Deck 11: Personality Theory and Assessment

Question 1

Which of the following statements is FALSE, according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

A)The id forms the basis for the moral part of the personality.
B)The id tries to seek pleasure, avoid pain, and gain immediate gratification.
C)The id is the source of the libido.
D)The id is the only part of the personality present at birth.

Answer 1

The id forms the basis for the moral part of the personality.

Question 2

According to Freud, the three levels of awareness are _____

A)id, ego, superego.
B)environment, behavior, thoughts.
C)preconscious, conscious, unconscious.
D)pleasure principle, libido, reality principle.

Answer 2

preconscious, conscious, unconscious.

Question 3

According to Freud, the thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories of which a person is aware at any given moment define the _____

A)id.
B)unconscious.
C)conscious.
D)preconscious.

Answer 3

conscious.

Question 4

According to Freud, the thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories that a person is not consciously aware of at the moment, but that may be easily brought to consciousness, defines the _____

A)ego ideal.
B)conscious.
C)preconscious.
D)unconscious.

Question 5

_____ is Freud's theory of personality and his therapy for treating psychological disorders.

A)Behaviorism
B)The locus of control
C)Psychoanalysis
D)Reciprocal determinism

Question 6

According to Freud, the _____ is the psychic energy that fuels the entire personality.

A)preconscious
B)id ideal
C)libido
D)ego ideal

Question 7

The unconscious system of the personality, which contains the life and death instincts and operates on the pleasure principle, defines the _____

A)superego.
B)conscious awareness.
C)ego ideal.
D)id.

Question 8

_____ consists of a person's characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

A)Emotion
B)Personality
C)An external locus of control
D)Motivation

Question 9

According to Freud, the _____ accounts for unconscious aggressive and destructive impulses.

A)superego
B)life instinct
C)libido
D)death instinct

Question 10

According to the psychoanalytic theory, being aware of how you feel taking this exam right now would be located in your _____ awareness.

A)id
B)unconscious
C)preconscious
D)conscious

Question 11

The central idea of psychoanalytic theory is that _____

A)because all behavior is learned, it can be unlearned.
B)the environment affects behavior, which affects the cognitive factors in an individual.
C)one's perceived competence affects behavior and performance.
D)unconscious forces shape human thought and behavior.

Question 12

When Nancy was 5 years old, she found her sister floating face down in the family swimming pool. She was highly traumatized by the event. As a young adult, however, she does not seem aware that she was the one to actually find her sister. According to the psychoanalytic theory, this information would likely be located in her _____

A)unconscious.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)preconscious.

Question 13

According to the psychoanalytic theory, being aware about how you feel taking this exam right now would be located in your _____ awareness, whereas information to answer the question "What color is your vehicle?" would be available in your _____

A)unconscious; id.
B)ego; unconscious.
C)conscious; preconscious.
D)unconscious; preconscious.

Question 14

Which of the following theorists argued that unconscious forces were the main focus of personality?

A)Abraham Maslow
B)Raymond Cattell
C)Sigmund Freud
D)B. F. Skinner

Question 15

Tarrin is a teenager who is struggling with feelings of hostility and angst. Because she was arrested for vandalism, she was court-ordered to therapy. Her treatment goal is to understand these feelings or at least to learn how to keep them in check. If Freud were her psychoanalyst, he would speculate that her _____ was to blame for her hostility and angst.

A)superego
B)death instinct
C)libido
D)life instinct

Question 16

Which of the following, according to Freud's theory, would likely be the cause of suicidal feelings?

A)the ego ideal
B)an unsuccessful resolution of the latency stage
C)the death instinct
D)the superego

Question 17

Imagine you were engaged in a conversation about politics. Information to answer the question "What color is your vehicle?" would be located in the _____ according to the psychoanalytic theory.

A)preconscious
B)conscious
C)unconscious
D)superego

Question 18

For Freud, the primary motivating force of human behavior, containing repressed memories as well as instincts, wishes, and desires of which you have never been consciously aware, is the _____

A)ego ideal.
B)unconscious.
C)conscious.
D)super ego.

Question 19

According to the psychoanalytic theory, the structure of personality that operates on the pleasure principle is the _____

A)ego.
B)superego.
C)conscience.
D)id.

Question 20

According to the psychoanalytic theory, the _____ is where traumatizing, repressed events are located, whereas the _____ holds information an individual may not necessarily be thinking about but can easily access.

A)unconscious; conscious
B)ego; unconscious
C)unconscious; preconscious
D)id; conscious

Question 21

Having a strong feeling of guilt for minor mistakes may be a reflection of a(n)_____

A)weak subconscious.
B)strong superego.
C)strong ego.
D)overextended id.

Question 22

Denny works in an office with about 50 other attorneys. The environment is fiercely competitive because many of them want to be made a partner in the firm. In an effort to gain some ground, Denny began spreading harmful rumors about two of his coworkers. Even though Denny knew that the rumors could ultimately impact their career in a negative manner, he still chose to engage in the rumor-spreading behavior. Which of the following, according to Freud's theory, would likely be the cause of Denny's malicious acts?

A)the death instinct
B)an unsuccessful resolution of the latency stage
C)the ego ideal
D)the superego

Question 23

In Freud's theory, the logical, rational, and largely conscious system of personality is the _____

A)superego.
B)preconscious.
C)phallic stage.
D)ego.

Question 24

Shelley is currently undergoing treatment for an eating disorder. She reports to her therapist that food absolutely disgusts her. Her therapist, trained in psychoanalysis, immediately thinks of _____ as the potential cause.

A)unsuccessful resolution of the phallic stage
B)unsuccessful resolution of the latency stage
C)an ineffective preconscious
D)problems in her life instinct

Question 25

According to Freud, which structure of the personality contains the conscience?

A)preconscious
B)ego ideal
C)id
D)superego

Question 26

The superego is made up of the conscience and _____

A)preconscious.
B)ego ideal.
C)death instinct.
D)life instinct.

Question 27

According to Freud, which of the following is considered the moral system of the personality?

A)superego
B)preconscious
C)fixations
D)ego

Question 28

According to psychoanalysis, which of the following is the source of the libido?

A)superego
B)preconscious
C)ego ideal
D)id

Question 29

According to the psychoanalytic theory, the structure of personality that operates on the reality principle is the _____

A)ego ideal.
B)superego.
C)ego.
D)id.

Question 30

According to Freud, individuals develop the moral component of their personality by age _____

A)3)
B)5 or 6.
C)12 or 13.
D)15 or so.

Question 31

According to the psychoanalytic theory, all of Kendra's behaviors (both ones for which she has been punished and ones for which she has been praised)reside _____

A)solely within her conscious.
B)within her id.
C)within her ego.
D)within her superego.

Question 32

Consider this statement: We are our own worst critic. According to Freud, which of the following components of our personality may best fuel this notion?

A)superego
B)preconscious
C)ego ideal
D)ego

Question 33

Which of the following, according to Freud's theory, would likely be the cause of starting harmful rumors about someone at work?

A)the ego ideal
B)an unsuccessful resolution of the latency stage
C)the death instinct
D)the superego

Question 34

According to Freud, the _____ fuels the sexual instincts and biological urges such as hunger and thirst.

A)superego
B)life instinct
C)libido
D)death instinct

Question 35

Because the _____ is the rational part of the personality, it sometimes plays referee between the wishes of the _____ and the _____

A)superego; id; ego.
B)id; superego; ego.
C)unconscious; id; ego ideal.
D)ego; id; superego.

Question 36

Jolene frequently gets into fights at school. When asked about her behavior, she says that she just can't help but fight. According to the psychoanalytic theory, Jolene likely is being influenced by _____

A)a strong id.
B)penis envy.
C)a solid ego ideal.
D)a weak preconscious.

Question 37

Sixteen-year-old Evan is referred to as a perfectionist by his friends and family. Neither his parents nor his teachers put pressure on him because they all know Evan seems to be the most critical of himself. According to Freud, Evan likely _____

A)has yet to resolve the Oedipus complex.
B)has a strong superego.
C)has a fixation that occurred during the oral stage.
D)has a strong id.

Question 38

The superego is made up of the _____ and _____

A)conscious; preconscious.
B)id; ego ideal.
C)conscience; unconscious.
D)ego ideal; conscience.

Question 39

The _____ is to the pleasure principle as the _____ is to the reality principle.

A)superego; conscious
B)ego ideal; conscience
C)id; ego
D)superego; ego

Question 40

Drug use aside, which of the following, according to Freud's theory, could have likely been the cause of the free love movement in the 1960s?

A)unsuccessful resolution of the oral stage
B)unsuccessful resolution of the latency stage
C)the death instinct
D)the life instinct

Question 41

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves attributing one's own undesirable traits, thoughts, behaviors, or impulses to another?

A)repression
B)sublimation
C)projection
D)displacement

Question 42

Unsuccessful resolution of any of the stages of psychosexual development will likely result in _____

A)a strong ego.
B)the development of a fixation.
C)psychological health.
D)an individualistic, as opposed to a collectivistic, perspective.

Question 43

Strategies used by the ego to help reduce the anxiety caused by too much conflict between the id and superego are called _____

A)the psychosexual stages.
B)fixations.
C)defense mechanisms.
D)archetypes.

Question 44

Trevor was recently passed up for a promotion at work. He was frustrated and angry because he felt strongly that he deserved the promotion. In light of that, he began taking home office supplies and stretching the truth on his time card. When asked about these behaviors, Trevor said that the company owed him for not awarding him with the promotion. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Trevor's reasoning?

A)sublimation
B)projection
C)rationalization
D)displacement

Question 45

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves expressing ideas and emotions that are opposite of the disturbing, unconscious impulses or desires?

A)reaction formation
B)projection
C)rationalization
D)displacement

Question 46

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves rechanneling sexual and aggressive energy into accomplishments that society considers acceptable or even admirable?

A)repression
B)sublimation
C)rationalization
D)displacement

Question 47

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, successful resolution of the Electra complex leads to _____

A)a little boy's identification with his father.
B)privilege envy.
C)a little boy's identification with his mother.
D)a little girl's identification with her mother.

Question 48

Though 10 years out of high school, Simon is still scarred and bothered by the bullying he experienced at the hand of Jeffrey. When Simon unexpectedly saw Jeffrey at the local grocery store, he greeted Jeffrey and shook his hand. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Simon's behavior?

A)repression
B)rationalization
C)regression
D)reaction formation

Question 49

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves reverting back to an earlier stage of development?

A)sublimation
B)projection
C)rationalization
D)regression

Question 50

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves substituting a less-threatening object or person for the original object of a sexual or aggressive impulse?

A)displacement
B)projection
C)rationalization
D)sublimation

Question 51

Kayla is terribly saddened and frustrated by the behavior of her autistic son. Instead of yelling at him for not engaging with her, she decides to go for a jog. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Kayla's decision to go for a jog instead of yell at her son?

A)repression
B)displacement
C)rationalization
D)sublimation

Question 52

Identification with the same-sex parent occurs during the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

A)latency
B)phallic
C)oral
D)anal

Question 53

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves involuntarily removing an unpleasant memory, thought, or perception from consciousness?

A)repression
B)projection
C)rationalization
D)displacement

Question 54

Nine-year old Sofia was excited about having a new baby brother. However, she was not excited about the fact that he now gets all the attention. She finds that she no longer wants to attend to him when he cries or needs something. Her parents have also noticed, and are frustrated by, her need to suddenly suck her thumb. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Sofia's new thumb-sucking behavior?

A)sublimation
B)projection
C)rationalization
D)regression

Question 55

Rachel just gave birth to her first child. Unfortunately, the baby was born with significant heart, lung, and kidney damage and is in the neonatal intensive care unit. Though the baby is only surviving because of all of the life support machines he is hooked up to, Rachel refuses to acknowledge the severity of the situation and instead talks about what outfits the baby can wear and whether he'll like his nursery at home. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Rachel's refusal to acknowledge how ill her newborn son really is?

A)repression
B)denial
C)projection
D)displacement

Question 56

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves refusing to consciously acknowledge the existence of danger or a threatening situation?

A)displacement
B)sublimation
C)rationalization
D)denial

Question 57

Though 10 years out of high school, Simon is still scarred and bothered by the bullying he experienced at the hand of Jeffrey. If the defense mechanism of reaction formation were being utilized, which of the following would Simon say to Jeffrey when he unexpectedly saw Jeffrey at the local grocery store?

A)"After all of these years, I finally get a chance to tell you what an arrogant jerk you are, Jeffrey!"
B)"Jeffrey, why would you want to make someone's life so miserable?"
C)"Hey there, Jeffrey. Good to see you. How are you these days?"
D)"Pardon me, but can you move so I can reach the milk?"

Question 58

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves verbally justifying or supplying a logical reason for one's own inappropriate behavior or impulse?

A)sublimation
B)projection
C)rationalization
D)displacement

Question 59

Peter finally got up the courage to see a therapist after struggling with depression. When discussing his issues with his psychoanalytic therapist, Peter told his therapist that he was sexually assaulted by his previous college roommate. Though Peter was aware that the assault took place, he could not remember any of the painful details of the situation. Which of the following is Peter's therapist likely to say?

A)"Peter, you are likely experiencing a fixation from the unsuccessful resolution of the Oedipus complex."
B)"Those details serve no importance in the type of therapy I provide. We will just work to reduce the symptoms of your depression."
C)"Peter, don't worry about not remembering the painful details. They are better off left alone."
D)"Peter, you are likely experiencing repression. Once we work through the painful details of that traumatic event, your depression will lift and you will feel much better."

Question 60

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, successful resolution of the Oedipus complex leads to _____

A)a little boy's identification with his father.
B)privilege envy.
C)a little boy's identification with his mother.
D)a little girl's identification with her father.

Question 61

_____ provides unqualified caring and nonjudgmental acceptance of another.

A)The openness trait
B)Conscientiousness
C)Unconditional positive regard
D)An archetype

Question 62

While growing up, Chuck did not receive much encouragement from his caretakers. In fact, he was often harshly criticized in an unfair manner. As a result, Chuck will likely develop _____ based on Adler's theory of individual psychology.

A)catharsis
B)negative archetypes
C)a fixation
D)an inferiority complex

Question 63

Which of the following is FALSE about Karen Horney?

A)She rejected the idea that early experiences played a role in later personality development.
B)She believed that cultural and environmental variables were important in the development of personality.
C)She rejected the idea of penis envy.
D)She felt personality developed over an entire lifetime.

Question 64

Lulu's parents have told her that as long as she becomes a doctor, they will pay for her schooling. Lulu, however, really wants to become a chemistry teacher. When she tells her parents of her desire to study chemistry and teaching, they tell her to apply for financial aid. Lulu responds with sadness, anxiety, and distress. Lulu's parents have established _____

A)an internal locus of control.
B)unconditional positive regard.
C)a high degree of self-efficacy.
D)conditions of worth.

Question 65

According to the psychosexual stages of development, initial sexual curiosity occurs during the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

A)oral
B)latency
C)phallic
D)genital

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic in self-actualizing individuals?

A)effective personal relationships
B)autonomy
C)personal strife
D)frequent peak experiences

Question 67

The notions of archetypes, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious are the work of _____

A)Carl Rogers.
B)Carl Jung.
C)Costa and McCrae.
D)Raymond Cattell.

Question 68

According to Freud, _____ occurs during the latency stage of psychosexual development.

A)identification with the same-sex parent
B)toilet training
C)a resurfacing of sexual impulses
D)a period of sexual calm

Question 69

Alfred Adler's theory is called _____ because of its emphasis on the uniqueness of the person.

A)holistic psychology
B)individual psychology
C)the trait theory
D)analytical psychology

Question 70

Carl Rogers believed that many parents set up _____, or conditions on which their positive regard rests.

A)archetypes
B)traits
C)unconditional positive regard
D)conditions of worth

Question 71

The notion that "I'll feel warmly toward you and respect you only if you do as I say" suggests _____

A)a weak id.
B)conditions of worth.
C)reciprocal determinism.
D)a peak experience is in the making.

Question 72

Twenty-nine-year-old Annabelle and her partner are seriously committed to one another and have discussed the possibility of marriage since it was just legalized in their state. According to Freud, in which of the psychosexual stages are they?

A)latency
B)oral
C)genital
D)anal

Question 73

According to the psychosexual stages of development, the establishment of mature, sexual relationships occurs in the _____ stage.

A)genital
B)anal
C)phallic
D)oral

Question 74

Developing one's fullest potential is the goal of _____

A)a fixation.
B)catharsis.
C)rationalization.
D)self-actualization.

Question 75

Which of the following pairings is correct?

A)Carl Rogers - conditions of worth
B)Karen Horney - archetypes
C)Albert Bandura - collective unconscious
D)Gordon Allport - individual psychology

Question 76

Too little gratification during the anal stage may result in _____, whereas overindulgence during the anal stage may result in _____

A)messiness; orderliness.
B)flirtatiousness; pride.
C)rebelliousness; hostility.
D)excessive cleanliness; messiness.

Question 77

Which of the following theorists is considered a neo-Freudian?

A)Julian Rotter
B)Alfred Adler
C)Albert Bandura
D)Gordon Allport

Question 78

According to Carl Jung, the idea that all humans everywhere generally care for their young would be found within the _____

A)idea of the internal locus of control.
B)ego functioning.
C)collective unconscious.
D)notion of reciprocal determinism.

Question 79

Jane is at the stage of her life in which she is interested in female friends and playing soccer. She also has taken interest in her science class because she thinks the teacher lets the students do cool experiments. According to the psychosexual stages of development, Jane is in the _____ stage.

A)latency
B)oral
C)genital
D)phallic

Question 80

_____ involves an experience of deep meaning, insight, and harmony within oneself and with the universe.

A)An archetype
B)A peak experience
C)Catharsis
D)The collective unconscious