Deck 7: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

A(n)_____ is an example of a concept that a person has based on personal experiences.

A)exemplar
B)heuristic
C)concept
D)schematic image

Answer 1

exemplar

Question 2

Compared to formal concepts learned in science and math, natural concepts tend to be _____

A)easier to learn.
B)very clear and well-defined.
C)fuzzy with unclear boundaries.
D)good fits with a rigid classification system.

Answer 2

fuzzy with unclear boundaries.

Question 3

Heuristics are used for _____ in decision making.

A)greater accuracy
B)more choice
C)greater speed
D)critical thinking

Answer 3

greater speed

Question 4

Everyone was talking at lunch about how awful it is that so many criminals try to get off by pleading insanity. Since less than 1% of violent felons actually make that plea, something other than the truth must be at play. It is probably the _____ because a recent case has been in the news constantly.

A)representative heuristic
B)recognition heuristic
C)algorithm heuristic
D)availability heuristic

Question 5

Holden, an engineer, was at his workspace trying to figure out how to design the brake system for a new car. He found himself continually going through the process of acquiring information and then storing it, retrieving it, and using it in order to complete his job. Which of the following concepts best describes the entire process in which Holden was engaging?

A)perception
B)information downloading
C)cognition
D)imagery

Question 6

_____ is utilized when an individual conjures up a sensory experience in their own mind.

A)A prototype
B)Imagery
C)Metamemory
D)Proactive visualization

Question 7

When one or more factors related to making a decision are most important to us, we would do well to use the _____

A)heuristic method.
B)means and ends method.
C)additive strategy.
D)elimination by aspects strategy.

Question 8

_____ refers to the mental processes that are involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using information.

A)Imagery
B)Perception
C)Sensation
D)Cognition

Question 9

Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course, Gary's idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by talk shows. He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows. What an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on Gary's idea of psychological disorders?

A)Gary learned the value of algorithms.
B)Gary now uses heuristics.
C)The course increased Gary's ability to use visual imagery.
D)The course altered Gary's concept of psychological disorders.

Question 10

The first thing that comes to mind when asked to name an example from a category is called the _____

A)schema.
B)prototype.
C)concept marker.
D)category marker.

Question 11

Suzzette is a professional dancer who has suffered an injury to her knee. She is devastated that she cannot dance for the next three months. Her brother made the suggestion to think about her dancing often and even actively imagine herself dancing everyday through her routines. Based on information provided in your textbook, how should Suzzette respond to her brother's suggestions?

A)Suzzette should ignore her brother's suggestions because they are ridiculous.
B)Suzzette should thank her brother for trying to cheer her up, but not take his advice.
C)Since the research on mental imagery suggests that the same brain areas are activated when a person is performing a task or mentally rehearsing it, Suzzette should listen to her brother's advice.
D)Suzzette should listen to her brother's suggestion because research demonstrates that injuries heal substantially earlier when mental imagery is used.

Question 12

Patricia thought it would be lovely going out with Mark, as he reminded her of her Dad. She was disappointed to find out Mark was nothing like her father. She wished she had not made the decision to go out with him just based on the _____ heuristic.

A)representative
B)recognition
C)algorithm
D)availability

Question 13

A decision-making process in which the alternatives are rated on each factor that is important to you, and the alternative with the highest overall rating is chosen, is called the _____

A)heuristic method.
B)means and ends method.
C)additive strategy.
D)elimination by aspects strategy.

Question 14

Concepts are ideas that represent _____

A)a class or category of objects, events, or activities.
B)patterns of behavior.
C)higher-order conditioning and secondary reinforcers.
D)none of these

Question 15

Which is the most likely prototype for the concept "vehicle"?

A)glider
B)car
C)scooter
D)bicycle

Question 16

_____ is utilized when an individual conjures up a sensory experience in one's own mind; a _____ is a mental category that represents a group of people, objects, or events.

A)An exemplar; prototype
B)A prototype; heuristic
C)A concept; imagery
D)Imagery; concept

Question 17

When you don't have much relevant information on which to make a decision you are likely to rely on the _____ heuristic.

A)representative
B)recognition
C)algorithm
D)availability

Question 18

What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics?

A)classes
B)concepts
C)attributes
D)classifications

Question 19

Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car. Ray immediately understands why, because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars. Ray is using mental categories called _____

A)classes.
B)concepts.
C)attributes.
D)classifications.

Question 20

Laticia wants many things in a new apartment. She wants an outside balcony, a nice view, a gas stove, free internet and a workout room. She is going crazy trying to compare all the available choices. She decides that she won't even look at any that don't have free internet. Laticia has decided to use the _____

A)heuristic method.
B)elimination by aspects method.
C)additive strategy.
D)means and ends method.

Question 21

Riley has figured out how to unlock his bedroom door with a paper clip. What has he most likely overcome in his new use of the paper clip?

A)functional fixedness
B)the representational problem
C)the representative heuristic
D)the confirmation bias

Question 22

The rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language are collectively known as _____

A)morphemic rules.
B)phonemic rules.
C)syntax.
D)linguistic relativity.

Question 23

The danger of making decisions based on _____ is that our _____ will be too strong an influence.

A)means-ends analysis; confidence
B)algorithms; trust
C)anchoring; focus on many choices
D)intuition; emotion

Question 24

Computer programs called _____ systems are designed to carry out specialized tasks in a limited domain, such as helping physicians diagnose blood diseases.

A)expert
B)knowledge
C)helper
D)artificial

Question 25

Wanda is sitting in her bedroom studying for finals. She has her psychology, statistics, sociology, and biology textbooks all lying on her bed as she is reading and taking notes from her history textbook. It is a hot and sunny but windy day, and Wanda's window is open. She is becoming frustrated that the wind keeps slamming her bedroom door shut. Eventually, Wanda keeps her window shut because she is so irritated. Of course, now her bedroom is getting much too warm, which is adding to her frustration. This problem could be easily solved by propping the door open if Wanda were not experiencing _____

A)functional fixedness.
B)a customary viewpoint.
C)cross-modal perception.
D)divergent thinking.

Question 26

Cacee knows she needs to stop procrastinating and start thinking about the research paper that is due in her Abnormal Psychology class in two weeks. Though it was assigned almost two months ago, she hasn't worked on it or thought about it at all. She decides that she'll first select a topic and then start collecting the published research on her topic. After that, she'll read the research and start to summarize it in the form of a paper. Once she gets that paper written, she'll revise it and make sure her APA referencing is correct. When she is done with all of those steps, she'll finally turn in the paper. _____ is the strategy that Cacee is using to get her paper done.

A)The analogy heuristic
B)The representativeness heuristic
C)Framing
D)Means-end analysis

Question 27

An advantage of using a computer to generate all possible solutions is that they are not limited by ____ like we are.

A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
C)working memory
D)implicit memory

Question 28

A system for combining symbols so that an infinite number of meaningful statements can be made is called _____

A)pragmatics.
B)language.
C)semantics.
D)grammar.

Question 29

_____ occurs when a person sees only the original use of an object, which can ultimately interfere with problem solving.

A)Functional fixedness
B)A customary viewpoint
C)Cross-modal perception
D)Divergent thinking

Question 30

_____ is a heuristic strategy in which the current position is compared with the desired goal and a series of steps are formulated and taken to close the gap between them.

A)The analogy heuristic
B)The representativeness heuristic
C)Means-end analysis
D)Anchoring

Question 31

Computer systems that are intended to mimic the human brain are called _____

A)expert systems.
B)artificial neural networks.
C)robots.
D)cyborgs.

Question 32

What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?

A)confirmation bias
B)convergent thinking
C)availability heuristic
D)representativeness heuristic

Question 33

What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution, provided that one exists?

A)heuristic method
B)algorithmic method
C)mnemonic device
D)cognitive shortcut

Question 34

Shay ran through her mind looking for any problem she had encountered that was at all like this one. She was hoping to use the _____ heuristic to help her find a strategy that would work.

A)availability
B)representative
C)means-end
D)analogy

Question 35

The failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems because of a tendency to view objects only in terms of their customary functions is called _____.

A)the impediment theory
B)functional fixedness
C)the formulaic heuristic
D)an algorithm

Question 36

The concept of confirmation bias specifically assumes that we are most likely to believe _____

A)the scientific method.
B)information that agrees with our thinking.
C)information that refutes our thinking.
D)logical thinking.

Question 37

Agatha Plum is determined that having a gun is important for self-protection. Agatha could go to look up statistics about how many people save themselves from crime by using their gun, what the risk of being a victim of crime is in her area, and what the other side of the argument is all about. She notices only information that supports her position, though. She is demonstrating _____

A)mental set.
B)confirmation bias.
C)stereotype threat.
D)mindlessness.

Question 38

Maxwell is working on a challenging "mind bender" that is asking him to connect nine dots using only four lines without taking his pencil off the paper. The nine dots are placed in three groups of three in a square-like formation. Maxwell works on the problem for about fifteen minutes before he realizes that he has been employing the same ineffective strategy. He is forgetting to consider the special circumstances of that particular problem. As soon as he does consider the special circumstances of that particular problem, he'll increase his chances of solving the problem. Until then, Maxwell will continue to experience _____

A)functional fixedness.
B)the means-end analysis.
C)the affirming the consequent phenomenon.
D)a mental set.

Question 39

_____ refers to the way information is presented to emphasize either potential gain or potential loss as the outcome of our decision.

A)Algorithm
B)Heuristics
C)Framing
D)Prototyping

Question 40

Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course, which she describes as "drawing figures and figuring drawings." In a typical class, students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure such as its area. Each time Sally uses a formula, she is making use of what psychologists call _____

A)heuristics.
B)logarithms.
C)algorithms.
D)convergence.

Question 41

Researchers have found that despite the number of color names in a language, the basic abilities to perceive color are unchanged. This finding would be troublesome for the theory of _____

A)the idealized prototype.
B)bottom-up processing.
C)deep structure elaboration.
D)linguistic relativity.

Question 42

A famous lecturer argues that because the Hopi Indians have only two nouns for things that fly, one for birds and another for nonbirds, the Hopi MUST interpret all flying things in terms of these two nouns. This argument is based on _____

A)the idealized prototype construct.
B)bottom-up processing.
C)deep structure elaboration.
D)the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Question 43

The sentence, "Colorless ideas sleep furiously" has _____

A)proper syntax but poor semantics.
B)proper syntax and good semantics.
C)improper syntax and poor semantics.
D)improper syntax but good semantics.

Question 44

Which of the following is true about learning a new language?

A)It is almost impossible for adults.
B)The more you know about your first language, the easier it is.
C)It takes adults at least seven years.
D)If you learn as an adult, you can develop a better accent.

Question 45

Which of the following species has demonstrated the ability to communicate meaningfully with each other and with humans by the use of gestures, sounds or symbols?

A)chimpanzees
B)dolphins
C)parrots
D)all of the above

Question 46

Psychologists who study animal behavior, cognition, and language in relation to human behavior, cognition, and language are _____ psychologists.

A)behaviorist
B)cognitive
C)comparative
D)animal

Question 47

The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that _____

A)one's language determines the pattern of one's thinking and view of the world.
B)one's thinking and view of the world determines the structure of one's language.
C)we decide which objects belong to a concept according to what is most probable or sensible, given the facts at hand.
D)perception of surface structure precedes deep structure in understanding a sentence.

Question 48

The system of rules for combining words and phrases to make meaningful sentences is called _____

A)morphology.
B)phonics.
C)syntax.
D)semantics.

Question 49

Young children sometimes interpret sentences literally, like "Do you know where your mommy is?" by answering "Yes." They failed to understand the _____ of the question.

A)pragmatics
B)propositional representation
C)syntax
D)nativism

Question 50

Based on the elements of language that are unique to the human language, _____ refers to the idea that a finite number of sounds are used to produce an infinite number of unique utterances.

A)productivity
B)specialization
C)prevarication
D)duality of patterning

Question 51

The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called _____

A)syntax.
B)semantics.
C)phonology.
D)regularization.

Question 52

The rhythm and emphasis on each word is called _____

A)intonation.
B)syntax.
C)morphemes.
D)phonemes.

Question 53

There are elements of language that appear to be unique to the human language; one is _____, which refers to the notion that language can express ideas that are untrue.

A)arbitrariness
B)specialization
C)prevarication
D)duality of patterning

Question 54

One thing that animals have not demonstrated the ability to do with language that humans can is use language to describe itself. This use is called _____

A)reflexiveness.
B)specialization.
C)prevarication.
D)duality of patterning sounds, which is used to produce an infinite number of unique utterances.

Question 55

_____ languages like American Sign Language include _____ of the elements of spoken language structure.

A)Gestural; none
B)Physical; some
C)Gestural; all
D)Deaf; one

Question 56

What do we call the hypothesis that language influences what we think?

A)the dynamic hypothesis
B)the language reaction hypothesis
C)the linguistic relativity hypothesis
D)the cognitive linguistic hypothesis

Question 57

The sentences "The dog bit the boy" and "The boy was bit by the dog" have the same meaning, but differ in _____

A)syntax.
B)pragmatics.
C)semantics.
D)morphology.

Question 58

Which of the following is true about preschoolers who are fluent in more than one language?

A)They have more difficulty communicating because they mix up words.
B)They talk less because they have to choose which language to speak in.
C)They have better development of executive control s for language.
D)They have better memory for word tasks.

Question 59

The phrase "I tried" has _____

A)one morpheme
B)two morphemes
C)three morphemes
D)four morphemes

Question 60

Based on the elements of language that are unique to the human language, duality of patterning indicates that _____

A)any sound that can be heard can be reproduced.
B)phonemes are combined in rule-governed patterns to create words, and words are combined in rule-governed patterns to create sentences.
C)any sound that can be heard can not be reproduced.
D)a finite number of sounds is used to produce an infinite number of unique utterances.

Question 61

During your senior year of high school, you may have taken the ACT or the SAT in order to gain admittance into college. Which of the following most accurately describes these tests?

A)standardized intelligence tests
B)mental age exams
C)IQ tests
D)aptitude tests

Question 62

_____ refers to a test's consistency of scores.

A)Reliability
B)Standardization
C)Validity
D)Sureness

Question 63

Sternberg's _____ intelligence refers to the mental abilities most closely related to success on conventional IQ and achievement tests.

A)creative
B)componential
C)experiential
D)contextual

Question 64

Who came up with the triarchic theory of intelligence?

A)David Wechsler
B)Howard Gardner
C)Robert Sternberg
D)Charles Spearman

Question 65

"Those who are bright in one area are usually bright in other areas as well." Who would have made this comment?

A)Charles Spearman
B)Howard Gardner
C)Alfred Binet
D)Robert Sternberg

Question 66

A(n)_____ is a test that predicts future performance in a particular setting or on a specific task.

A)standardized prediction exam
B)aptitude test
C)culturally fair evaluation
D)achievement test

Question 67

According to Robert Sternberg, which type of intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment?

A)analytical intelligence
B)creative intelligence
C)practical intelligence
D)verbal intelligence

Question 68

The APA uses these phrases to describe _____: the ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, and to overcome obstacles by taking thought.

A)creative thought
B)expertise
C)intelligence
D)rationality

Question 69

_____ intelligence, according to Sternberg, is made up of a person's creative thinking and problem-solving abilities.

A)Contextual
B)Practical
C)Experiential
D)Analytical

Question 70

On a newly developed IQ test, an individual scores at the 110 level on the first half of the test and 150 on the second half of the test. What does this test appear to lack?

A)standardization
B)reliability
C)predictive validity
D)appropriate norms

Question 71

Thurston disagreed with the _____ theory; he believed all intellectual activities involved more than one of _____

A)g factor; seven primary mental abilities.
B)multiple intelligences; our brain areas.
C)special abilities; three lobes of the brain.
D)s factor; just being smart.

Question 72

According to Robert Sternberg, _____ intelligence refers to the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving. This is the type of intelligence that is measured by intelligence tests and academic achievement tests.

A)analytical/componential
B)creative/experiential
C)practical/contextual
D)kinesthetic/spatial

Question 73

The g factor refers to _____, whereas the s factor refers to _____

A)primary mental abilities; secondary mental abilities.
B)specific intellectual abilities; general intelligence.
C)overall intelligence; specific intellectual abilities.
D)verbal abilities; nonverbal abilities.

Question 74

Which of these is one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences?

A)poetic
B)digital
C)creative
D)naturalistic

Question 75

Sternberg and others believed that IQ-test and real-world success are based on different types of knowledge, _____ and _____

A)tacit; formal academic.
B)pragmatic; analytic.
C)spatial; verbal.
D)creative; organizational.

Question 76

A(n)_____ is a measure of what an individual has learned up to a certain point in his/her life.

A)standardized prediction exam
B)aptitude test
C)culturally fair evaluation
D)achievement test

Question 77

Criticisms of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences include _____

A)the fact that it relies too heavily on g.
B)there are no concerns.
C)it appears to describe only those with brain damage.
D)how to measure them and whether these are better thought of as talents.

Question 78

Gardner and his associates are known for proposing _____

A)the generalized theory of intelligence.
B)the triarchic theory of intelligence.
C)the theory of multiple intelligences.
D)the theory of emotional intelligence.

Question 79

_____ knowledge, according to Sternberg, is action-oriented and acquired without direct help from others.

A)Analytic
B)Tacit
C)Formal
D)Investigative

Question 80

A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be _____

A)valid.
B)normed.
C)reliable.
D)standardized.