making fun of her
B)sitting with another student instead of sitting by herself
C)no one making fun of her
D)her frustration

Question 55

_____ valid stimuli-those with a real connection to an unconditioned stimulus-are learned more quickly than _____ stimuli.

A)Psychologically; random
B)Biologically; non-predisposed
C)Ecologically; arbitrary
D)Physically; emotional

Question 56

Taste aversion is an example of _____

A)counter-conditioning.
B)generalization.
C)biological predisposition.
D)negative punishment.

Question 57

Kenyatta went out for pizza Tuesday night. She developed the flu on Tuesday night, which included intense stomach cramps and vomiting. She did not know at that point she had the flu. Now she can't stand pizza. Kenyatta appears to have developed _____

A)learned helplessness.
B)operant conditioning to avoid cheeseburgers.
C)a heuristic bias.
D)a classically conditioned taste aversion.

Question 58

Sofia loves that she gets attention from her kindergarten teacher every time she uses her manners. Because of it, she continues to use her manners. What does this demonstrate?

A)classical conditioning
B)the law of effect
C)shaping
D)the social learning theory

Question 59

Who came up with the law of effect?

A)Edward Thorndike
B)B) F. Skinner
C)Albert Bandura
D)Ivan Pavlov

Question 60

The type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated to increase or decrease the frequency of the behavior, or to shape an entirely new behavior, is _____

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)insight learning.
D)social-cognitive learning.

Question 61

Billy taught two rats how to play basketball for his experimental psychology class. What process did he likely use?

A)operant conditioning
B)shaping
C)reinforcement
D)punishment

Question 62

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

A)water
B)food
C)shelter
D)a gold star

Question 63

Skinner designed a soundproof apparatus, often equipped with a lever or bar, with which he conducted his experiments in operant conditioning. This has been called a _____

A)reinforcement chamber.
B)Skinner box.
C)rodent chamber.
D)respondent behavior unit.

Question 64

A student studied very hard in order to avoid getting bad grades and losing her driving privileges. It worked. What was the type of reinforcer she experienced?

A)positive reinforcement
B)negative punishment
C)negative reinforcement
D)partial reinforcement

Question 65

Skinner found that a pigeon reinforced for pecking at a yellow disk is likely to peck at another disk similar in color. This is an example of _____

A)generalization.
B)shaping.
C)extinction.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 66

A reinforcer is a consequence that will _____ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that may _____ a behavior.

A)motivate; stimulate
B)weaken; strengthen
C)inhibit; motivate
D)increase; decrease

Question 67

A _____ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.

A)primary
B)negative
C)positive
D)secondary

Question 68

A student studied very hard in order to get a good grade. It worked. The good grade is an example of _____

A)positive reinforcement.
B)punishment.
C)negative reinforcement.
D)partial reinforcement.

Question 69

Taking away something that hurts or bothers someone is called _____ reinforcement.

A)positive
B)effective
C)negative
D)preferred

Question 70

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is part of which process?

A)reinforcement
B)shaping
C)extinction
D)generalization

Question 71

Mary's parents want her to put her books in her bookcase. At first, they praise her for putting the books together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in the bookcase. This is an example of ____

A)negative reinforcement.
B)punishment.
C)extinction.
D)shaping.

Question 72

Professor Rochelle told her students that if her door was closed, it meant that she was unavailable to them and would be angry if they knocked on her door. But if her door was open, it meant that she was in a rare good mood and would answer questions at that time. Professor Rochelle's door being open was a _____ for _____

A)discriminative stimulus; asking questions.
B)discriminative stimulus; not asking questions.
C)discriminative response; asking questions.
D)discriminative response; not asking questions.

Question 73

A _____ signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished.

A)reinforcer
B)generalized stimulus
C)discriminative stimulus
D)primary reinforcer

Question 74

Negative reinforcement will _____ a behavior.

A)increase
B)decrease
C)punish
D)not change

Question 75

Adding something good as a consequence of a behavior is called _____ reinforcement.

A)positive
B)effective
C)neutral
D)preferred

Question 76

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

A)Marty knocks over his mother's prize fern so she gives him a time out.
B)Peter comes in late from his lunch and is fired from his job.
C)Tara takes an aspirin, and her headache begins to go away.
D)Gwen mows the lawn and her dad takes her out for ice cream.

Question 77

In operant conditioning, _____ is associated with a voluntary response.

A)reinforcement
B)the law of negative effect
C)conceptual emotional linkages
D)a long time delay

Question 78

Susan trained her rat to press a bar in a Skinner box in order to get a food pellet. Susan's rat pressed the bar a lot. However, later when Susan ran out of food pellets, her rat eventually stopped pressing the bar. What had happened?

A)conditioned aversion
B)satiation
C)extinction
D)withdrawal

Question 79

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called _____

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)effective based learning.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Question 80

_____ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _____ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

A)A cupcake; a certificate of achievement
B)A kiss; money
C)Water; food
D)A gold star; a cupcake