Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

Based on the information-processing theory, _____ would be an accurate example of hardware.

A)the skull
B)a mnemonic
C)the method of loci
D)the hippocampus

Answer 1

the hippocampus

Question 2

Tilda is learning her algebra and memorizing the formulas. She is working on a problem that requires one of the formulas she studied yesterday. However, as she is thinking and trying to retrieve that information, she cannot seem to remember it. Clearly, Tilda did not successfully get the formula into her _____

A)storage.
B)positive bias of memory.
C)reconstruction area.
D)decoding zone.

Answer 2

storage.

Question 3

According to the model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, the components of memory are _____

A)encoding, storage, and retrieval.
B)metacognition and meta-analysis.
C)declarative and nondeclarative memory.
D)sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Answer 3

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Question 4

Rinu was awake late one night in his apartment. He was trying to cram in as much biology material as he could because he had a midterm exam the next morning. However, he was getting so sleepy that he found it difficult to learn much of anything. His roommate woke up to get some water to drink and saw Rinu trying to study. He told Rinu that because he is so tired, his brain will not be able to physiologically change to accommodate the incoming information. He strongly suggested that Rinu get some sleep instead. To which process was Rinu's roommate referring?

A)metacognition
B)consolidation
C)automaticity
D)retrieval

Question 5

Bringing to mind the information when you need it is referred to as _____

A)metacognition.
B)storage.
C)encoding.
D)retrieval.

Question 6

A framework for studying memory that uses the computer as a model of human cognitive processes defines the _____

A)levels-of-processing theory.
B)information-processing theory.
C)sociocultural theory of memory.
D)social-cognitive theory.

Question 7

Daris, a marathon runner, is trying diligently to read his textbook, but he keeps finding himself preoccupied with his upcoming race. He is frustrated because he has had to go back and reread sections the textbook in order to really understand the material. Daris seems to be having difficulty with _____

A)retrieval.
B)the positive bias of memory.
C)encoding.
D)reconstruction.

Question 8

According to the information-processing theorists, _____ refers to the hardware, whereas _____ refers to the software of the human memory system.

A)the skull that covers and protects the brain; the positive bias of memory
B)the serial position effect; learned memory strategies
C)the brain structures involved in memory; learned memory strategies
D)the positive bias of memory; the serial position effect

Question 9

Based on the information-processing theory, _____ would be an accurate example of software.

A)the limbic system
B)a mnemonic
C)the skull
D)the hippocampus

Question 10

According to the model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, virtually everything we see, hear, or otherwise sense is held in _____

A)long-term memory.
B)sensory memory.
C)metamemory.
D)short-term memory.

Question 11

In terms of the processes of memory, _____ refers to transforming the information into a form that can be stored in memory.

A)storage
B)encoding
C)metacognition
D)retrieval

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT required in order for you to remember something?

A)consolidation
B)retrieval
C)metacognition
D)storage

Question 13

Which of the following explains what information-processing theorists mean when they use the term software?

A)the brain structures involved in memory
B)the serial position effect
C)the skull that covers and protects the brain
D)learned memory strategies the positive bias of memory

Question 14

When information-processing theorists use the term hardware, they are often referring to _____

A)the brain structures involved in memory.
B)the serial position effect.
C)the skull that covers and protects the brain.
D)the positive bias of memory.

Question 15

In terms of the memory process, the physiological change that takes place in the brain to allow for new information to be stored is called _____

A)consolidation.
B)metacognition.
C)retrieval.
D)encoding.

Question 16

Sensory memory holds information from the senses for a period of time ranging from _____ to _____

A)a fraction of a second; two seconds.
B)two seconds; ten seconds.
C)a fraction of a second; ten seconds.
D)a fraction of a minute; two minutes.

Question 17

Consolidation occurs after _____ but before _____ in the memory process.

A)metamemory; storage
B)encoding; storage
C)retrieval; encoding
D)storage; retrieval

Question 18

Treysen was talking to his friend the other day about his favorite restaurant. Though he could remember where it was located and what was on the menu, he couldn't remember the name of the restaurant for some reason. A problem with _____ was the cause of Treysen's frustration.

A)retrieval
B)automaticity
C)encoding
D)metamemory

Question 19

Based on the information-processing theory, _____ would be an accurate example of hardware, whereas _____ would be an accurate example of software.

A)the limbic system; epinephrine
B)a mnemonic; the hippocampus
C)the skull; the method of loci
D)the hippocampus; a learned memory strategy

Question 20

In terms of the memory process, keeping the information in memory refers to _____

A)consolidation.
B)encoding.
C)storage.
D)metacognition.

Question 21

What was learned from the memory research by Peterson and Peterson (1959)using the three consonants?

A)Utilizing chunking as a memory strategy can help to increase the capacity of our long-term memory.
B)The researchers found that eidetic imagery is much more common than once thought.
C)Peterson and Peterson clearly demonstrated that there is a difference in the process of storing highly emotional versus mundane personal experiences.
D)Any interruption in rehearsal can easily cause us to forget at least some of the information that was in our short-term memory.

Question 22

Douglas was shown a painting for a few moments, and then was asked to jot down as many details regarding the painting as he could remember. As he began writing, he was surprised to learn that although he remembered what the painting was, he had trouble recalling the details and seemed to lose them within a few seconds. Based on this information, the original information was likely stored in his _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)explicit
C)short-term
D)latent

Question 23

According to memory researchers, _____ can help prevent _____

A)displacement; chunking.
B)elaboration; rehearsal.
C)chunking; displacement.
D)rehearsal; retrograde amnesia.

Question 24

According to the model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, _____ can hold information for less than 5 seconds, whereas _____ can hold information for 30 seconds or so.

A)declarative memory; working memory
B)iconic memory; sensory memory
C)sensory memory; short-term memory
D)implicit memory; metamemory

Question 25

_____ is a memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of information into larger units, which are easier to remember.

A)Chunking
B)Eidetic imagery
C)A mnemonic trick
D)Working backwards

Question 26

According to the model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, the _____ is a memory system that can hold about seven items for about 30 seconds.

A)implicit memory
B)short-term memory
C)declarative memory
D)sensory memory

Question 27

Layla was at the bar when she met Steve. He seemed like a nice guy and Layla was excited to get his phone number. He told her his number and then left when she realized she had nothing to write with. She could not program his number into her cell phone because her battery had just died. What should Layla do in order to increase her chances of remembering the number until she has an opportunity to write it down?

A)She should use displacement.
B)She should give up because there is no way she'll remember it.
C)She should utilize metacognition.
D)She should use rehearsal.

Question 28

The act of purposely repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory defines _____

A)rehearsal.
B)chunking.
C)the method of loci strategy.
D)the positive bias of memory.

Question 29

_____ is the memory subsystem that we use when we try to understand information, remember it, or use it to solve a problem or communicate with someone.

A)Sensory memory
B)Working memory
C)Long-term memory
D)Iconic memory

Question 30

_____ holds information brought in through our senses but only for a very brief amount of time.

A)Long-term memory
B)Sensory memory
C)Short-term memory
D)Working memory

Question 31

Raymond is required to learn long lists of numbers for his job. Because he wants to remember as many numbers as possible, he breaks the numbers up into groups. What technique is Raymond utilizing?

A)elaboration
B)rehearsal
C)displacement
D)chunking

Question 32

Short-term memory usually codes information according to _____

A)visual image.
B)sound.
C)tactile properties.
D)shape.

Question 33

The ability to retain the image of a visual stimulus for several minutes after it has been removed from view, and to use this retained image to answer questions about the visual stimulus, is known as _____

A)the positive bias of sensory memory.
B)autobiographical visual memory.
C)eidetic imagery.
D)the source memory.

Question 34

The event that occurs when short-term memory is filled to capacity, and each new, incoming item pushes out an existing item, which is then forgotten, is called _____

A)suppression.
B)reconstruction.
C)retrograde amnesia.
D)displacement.

Question 35

While Noreen was driving down the highway, she saw two cars on the side of the road. She noticed that no one was hurt and that no one needed help. Within a second or two, she could no longer recall the color of the cars or the make of the cars. Based on this information, that information was likely stored in Noreen's _____

A)sensory memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)declarative memory.

Question 36

As Jezebel walked into the supermarket, she realized she forgot her grocery list. She tried to recall the items on the list, but once she got up to about ten items, she realized she had already forgotten the first few items. What did Jezebel experience?

A)displacement
B)reconstruction
C)retrograde amnesia
D)rehearsal

Question 37

Which of the following statements is TRUE of eidetic imagery?

A)Those with this ability tend to have extraordinary long-term memory.
B)For most people who demonstrate this, the ability persists through adulthood.
C)It is an ability most closely related to the notion of a "photographic memory."
D)Infants have the highest rate of eidetic imagery.

Question 38

Which of the following occurs when someone's short-term memory is filled to capacity?

A)They simply squeeze more information in.
B)Displacement can occur at that point.
C)The person actively decides to save some items and then sends the remaining items back to sensory memory for reprocessing.
D)All of the information is automatically moved into the long-term memory store.

Question 39

When new information pushes current information out of memory because the short-term memory is full, _____ has occurred.

A)retrograde amnesia
B)displacement
C)chunking
D)rehearsal

Question 40

A major problem with cramming for an exam is that it overloads the capacity of _____

A)storage.
B)short-term memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)sensory memory.

Question 41

Kris just wrote a new song and wants to commit the lyrics to memory. He repeats the chorus over and over until he learns the words. What memory strategy has Kris just employed?

A)elaborative rehearsal
B)chunking
C)the method of loci
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 42

Marie has a final exam in psychology in one hour. She has been studying for this exam for the last three days. However, she is not convinced she has mastered the material. Marie is currently sitting in her car in the college's parking lot diligently studying her note cards so she can ace the exam. Not only is she striving to remember all of the information, but she is also trying to understand the theories from different perspectives. Which of the following memory systems is Marie MOST engaging?

A)sensory memory
B)eidetic memory
C)flashbulb memory
D)working memory

Question 43

Although all of following techniques are effective at enhancing memory and learning, Henry Roediger's (2009)research demonstrates that _____ has proven to be the MOST effective for studying textbook material.

A)maintenance rehearsal
B)the method of loci
C)spaced practice
D)repeated testing

Question 44

As Adam was learning the new material in his psychology class regarding neurons and memory, he couldn't help but notice that he learned similar information in his biology class last semester. He decided to relate the new psychology material to the biology material he learned least semester as a way to help him learn and remember. What strategy is Adam using here?

A)elaborative rehearsal
B)chunking
C)the method of loci
D)maintenance rehearsal

Question 45

_____ occurs when an individual relates new information to something he/she already has stored in memory.

A)Displacement
B)Elaborative rehearsal
C)Rote rehearsal
D)Maintenance rehearsal

Question 46

Jada has an upcoming anthropology exam. She has spaced out her studying over the course of six days and feels she knows the material well. Two days ago, she was confident with her knowledge, but decided to study beyond the point of being able to discuss it without error. She spent the last two days studying the material even further. She now feels ready to take her exam. Which technique best explains Jada's last two days of studying?

A)massed practice
B)repeated testing
C)elaborative rehearsal
D)overlearning

Question 47

The levels-of-processing model describes _____ rehearsal as shallow processing and _____ rehearsal as deep processing.

A)spaced; massed
B)maintenance; elaborative
C)spaced; elaborative
D)maintenance; spaced

Question 48

Fantasia knows Freud's theory of personality development so well that it appears she doesn't need to put forth much effort when discussing it. Which of the following concepts would describe this scenario best?

A)chunking
B)automaticity
C)massed practice
D)eidetic imagery

Question 49

When information is repeated over and over again until it is no longer needed, the process of _____ is being utilized.

A)maintenance rehearsal
B)chunking
C)displacement
D)elaborative rehearsal

Question 50

Memory researchers strongly suggest that working memory is largely _____

A)speech-based.
B)based on visual processing.
C)tactile-based.
D)prone to false memories.

Question 51

The memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a person's permanent or relatively permanent memories is called _____

A)long-term memory.
B)working memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)short-term memory.

Question 52

Which of the following brain structures is most utilized when someone is engaged in working memory?

A)the hippocampus
B)the prefrontal cortex
C)the hypothalamus
D)the cerebellum

Question 53

Coming up with memory tricks such as ROY G. BIV for the visible spectrum of colors and HOMES for Michigan's Great Lakes are types of _____

A)mnemonics.
B)repeated testing.
C)spaced practice.
D)recency effects.

Question 54

Endel is thinking about the last time he was at his favorite restaurant. In order for him to access this information, Endel must tap into his _____

A)sensory memory.
B)working memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)short-term memory.

Question 55

Which of the following statements is true of rehearsal?

A)Because maintenance rehearsal involves surface processing, the information will likely go right into the long-term memory.
B)Because elaborative rehearsal is simply repeating information over and over, it may not make it into the long-term memory.
C)Any form of rehearsal increases the chances for the process of displacement to occur.
D)Elaborative rehearsal involves processing at a deeper level, thereby increasing its chances for the information to make it into the long-term memory.

Question 56

_____ is a memory strategy that involves an individual repeating something over and over, whereas _____ is a memory strategy that involves connecting new information to something already stored in memory.

A)Elaborative rehearsal; displacement
B)Chunking; rote rehearsal
C)Maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal
D)Elaborative rehearsal; rote rehearsal

Question 57

The ability to recall information from long-term memory without effort is called _____

A)chunking.
B)maintenance rehearsal.
C)automaticity.
D)eidetic imagery.

Question 58

Ginny and Martin are both studying for a psychology exam. Ginny organizes her time so that she has the entire day before the exam to read and study. Martin arranges his week so he gets about an hour and a half of study time in each day the week before his exam. Both Ginny and Martin end up studying the same total number of hours. Which of the following will likely be true?

A)Ginny will perform better because she focused all of her energy on one subject matter for an extended period of time.
B)Martin will perform better because he spaced out his studying.
C)Ginny will perform better because she used the spaced practice technique.
D)Both will do equally well because they spent the same amount of time studying.

Question 59

There is no known limit to our _____

A)metamemory.
B)working memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)short-term memory.

Question 60

Three research subjects in a project about long-term memory were asked to memorize a series of words. Subject 1 was asked if the word was in capital letters. Subject 2 was asked if the word rhymed with another word given. Subject 3 was asked if the word made sense in a specific sentence presented. Who was likely to remember the most words and why?

A)Subject 1 because his task was least distracting.
B)Subject 2 because his task used sound.
C)Subject 3 because his task required deeper processing.
D)Subject 3 because his task required only superficial processing.

Question 61

Yvette just took a history exam that consisted of three essay questions. By giving essay questions, Yvette's professor measured her _____

A)recognition.
B)recall.
C)relearning ability.
D)savings.

Question 62

The knowledge of what Target stores sell and where one is located comes from your _____

A)semantic memory.
B)iconic memory.
C)nondeclarative memory.
D)sensory memory.

Question 63

Activities that do not take much conscious thought, such as walking down the stairs and tying your shoes, are a part of your _____

A)declarative memory.
B)episodic memory.
C)implicit memory.
D)working memory.

Question 64

Kristy lost her dad in a tragic accident. Her experience of this painful event is located in her _____

A)implicit memory.
B)working memory.
C)iconic memory.
D)episodic memory.

Question 65

Ali's memory of her high school graduation is stored in her _____; her memory for what year Michigan became a state is located in her _____

A)semantic memory; episodic memory.
B)implicit memory; explicit memory.
C)episodic memory; semantic memory.
D)eidetic memory; working memory.

Question 66

Declarative memory is to explicit memory as _____ is to implicit memory.

A)nondeclarative memory
B)echoic memory
C)semantic memory
D)an event

Question 67

_____ is the subsystem within long-term memory that stores motor s, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses.

A)Declarative memory
B)Explicit memory
C)Semantic memory
D)Nondeclarative memory

Question 68

Long-term memories are usually stored in _____ form.

A)visual
B)tactile
C)gustatory
D)semantic

Question 69

The type of declarative memory that stores general knowledge or objective facts and information is called _____

A)episodic memory.
B)sensory memory.
C)short-term memory.
D)semantic memory.

Question 70

Long-term memory is broken down into _____ and _____

A)declarative memory; nondeclarative memory.
B)iconic memory; echoic memory.
C)working memory; short-term memory.
D)implicit memory; sensory memory.

Question 71

Conditioned responses you have learned by association are located in your _____ memory.

A)implicit
B)semantic
C)declarative
D)explicit

Question 72

_____ is another label for declarative memory.

A)Nondeclarative memory
B)Implicit memory
C)Explicit memory
D)Working memory

Question 73

Declarative memory includes _____

A)implicit memory and explicit memory.
B)episodic memory, explicit memory, and implicit memory.
C)semantic memory and episodic memory.
D)implicit memory and episodic memory.

Question 74

_____ refers to memory of events, whereas _____ refers to memory of information and facts, both of which can be found in the _____

A)Semantic memory; episodic memory; declarative memory.
B)Episodic memory; semantic memory; implicit memory.
C)Implicit memory; explicit memory; declarative memory.
D)Episodic memory; semantic memory; explicit memory.

Question 75

Lucille remembers the day she won the lottery like it was yesterday. She was at the gas station filling up her car and decided to check the lottery ticket she had purchased the day before. When the gas station attendant scanned it, he looked at her with a huge smile and then told her to get ready for some fantastic news. The memory of this event is located in Lucille's _____

A)episodic memory.
B)nondeclarative memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)short-term memory.

Question 76

The type of declarative memory that records events as they have been subjectively experienced is referred to as _____

A)eidetic memory.
B)sensory memory.
C)semantic memory.
D)episodic memory.

Question 77

By the middle of the semester, Jeb is finally able to recall the name of his psychology professor. This information comes from his _____

A)short-term memory.
B)semantic memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)episodic memory.

Question 78

_____ refers to memory of events, whereas _____ refers to memory of information and facts.

A)Episodic memory; implicit memory
B)Implicit memory; semantic memory
C)Semantic memory; episodic memory
D)Episodic memory; semantic memory

Question 79

Declarative memory is to explicit memory as short-term memory is to _____

A)semantic memory.
B)working memory.
C)nondeclarative memory.
D)episodic memory.

Question 80

_____ is a subsystem within long-term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life events that can be brought to mind verbally or in the form of images and then stated.

A)Implicit memory
B)Declarative memory
C)Sensory memory
D)Nondeclarative memory