Deck 8: Human Development

Question 1

Which of the following is FALSE of the sensorimotor stage?

A)It is in this stage that children understand their world via movements and actions.
B)The early behaviors during this stage are mostly innate but become more cognitively advanced as the stage progresses.
C)It contains the mastering of the law of conservation.
D)The major accomplishment during this stage is the eventual development of object permanence.

Answer 1

It contains the mastering of the law of conservation.

Question 2

According to Piaget, when a child fits new information into schemes that already exist, _____ occurs.

A)adaptation
B)assimilation
C)a scheme
D)accommodation

Answer 2

assimilation

Question 3

When studying developmental psychology, _____ refer(s)to the physical domain.

A)memory
B)relating to others
C)understanding the social world
D)changes that take place in the body

Answer 3

changes that take place in the body

Question 4

_____ occurs when current schemes are changed or new ones created in order to account for new information.

A)Abstract thought
B)Assimilation
C)Reversibility
D)Accommodation

Question 5

Which of the following developmental psychology research questions would address the cognitive domain?

A)"Can depression be triggered by the onset of puberty?"
B)"Does birth order affect how adolescents relate to others?"
C)"At what age does abstract thinking enhance decision making?"
D)"Do toddlers prefer playing with same sex or opposite sex peers?"

Question 6

According to Piaget, _____ is the realization that objects continue to exist even when they can no longer be perceived.

A)reversibility
B)overregularization
C)naïve idealism
D)object permanence

Question 7

When studying developmental psychology, _____ exemplifies the cognitive domain.

A)memory
B)relating to others
C)understanding the social world
D)menopause

Question 8

Which of the following developmental psychology research questions would address the psychosocial domain?

A)"Can depression be triggered by the onset of puberty?"
B)"Does birth order affect how adolescents relate to others?"
C)"At what age does abstract thinking enhance decision making?"
D)"Do toddlers understand the law of conservation?"

Question 9

Which of the following developmental psychology research questions would address the physical domain?

A)"Can anxiety interfere with problem solving?"
B)"Does childhood obesity delay the onset of puberty?"
C)"Does birth order affect how adolescents relate to others?"
D)"At what age does abstract thinking enhance decision making?"

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Only children in the concrete and formal operations stages possess the of object permanence.
B)Only children in the preoperational stage possess the of object permanence.
C)Only children in the preoperational and sensorimotor stages possess the of object permanence.
D)Children at the end of the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operations stage, and the formal operations stage possess the of object permanence.

Question 11

Which of the following would NOT be studied by developmental psychologists?

A)aging issues of the elderly
B)smoking trends of adolescents
C)prenatal development
D)the part of the brain and neurotransmitters involved in the development of major depression

Question 12

The process by which new objects, events, experiences, or information are incorporated into existing schemes is defined as _____ by Piaget.

A)a scheme
B)assimilation
C)naïve idealism
D)the law of conservation

Question 13

Aliana was playing with her toys and came across a book. The book was filled with dinosaurs of all different types. Aliana looked at the dinosaurs and exclaimed, "Big doggies!" Her babysitter looked to her and said, "No, Aliana, those are called dinosaurs. They lived a long time ago." Aliana then continued to look through the book and said "dinosaur" over and over again. When they were watching television later, there appeared a dinosaur on TV. Aliana then said in an excited manner, "Look! Another dinosaur!" Which term best describes the preceding dinosaur sentence?

A)assimilation
B)overregularization
C)naïve idealism
D)accommodation

Question 14

The process by which existing schemes are modified and new schemes are created to incorporate new objects, events, experiences, or information is defined by Piaget as _____

A)a scheme.
B)assimilation.
C)naïve idealism.
D)accommodation.

Question 15

Consider this sequence: 1)a child makes an assimilation error, 2)someone supplies the correct information, and 3)the child then accurately takes in the new information. What term best describes this process?

A)assimilation
B)reversibility
C)accommodation
D)overregularization

Question 16

Lannie is an 18-month-old child who has a dog at home. When he sees a horse for the first time, he says to his father, "Look at doggie!" What term best describes Lannie's comment?

A)accommodation
B)reversibility
C)overregularization
D)assimilation

Question 17

When Magglio goes into Starbucks, he knows how to order his favorite drink: a tall, nonfat latte with an extra shot of espresso. First, he indicates the size he wants, then the drink, then anything extra. Magglio has _____ for ordering coffee at Starbucks, which he can use for any coffee house he visits.

A)imagery impairment
B)egocentrism
C)naïve idealism
D)a scheme

Question 18

When studying developmental psychology, _____ exemplifies the psychosocial domain.

A)memory
B)relating to others
C)puberty
D)thinking

Question 19

According to Piaget, _____ involves a plan of action, based on previous experiences, to be used in similar circumstances.

A)a scheme
B)assimilation
C)conventional thinking
D)the law of conservation

Question 20

Which of the following is most known for studying a child's thinking and cognitions and how they change over time?

A)Erik Erikson
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Harry Harlow
D)Jean Piaget

Question 21

Conservation is to concrete operations as _____ is to preoperational thinking.

A)naïve idealism
B)reversibility
C)egocentrism
D)the personal fable

Question 22

The concepts of symbolic function, pretend play, and egocentrism are characteristic of Piaget's _____ stage.

A)postconventional
B)preoperational
C)formal operations
D)concrete operations

Question 23

The acquisition of symbolic function is first demonstrated in the _____ stage.

A)preoperational
B)sensorimotor
C)reversibility
D)concrete operations

Question 24

_____ is the understanding that one thing-an object, a word, a drawing-can stand for another.

A)Naïve idealism
B)Symbolic function
C)Reversibility
D)Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Question 25

Xander is a 5-month old who is intrigued by a fancy rattle. When his caretaker takes the rattle away, he begins looking at the kitchen light in the background and does not seem to look for the rattle. Which of the following is true of this scenario?

A)Xander is in the preoperational stage of development.
B)Xander has developed a sense of egocentrism.
C)Xander is clearly in the concrete operations stage.
D)Xander has not yet attained object permanence.

Question 26

Nine-year-old Desi is in the _____ stage of cognitive development whereas her 15-year-old brother is likely in the _____ stage.

A)preoperational; concrete operations
B)sensorimotor; preoperational
C)formal operations; sensorimotor
D)concrete operations; formal operations

Question 27

_____ is defined as the ability to base logical reasoning on a hypothetical premise.

A)Naïve idealism
B)The personal fable
C)Egocentrism
D)Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Question 28

Wayne is asked to look at two rows of M&Ms. The first row has five M&Ms all lined up and nearly touching. The second row has five M&Ms all lined up but spread out, thereby taking up much more room than the first row. When Wayne is asked which row has more M&Ms, he exclaims, "They both have the same amount!" According to Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development is Wayne?

A)either the sensorimotor stage OR the formal operations stage
B)the preoperational stage
C)either the concrete operations stage OR the preoperational stage
D)the sensorimotor stage

Question 29

Six-year-old Kian is in the _____ stage of cognitive development, whereas his 10-year-old brother is likely in the _____ stage.

A)preoperational; concrete operations
B)sensorimotor; preoperational
C)formal operations; sensorimotor
D)concrete operations; concrete operations

Question 30

Brenna was sitting in her fourth grade class taking her mathematics test. An extra credit question read like this: If Jonah is taller than Barry, and Tori is taller than Jonah, is Barry taller or shorter than Tori? Brenna continued to think about the extra credit problem, but could not come up with the correct answer. Brenna is likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)postconventional
B)preoperational
C)formal operations
D)concrete operations

Question 31

Understanding that an object's mass, volume, or amount remains the same even if its appearance changes, provided that nothing is added or taken away in the process, is referred to as _____

A)object permanence.
B)irreversibility.
C)conservation.
D)symbolic function.

Question 32

When a child understands that objects are still there even if he/she can no longer see them, he/she has attained _____

A)the law of conservation.
B)reversibility.
C)object permanence.
D)assimilation.

Question 33

In the concrete operational stage, children have _____ but NOT _____

A)object permanence; naive idealism.
B)hypothetico-deductive thinking; symbolic function.
C)experience with the personal fable; egocentrism.
D)naive idealism; reflexive behaviors.

Question 34

Piaget's concept that a given quantity of matter remains the same despite being rearranged or changed in appearance, as long as nothing is added or taken away, defines _____.

A)object permanence
B)irreversibility
C)symbolic function
D)conservation

Question 35

Four-year-old Dino was looking at his alphabet book. He was so excited that he recognized many of the letters that he shouted, "Mom! Mom, look at these letters. I know some of them!" As he pointed to the letters he recognized, he failed to turn the book to her so she, too, could see where he was pointing. According to Piaget, Dino demonstrated _____ when he did not turn the book to where his Mom could see.

A)formal operations thinking
B)symbolic function
C)hypothetico-deductive reasoning
D)egocentrism

Question 36

Six-year-old Alex and 11-year-old Leah watched Rachel take apart a craft. Rachel then challenged them to put the craft back together from memory. Because Leah could put together the craft in her mind and then remember what it looked like, she has no problem reconstructing the craft. However, Alex had great difficulty with the challenge. Because he couldn't put it back together in his mind, he couldn't remember what the craft looked like before Rachel took it apart. Which of the following statements is true?

A)Leah is in the stage of concrete operations and has demonstrated reversibility.
B)Both Alex and Leah are in the stage of formal operations and have demonstrated naïve idealism.
C)Alex has clearly attained the cognitive of conservation, but Leah has not.
D)Both Alex and Leah have demonstrated conservation, which places them in the stage of concrete operations.

Question 37

Which of the following allows for the attainment of Piaget's concept of conservation?

A)sensorimotor thought
B)reversibility
C)naïve idealism
D)the personal fable

Question 38

As 3-year-old Angelo eats his bagel, he accidentally breaks it in half. He then says to his mom, "Uh oh, the bagel gone. I go get another." Angelo is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)formal operations
B)preoperational
C)hypothetico-deductive reasoning
D)sensorimotor

Question 39

_____ is the realization that any change in shape, position, or order of matter can be reversed mentally.

A)Sensorimotor thought
B)Reversibility
C)Conservation
D)Symbolic function

Question 40

Six-month old Hanna is in the _____ stage of cognitive development, whereas her 5-year-old brother is likely in the _____ stage.

A)preoperational; concrete operations
B)sensorimotor; preoperational
C)formal operations; sensorimotor
D)concrete operations; concrete operations

Question 41

Based on your knowledge of Piaget's theory, what could account for the it-can't-happen-to-me attitude typically displayed by teenagers?

A)reversibility
B)the personal fable
C)object permanence
D)naïve idealism

Question 42

Melanie is asked the question, "What if humans never had hands or feet?" Though she knows most humans do have hands and feet, she says, "Well, I guess we wouldn't have the need for shoes or gloves anymore. Hmmm...I suppose it might be really difficult for humans to keep their balance if they didn't have feet." According to Piaget, in what stage is Melanie?

A)reversibility
B)preoperational
C)formal operations
D)concrete operations

Question 43

Of the following researchers, who would be most interested in moral development?

A)Erik Erikson
B)Lawrence Kohlberg
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Harry Harlow

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT associated with Kohlberg's theory on moral development?

A)good boy-nice girl orientation
B)the postconventional level
C)the subconventional level
D)the preconventional level

Question 45

Sixteen-year-old Andre was helping his parents clean the windows. Unfortunately, one of the panes of glass nearby fell out of the window opening and left a cut on Andre's nose as he caught it. Andre is upset because now he is convinced his classmates will notice it and poke fun of him at school. Which of the following concepts best underlies Andre's thinking?

A)the imaginary audience
B)reversibility
C)naïve idealism
D)the personal fable

Question 46

Daliah was at a diner with her 3-year-old son. When he was done with his lunch, he wanted to take his tray to the trash can. Because Daliah wasn't sure he would be able to complete that task without dropping everything, she helped him hold one side of his tray. According to Lev Vygotsky, in which of the following concepts did Daliah just engage?

A)private speech
B)the zone of proximal development
C)ego integrity
D)scaffolding

Question 47

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the formal operations stage of cognitive development?

A)High school math and science courses seem to facilitate hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
B)Individuals in this stage can think of what might be.
C)Teenagers in this stage have yet to master the of reversibility.
D)Teens in this stage often think they are on stage and that everyone is their audience.

Question 48

Concepts such as the personal fable and naïve idealism are characteristic of the _____

A)concrete operations stage.
B)preoperational stage.
C)reversibility stage.
D)formal operations stage.

Question 49

If Lev Vygotsky were in the room talking about his theory, which of the following terms might you hear him say?

A)ego integrity
B)private speech
C)difficult temperament
D)preconventional level

Question 50

_____ is a belief of adolescents that they are or will be the focus of attention in social situations and that others will be as critical or approving as they are of themselves.

A)The personal fable
B)Preoperational egocentrism
C)The imaginary audience
D)Reversibility

Question 51

A range of cognitive tasks that a child cannot yet do but can learn to do through the guidance of an older child or adult defines _____

A)the zone of proximal development.
B)the personal fable.
C)symbolic function.
D)private speech.

Question 52

A type of thought in which adolescents construct ideal solutions for problems defines _____

A)irreversibility.
B)naïve idealism.
C)the personal fable.
D)conservation.

Question 53

_____ occurs when assistance is given to someone who needs it, but is then gradually tapered off as they perform the task on their own.

A)Assimilation
B)Naive idealism
C)Scaffolding
D)Ego integrity

Question 54

_____ and _____ are the two forms of adolescent egocentrism studied by psychologist David Elkind.

A)The personal fable; conservation
B)Preoperational egocentrism; symbolic function
C)The imaginary audience; the personal fable
D)Reversibility; the personal fable

Question 55

In which of Kohlberg's stages is "You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours" thinking most apparent?

A)stage 1 of the preconventional level
B)stage 2 of the preconventional level
C)stage 3 of the conventional level
D)stage 4 of the conventional level

Question 56

Which example best describes the zone of proximal development?

A)trying to teach a 1-year-old how to add
B)dressing a 4-year-old child who keeps saying, "I'll do it!"
C)attempting to teach a 5-year-old trigonometry
D)showing a toddler a book that has many colors, some of which the toddler already knows

Question 57

Kristyn is a first-year college student. She decided to stay home for the first year and is struggling with getting along with her parents. She has noticed lately that her thoughts and opinions are in such contrast to her parents'. She feels strongly that if she had just gone away to school, then she would not be having such differences of opinion with them right now. Which of the following concepts could account for Kristyn's thinking that being away at school would be so much better for her?

A)the personal fable
B)preoperational egocentrism
C)the imaginary audience
D)naïve idealism

Question 58

The ability to utilize logical thought to assess abstract situations is referred to as _____, which is attained in the _____ stage.

A)naive idealism; formal operational
B)hypothetico-deductive thinking; formal operational
C)egocentrism; preoperational
D)hypothetico-deductive thinking; concrete operational

Question 59

When moral decisions are based on what will help to avoid punishment, the _____ level of moral development is being utilized.

A)postconventional
B)nonconventional
C)conventional
D)preconventional

Question 60

The zone of proximal development refers to _____

A)the notion that moral reasoning is based primarily on the evidence of what is "right" and what is "wrong" as dictated by society's rules.
B)the s children cannot yet perform on their own, but can perform if they have some help from someone who has already attained those s.
C)the understanding that the volume of a particular liquid remains the same even if the container it is poured into is different in appearance from the original container.
D)the outward verbalizations a young child makes when working through a challenging task.

Question 61

Which stage of moral development exemplifies Kohlberg's statement that "good behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them"?

A)stage 1 of the preconventional level
B)stage 2 of the preconventional level
C)stage 3 of the conventional level
D)stage 4 of the conventional level

Question 62

While grocery shopping at the local market, Holly became embarrassed by her 2-year-old daughter's behavior. Her daughter clearly did not want to sit in the shopping cart, but rather wanted to help push the cart. Holly made this speculation based on her daughter's loud and piercing, "Noooo, I get out!!" and "I push cart, Mommy!!" In which stage is Holly's daughter?

A)basic trust vs. mistrust
B)intimacy vs. isolation
C)autonomy vs. shame and doubt
D)generativity vs. stagnation

Question 63

During which stage do children begin making plans and showing inventiveness in their behaviors?

A)basic trust vs. mistrust
B)intimacy vs. isolation
C)generativity vs. stagnation
D)initiative vs. guilt

Question 64

Dagan believes that laws are there for a reason and that they must be followed under all circumstances. In which stage of moral development is Dagan?

A)conventional level
B)nonconventional level
C)preconventional level
D)subconventional level

Question 65

Imogen was the recipient of excellent care by her mother during her first year of life. Which of the following stages of psychosocial development will Imogen have likely successfully resolved?

A)intimacy vs. isolation
B)ego integrity vs. despair
C)initiative vs. guilt
D)basic trust vs. mistrust

Question 66

Stuart is beginning the process of trying to answer these questions: Who am I? What am I all about? What do I stand for? What are my values? Stuart is likely experiencing a(n)_____ which occurs in the _____ stage of psychosocial development.

A)sense of inferiority; identity vs. role confusion
B)sense of self-doubt; intimacy vs. isolation
C)identity crisis; identity vs. role confusion
D)adaptation phenomenon; industry vs. inferiority

Question 67

Which of the following researchers was most concerned about resolving conflicts throughout the lifespan with each successful resolution furthering psychological health?

A)Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
B)Lawrence Kohlberg
C)Erik Erikson
D)Carol Gilligan

Question 68

In which stage do infants learn that the world is a safe place and people can be trusted?

A)intimacy vs. isolation
B)ego integrity vs. despair
C)initiative vs. guilt
D)basic trust vs. mistrust

Question 69

Which of Erikson's stages goes hand-in-hand with children aged 6 to about puberty?

A)ego integrity vs. despair
B)autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C)industry vs. inferiority
D)basic trust vs. mistrust

Question 70

Justin is cared for by his grandmother while his mother is away at work. Justin is an active and imaginative kid who sometimes pretends he is Superman and tries to get his grandmother to play along. Other times he makes up games with rules and asks his grandmother to join in. She is often put off by these behaviors and tells him to go sit down quietly and read a book. According to the psychosocial stages of development, Justin will likely develop a _____

A)sense that people cannot be trusted.
B)sense of guilt about initiating the new activities.
C)sense of "feeling stuck" and not feel like he has accomplished anything important.
D)sense of pride regarding his accomplishments.

Question 71

In which of the following stages of psychosocial development do toddlers learn to exert their independence?

A)generativity vs. stagnation
B)industry vs. inferiority
C)identity vs. role confusion
D)autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 72

Four-year-old Damian sees his father getting out the vacuum cleaner. In an effort to be helpful, Damian runs over to him and says that he wants to vacuum and begins to take the vacuum cleaner from his father. Even though his father knows he will not vacuum perfectly, he allows Damian to complete the chore. According to the psychosocial stages of development, this instance will likely help Damian to develop a _____

A)solid identity.
B)sense that people can be trusted.
C)sense of "feeling stuck" and not feel like he has accomplished anything important.
D)sense of confidence about initiating the new activity.

Question 73

Every time 18-month-old Shayla tried to feed herself, her nanny would tell her to stop and wipe up the mess she had made. Her nanny would then proceed to feed her so the high chair wouldn't get dirty. Which stage of psychosocial development will Shayla likely unsuccessfully resolve?

A)basic trust vs. mistrust
B)intimacy vs. isolation
C)generativity vs. stagnation
D)autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 74

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the postconventional level of moral development?

A)It is not necessarily attained by all adults.
B)It includes the good boy-nice girl orientation.
C)It requires cognitive ability at the formal operational level.
D)It includes weighing moral alternatives and involves making ethical decisions.

Question 75

Alexis is a fourth grader who does not get along with her teacher very well. When asked why, Alexis complains that her teacher doesn't let them ask questions, doesn't let them try things on their own, and gets frustrated when the kids attempt to make things that the teacher didn't suggest. The _____ stage of psychosocial development will likely be affected for Alexis and the rest of the students in the class, and _____ may result.

A)basic trust vs. mistrust; a sense of inferiority
B)ego integrity vs. despair; depression
C)identity vs. role confusion; an unstable sense of self
D)industry vs. inferiority; a sense of inferiority

Question 76

Seven-year-old Francesca brings home her worksheet from second grade with a big gold star on it. Her foster parent is so proud of her that she hangs it on the refrigerator for everyone to see. According to the psychosocial stages of development, this will likely cause Francesca to develop a _____

A)sense that people can be trusted.
B)sense of happiness about initiating new activities.
C)sense of "feeling stuck" and not feel like she has accomplished anything important.
D)sense of pride regarding her accomplishments.

Question 77

When considering Kohlberg's work on moral development in addition to Gilligan's work, which of the following is true?

A)Gilligan's work on moral reasoning emphasized justice and equality whereas Kohlberg's did not.
B)Kohlberg's original research had an equal amount of males and females as participants, therefore his theory applies to all individuals.
C)Kohlberg's research concludes that moral reasoning differs between the sexes, with women attaining a higher level than men.
D)Kohlberg's work in moral reasoning emphasized compassion, caring, and concern for others.

Question 78

Karol is an 8-month-old boy who has not received very good care from his caretakers. They respond to him when they have time and are often annoyed by his crying. At this point, which stage of psychosocial development will Karol have unsuccessfully resolved?

A)autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B)basic trust vs. mistrust
C)identity vs. role confusion
D)ego integrity vs. despair

Question 79

Lillian knows that we have laws and that we should obey the laws set forth by society. However, she also acknowledges that these laws can and should be changed if they are not doing what they were set out to do. In which stage of moral development is Lillian?

A)nonconventional level
B)preconventional level
C)postconventional level
D)subconventional level

Question 80

According to Erikson, searching for one's identity begins in _____ with the _____ stage.

A)adolescence; industry vs. inferiority
B)adulthood; intimacy vs. isolation
C)early adulthood; generativity vs. shame and doubt
D)adolescence; identity vs. role confusion