Deck 9: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Which of the components of motivation involves focusing one's energy and mental effort and applying them toward the task at hand?

A)activation
B)assimilation
C)persistence
D)intensity

Answer 1

intensity

Question 2

The processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior define _____

A)conservation.
B)motivation.
C)drive theory.
D)the refractory period.

Answer 2

motivation.

Question 3

Which of the components of motivation involves taking the first steps and developing a plan for the task at hand?

A)activation
B)assimilation
C)persistence
D)self-actualization

Answer 3

activation

Question 4

_____ is a process that causes us to begin and maintain a particular behavior in order to satisfy certain needs or desires.

A)An incentive
B)Homeostasis
C)The Yerkes-Dodson law
D)Motivation

Question 5

_____ would be considered a social motive.

A)Extrinsic motivation
B)Sexual motivation
C)Food
D)Achievement motivation

Question 6

_____ are desires or needs that cause us to generate or create behavior and then aim our behavior toward a particular task.

A)Emotion-based stimuli
B)Emotions
C)Sexual derivatives
D)Motives

Question 7

Justin owns a small business and wants his employees to increase their productivity. He analyzes the conditions and processes that form the basis for their work. He examines the level of effort that is required to increase their performance. After that, he devises a plan that he hopes will achieve his goal. Which of the following has he just assessed in order to generate his plan?

A)extrinsic motivation
B)primary motivation
C)work motivation
D)intrinsic motivation

Question 8

Which of the following would be considered a primary drive?

A)achievement motivation
B)sexual motivation
C)social motives
D)work motivation

Question 9

States of tension or arousal that arise from a biological need and are unlearned are called _____

A)secondary drives.
B)biological primaries.
C)optimal levels of arousal.
D)primary drives.

Question 10

Which of the components of motivation involves staying on task and putting forth continued effort, even when you are tired or bored, in order to achieve a goal?

A)activation
B)assimilation
C)persistence
D)self-actualization

Question 11

Ahmed is an artist who has been working on a particular sculpture. Because he was enjoying the creative process so much, he did not notice that two hours had gone by. Additionally, because he was focusing his mental effort and attention on the piece of art, he did not even hear the phone ring. Which of the components of motivation best describe the focused attention Ahmed demonstrated during those two hours of work?

A)activation
B)persistence
C)intensity
D)assimilation

Question 12

Chelsea's parents have been pressuring her to find a job. She wakes up Monday morning and makes a plan. First she'll look at the classified advertisements and then she'll look online for open positions. After that, she plans on calling all of her friends whose parents own a business to see if there are any open positions. These first steps and the plan she has created are best described as the _____ component of motivation.

A)self-actualization
B)assimilation
C)persistence
D)activation

Question 13

Viga has been studying for three hours now and is getting overwhelmed with all of the statistics and formulas she has learned. Although she has been taking short breaks, she is tired and getting frustrated. Instead of quitting, however, Viga decides to take a short walk and then get right back into learning her statistics. Which of the following components of motivation best describes Viga's determination to stick to her studying?

A)activation
B)persistence
C)intensity
D)assimilation

Question 14

The conditions and processes responsible for the arousal, direction, magnitude, and maintenance of effort of workers on the job define _____

A)extrinsic motivation.
B)sexual motivation.
C)intrinsic motivation.
D)work motivation.

Question 15

Stella studies for her exam so she can earn a passing grade and maintain her scholarship. Dorothy studies for her exam because that seems to be the only time her parents leave her alone. Though Stella and Dorothy are both studying for their respective exams, on which of the following bases do they differ?

A)optimal level of arousal
B)persistence
C)intensity
D)motives

Question 16

The components of motivation include _____

A)assimilation and accommodation.
B)autonomy and initiative.
C)activation, persistence, intensity.
D)set point, parental investment, plateau.

Question 17

The need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal defines _____

A)motivation.
B)persistence.
C)intensity.
D)assimilation.

Question 18

Motives that are acquired through experience and interaction with others are best described as _____

A)social motives.
B)tertiary motives.
C)primary drives.
D)optimal levels of arousal.

Question 19

Bertulo is taking an exam and he is stuck on a question. The exam question describes certain processes such as activation, persistence, and intensity. All he has to do is name the concept behind these terms. In order to earn full credit, which of the following should Bertulo select as his response?

A)the refractory period
B)conservation
C)drive theory
D)motivation

Question 20

According to goal setting theory, an employer can increase employees' motivation to reach goals by _____

A)having them participate in setting the goals.
B)making their employment depend on doing so.
C)making the goals super easy.
D)stating the goal in general terms.

Question 21

The _____ assumes that humans are motivated to reduce tension, whereas the _____ assumes humans are sometimes motivated to increase tension.

A)drive-reduction theory; arousal theory
B)arousal theory; hierarchy of needs
C)drive-reduction theory; instinct theory
D)arousal theory; drive-reduction theory

Question 22

The drive-reduction theory rests on the idea that our bodies strive to maintain _____

A)optimal arousal.
B)basic needs.
C)homeostasis.
D)a hierarchy of needs.

Question 23

A stimulus from the environment that motivates a behavior is called _____

A)a motive.
B)an incentive.
C)intrinsic motivation.
D)a biological motive.

Question 24

Sonya has been working diligently for the last six years on her doctorate in sociology. She finds the hard work exciting and she loves the challenge; that is what keeps her going. Her motivation fits the definition of _____

A)extrinsic motivation.
B)achievement motivation.
C)secondary motivation.
D)social motives.

Question 25

The _____ was developed by _____

A)sexual response cycle; Abraham Maslow.
B)drive-reduction theory; Clark Hull.
C)Yerkes-Dodson law; Masters and Johnson.
D)instinct theory; Simon LeVay.

Question 26

Averee spends about three hours every Saturday at the local nursing home. She spends her time playing cards with some of the residents and has many great conversations while she is there. Averee does not get paid for her time, but does it because she really enjoys spending time with them. Averee is said to be _____

A)intrinsically motivated.
B)incentive driven.
C)extrinsically motivated.
D)selfless in her motivation.

Question 27

Fiona drives the speed limit solely because she does not want a traffic ticket. Fiona is said to be _____

A)intrinsically motivated.
B)incentive driven.
C)extrinsically motivated.
D)selfless in her motivation.

Question 28

Shannon was so hungry that she found herself unable to concentrate on her studies. The only thing she could think of was food, which made it impossible to learn the material in her textbook. She decided to leave the library and eat dinner before returning to study again. Which of the following theories best describes Shannon's motivation to go eat dinner?

A)the arousal theory
B)the drive-reduction theory
C)the Lazarus theory
D)the James-Lange theory

Question 29

_____ results when the desire to do something comes from obtaining a reward or avoiding an undesirable consequence; _____ results when the desire to do something comes from within.

A)Extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation
B)Intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
C)Focused motivation; incentive-based motivation
D)Extrinsic motivation; focused motivation

Question 30

_____ comes from a desire to behave in a certain way because it is enjoyable or satisfying in and of itself.

A)Extrinsic motivation
B)Achievement motivation
C)Secondary motivation
D)Intrinsic motivation

Question 31

Stan just ran a mile in the heat and all he can think about is getting something to drink and cooling off. Stan is experiencing the effects predicted by the _____

A)arousal theory.
B)drive-reduction theory.
C)Yerkes-Dodson effect.
D)refractory theory.

Question 32

According to Clark Hull, an internal state of tension is called _____

A)a balanced internal state.
B)a basic need.
C)homeostasis.
D)a drive.

Question 33

Psychologists generally agree that _____ true instincts motivate human behavior.

A)no
B)only a few
C)some
D)many

Question 34

The _____ implies that the primary reason for motivation is to maintain just the right level of mental and physical activity and alertness-not being too bored or too overwhelmed.

A)drive-reduction theory
B)Schachter-Singer theory
C)arousal theory
D)Cannon-Bard theory

Question 35

_____ results when the desire to engage in a particular behavior is to gain some reward or to avoid some undesirable consequence.

A)Learned motivation
B)Intrinsic motivation
C)Incentive-based motivation
D)Extrinsic motivation

Question 36

George volunteers his time in the emergency room at his local hospital. Although he does not get paid for his time, he does expect that being able to list this volunteer work on his resume will help him get into the nursing program he wants to attend. _____ best explains George's reason to volunteer his time.

A)Extrinsic motivation
B)Biologically-based motivation
C)Focused motivation
D)Intrinsic motivation

Question 37

When individuals engage in a particular behavior because they find it pleasurable in and of itself, they are said to be _____

A)extrinsically motivated.
B)incentive driven.
C)intrinsically motivated.
D)swayed by incentives.

Question 38

Leo was sitting in his history class and was extremely bored by the lecture. Before he knew it, he was doodling all over his notes and found himself thinking of what else he could draw. Which theory of motivation best describes why Leo began drawing?

A)the James-Lange theory
B)the arousal theory
C)the hierarchy of needs
D)the Lazarus theory

Question 39

Travis and Chris are both high school teachers, but they also have summer jobs. They create patios and walkways with brick pavers. Travis works in the summer because he likes to be outside and enjoys creating artistic patios for others. Chris works during the summer because he wants the extra money. Based on this scenario, which of the following statements is true?

A)Chris is intrinsically motivated.
B)Travis is extrinsically motivated.
C)Chris and Travis are both intrinsically motivated.
D)Travis is intrinsically motivated.

Question 40

Children playing at recess because they enjoy it is to _____ as delivering pizzas solely because one earns a paycheck is to _____

A)extrinsic motivation; incentive-based work motive.
B)intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation.
C)focused motivation; extrinsic motivation.
D)intrinsic motivation; focused motivation.

Question 41

As a strategy for work motivation, _____ involves establishing specific, difficult but attainable goals rather than simply telling people to do their best in the absence of assigned goals.

A)the workforce mastery approach
B)achievement motivation
C)goal setting
D)the industrial goal theory

Question 42

Joseph was sitting at the airport waiting to board his plane. His flight had already been delayed by poor weather conditions. As he found himself getting restless and tired of waiting, he decided to play solitaire on his cell phone. The desire to play the game on his cell phone would be considered _____

A)the mastery approach.
B)a stimulus motive.
C)a primary drive.
D)an achievement motive.

Question 43

The principle that performance on tasks is best when the arousal level is appropriate to the difficulty of the task is known as _____

A)the Yerkes-Dodson law.
B)the drive-reduction theory.
C)the Lazarus theory.
D)the James-Lange theory.

Question 44

Which of the following theories represent the biological approach to explaining motivation?

A)the arousal theory
B)the James-Lange theory
C)Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory
D)the achievement motivation theory

Question 45

Successful performance on a moderately challenging task requires _____, according to the Yerkes-Dodson law.

A)no arousal
B)low arousal
C)moderate arousal
D)high arousal

Question 46

Dustin works at the local drugstore as a cashier. He feels his job is very simple, and he easily gets bored at work. In order for Dustin to perform at a high level at work, he should have _____ level of arousal.

A)an achievement
B)a low
C)a moderate
D)a high

Question 47

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, successful performance on a simple task requires _____, whereas successful performance on a difficult and complex task requires _____.

A)low arousal; high arousal
B)moderate arousal; high arousal
C)low arousal; low arousal
D)high arousal; low arousal

Question 48

A(n)_____ is a psychologist who applies his/her knowledge in the workplace and is especially interested in work motivation and job performance.

A)shift supervisor
B)psychiatrist
C)certified public accountant
D)industrial/organizational psychologist

Question 49

Rita's favorite college football team made it to the national championship game with a near perfect win-loss record. Though her team was known for playing a smart game with few errors throughout the season, she was surprised and disappointed to see them making so many errors in the big game. The players just couldn't seem to settle down and play the type of game for which they were known. In the end, they lost by a large margin. Which of the following theories or principles of motivation could best account for the behavior of Rita's favorite team?

A)Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B)the Schachter-Singer theory
C)the goal orientation theory
D)the Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 50

The Yerkes-Dodson law links _____ with _____

A)motivation; needs.
B)performance; needs.
C)arousal; motivation.
D)arousal; performance.

Question 51

Zakaria is currently working for a large company on a contract basis. The company needed some help changing the negative tone of the work environment. Zakaria came in and created a team-work training series for the company and also set up an incentive-based payment structure. Which of the following job titles does Zakaria likely have?

A)psychiatrist
B)industrial/organizational psychologist
C)certified public accountant
D)shift supervisor

Question 52

Which of the following would NOT be considered stimulus motives?

A)play
B)sleeping
C)the need to explore
D)curiosity

Question 53

According to the _____, work motivation is explained in terms of workers' beliefs about the effectiveness and value of the effort they put forth on the job.

A)theory of achievement
B)biological motivational theory
C)expectancy theory
D)social motive theory

Question 54

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The need to maintain an appropriate level of arousal can motivate human behaviors.
B)Humans are sometimes motivated to increase tension.
C)Having an unbalanced internal state can motivate human behaviors.
D)Biological needs, such as the desire for money and fame, play the largest role in the motivation of human behavior.

Question 55

When arousal is too low, _____ can cause humans and other animals to seek to increase stimulation.

A)achievement motives
B)primary drives
C)secondary drives
D)stimulus motives

Question 56

According to the arousal theory, being bored can result in _____

A)approach-goals.
B)stimulus motivation.
C)the need to achieve.
D)mastery/goals.

Question 57

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, successful performance on a difficult and complex task requires _____

A)no arousal.
B)lower arousal.
C)moderate arousal.
D)higher arousal.

Question 58

Jaycee's employees are quite dissatisfied. They are not meeting his goals and nothing he does seems to motivate him. Jaycee could benefit most from a(n)_____

A)developmental psychologist.
B)industrial/organizational psychologist.
C)stricter shift supervisor.
D)more relaxed attitude.

Question 59

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, successful performance on a simple task requires _____

A)no arousal.
B)lower arousal.
C)moderate arousal.
D)higher arousal.

Question 60

Courtney is a gymnast and is preparing to compete in a very difficult and challenging meet. Her friend and fellow gymnast, Luke, suggests that Courtney relax and take her high arousal down a notch to a lower point. However, her coach tries to get her all revved up and excited to compete in the meet. Which of the following will likely be true based on theories of motivation?

A)Courtney should listen to Luke in order to perform at her best level.
B)Courtney should listen to her coach and get as hyped up for her performances as she can.
C)Courtney should weigh what they both have to say, but ultimately listen to her coach.
D)Courtney should ignore Luke's opinion entirely.

Question 61

Rima is the newest attorney in a large law firm. She knows no one, and the only person who really knows her is the gentleman who interviewed and hired her. She is determined to work hard, get noticed, and get her first raise before the end of her first year of employment. Which component of the expectancy theory is likely motivating Rima the most?

A)achievement
B)valence
C)instrumentality
D)social motives

Question 62

Which of the following researchers developed the Thematic Apperception Test?

A)Abraham Maslow
B)Henry Murray
C)David Buss
D)James Lange

Question 63

Nino finds that he sets high standards of excellence for himself and strives to reach those standards. Nino notices that his desire to reach difficult goals and attain high standards seems to increase as previous goals are met. Nino is said to have _____

A)a mastery/avoidance orientation.
B)a high need for achievement.
C)a performance/avoidance orientation.
D)an external locus of control.

Question 64

Matthew is a teacher at a local high school. He doesn't particularly like his job, nor does he have much regard for his students. He shows up to work every day and works hard enough to be better than the worst teacher. He does enough avoid getting fired or otherwise losing his job, but by no means is he striving to be a great teacher. According to research on the goal orientation theory, which of the following orientations most likely fits Matthew's motivation?

A)mastery/avoidance
B)performance/approach
C)performance/avoidance
D)mastery/performance

Question 65

The first needs that must be met before others, according to Maslow, positioned at the bottom of the hierarchy, are the _____ needs.

A)self-actualization
B)safety and security
C)physiological
D)love and belongingness

Question 66

Rhianna is fiercely competitive in the classroom. If she does not graduate at the head of the class she will feel bad. According to research on the goal orientation theory, which of the following orientations most likely fits Rhianna's motivation?

A)mastery/avoidance
B)performance/approach
C)performance/avoidance
D)mastery/performance

Question 67

The three major concepts that form the basis for work motivation within the expectancy theory are _____

A)achievement, expectancy, and social motives.
B)expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
C)biological motivation, achievement, and valence.
D)social motives, valence, and instrumentality.

Question 68

Felicity is a highly motivated pharmaceutical representative. She has earned a company-paid trip for the last two years and has enjoyed every bit of those vacations. Because she values those trips so much, she has made it a personal goal to earn another trip this year. Which component of the expectancy theory is likely motivating Felicity the most?

A)achievement
B)valence
C)expectancy
D)social motives

Question 69

The _____ is a social motive named by _____, which suggests that some individuals have the desire to accomplish something difficult and to hold themselves to high standards.

A)notion of self-actualization; Henry Murray
B)goal orientation; David Buss
C)need for achievement; Henry Murray
D)notion of self-actualization; Abraham Maslow

Question 70

According to the goal orientation theory, those who adhere to the _____ orientation seem to be motivated to do whatever may be necessary to avoid failing, whereas those who adhere to the _____ orientation are intrinsically motivated to do whatever they can to put themselves into a position to succeed.

A)performance/approach; mastery/approach
B)mastery/avoidance; mastery/approach
C)performance/avoidance; performance/approach
D)mastery/avoidance; performance/approach

Question 71

Elliott, fresh out of college, is an engineer who has just begun his career. He knows that the harder he works, the better he will get at engineering. Which component of the expectancy theory is likely motivating Elliott the most?

A)achievement
B)valence
C)expectancy
D)social motives

Question 72

Bryce knows that the rest of the class got D's and F's on a difficult exam, so he is happy with a C, even though he knows he could have gotten an A with a little more effort. Bryce's motivation best matches _____

A)mastery/avoidance.
B)performance/approach.
C)performance/avoidance.
D)mastery/performance.

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true of the research by McClelland and Atkinson regarding the need for achievement (n Ach)?

A)Individuals with a low need for achievement are fueled by hope of succeeding.
B)Those with a high need for achievement set difficult goals.
C)Those with a low need for achievement tend to set realistic goals for themselves.
D)Individuals with a high need for achievement are fueled by fear of failure.

Question 74

According to Maslow, the need to _____ must be met before _____.

A)feel safe; biological needs are satisfied
B)self-actualize; the need to feel secure
C)feel loved; security needs are met
D)feel competent and gain respect from others; one can begin to self-actualize

Question 75

Allya is in her third year of college and has a grade point of average of 3.92 out of 4.00. She is not really concerned about other students in her courses; Allya is simply determined to earn the highest grade point average possible based on her abilities. According to goal orientation theory, which of the following orientations most likely led her to achieve this high GPA?

A)mastery/avoidance
B)performance/approach
C)performance/avoidance
D)mastery/approach

Question 76

Kerry is a straight A student. She does not really enjoy studying, but her siblings are all straight A students and her parents are extremely proud of that. She does not want to disappoint her parents or be labeled the "dumb sister," so she often stays up all night studying even though she is not really interested in the class. She demonstrates _____

A)mastery/avoidance.
B)performance/approach.
C)performance/avoidance.
D)mastery/approach.

Question 77

Which of the following orientation of the goal orientation theory entails comparisons to others?

A)performance/approach
B)mastery/performance
C)mastery/approach
D)mastery/avoidance

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT part of the goal orientation theory?

A)mastery/approach
B)achievement/ avoidance
C)performance/avoidance
D)mastery/avoidance

Question 79

According to Maslow's research, which of the following appears to be the "hallmark" of self-actualizers?

A)a sense of humor
B)peak experiences
C)safety and security
D)accurately perceiving reality

Question 80

_____ is best known for his hierarchy of needs theory.

A)Abraham Maslow
B)Henry Murray
C)David Buss
D)James Lange