Deck 6: Bringing up Baby

Question 1

How does socialization most often occur?

A)from reading books
B)through explicit instruction
C)through subtle interactions and observation
D)from going to school

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Some studies have found that children living in single-parent homes face a higher risk of low academic achievement and of dropping out.When monetary and non-monetary resources are statistically controlled,what happens to this relationship?

A)it is reduced and may even disappear
B)it is increased
C)it gives further evidence that the relationship is strong
D)it proves that children in single-parent homes face many academic challenges

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Sometimes,a child is raised by a teenage mother and her parents.Which term is used to describe this situation?

A)triparenting
B)teenage mother
C)single mom
D)bigenerational parenting

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When does socialization stop?

A)at five years of age
B)during adolescence
C)in middle age
D)at death

Question 5

Generally,who has the single most powerful influence in the socialization of children?

A)friends
B)siblings
C)teachers
D)parents

Question 6

On average,in which family structure do children do best?

A)a single-parent household in which the parent is working
B)both biological parents married to each other
C)cohabiting families where both parents are biological
D)adopted children with married parents

Question 7

According to the text,which of the following was a sign that childhood was increasingly seen as being different from adulthood?

A)the development of specialized children's institutions
B)the mainstreaming of children in groups of different ages
C)the exploitation of children by business owners
D)the provision of special apprenticeships for adolescents

Question 8

According to the text,which statement is true concerning the socialization of children?

A)When both parents work,they have little influence on socialization.
B)Parents exert a great deal of indirect control over their children's environment.
C)Siblings of the same sex are more important socializers than siblings of the other sex.
D)Teachers are the most important socializers for children.

Question 9

What happened to the proportion of children living in households with married parents between 2001 and 2011?

A)it decreased
B)it increased
C)it stayed the same
D)it fluctuated dramatically

Question 10

Studies on the negative effects on children associated with divorced,single-parent,and stepparent families have found that these effects are often greatest during which time?

A)six months before the divorce
B)three years after the change in family structure
C)until the child is 6 years old
D)immediately following the change in family structure

Question 11

According to the text,how children are socialized depends on which factor?

A)what we expect of their future
B)who their parents are
C)how intelligent they are
D)whether or not the child is at school

Question 12

According to the text,what is one explanation for why children from the same family can turn out so differently?

A)they are not biologically related
B)they have different levels of intelligence
C)they are socialized differently
D)they live in different countries

Question 13

Alex's mother is lesbian and lives with her girlfriend.According to the text,what situation is most likely to arise for Alex?

A)he will grow up to be gay because of his role models
B)his mother will have poor parenting skills
C)he will do as well as children in lone-parent families
D)he won't have any male role models

Question 14

What is one criticism of child-rearing experts during the first half of the 20th century?

A)Their theories were based on observations of white middle-class families.
B)They regarded children as economically worthless but emotionally priceless.
C)Their theories depended too much on tradition and not enough on science.
D)Their theories were based on observation of children with abnormalities.

Question 15

According to the text,what did the 20th century see the arrival of?

A)child labour in the street trades,such as polishing shoes
B)the economically worthless but emotionally priceless child
C)a refusal to conform to scientific child-rearing standards
D)the emotionally neglected but economically valued child

Question 16

How do sociologists define socialization?

A)the ability to interact with people and have a good time socially
B)the process of passing on to new members a culture's ways of thinking and acting
C)the social principles accepted by a society as a whole or by a group within that society
D)cultural rules that tell us what,where,when,how,and why we should do something

Question 17

Chad is two years old.His mother wants to train him to use the toilet.According to the text,which of the following factors is unlikely to be involved in his ability to do so?

A)Chad's level of muscular maturation
B)Chad's ability to understand what is expected
C)the maturity of Chad's nervous system
D)the presence of educational toys to amuse Chad

Question 18

When considering socialization,what do feminist thinkers look at?

A)the way inequities in society are maintained from one generation to the next
B)how the transmission of cultural norms ensures the stability of families and society
C)how socialization occurs through the day-to-day relationships of individual family members
D)the way family subsystems and boundaries shape children

Question 19

In the earlier part of the 20th century,experts intruded in the family life of poor and minority families,especially if they were on welfare.How did they do this?

A)by allowing the children to sue parents for "divorce"
B)by expecting the families to conform to traditional values and standards
C)by advising the children to report their parents for abuse or neglect
D)by expecting the families to conform to "scientific" standards of child rearing

Question 20

Which sociological perspective is interested in how the transmission of cultural norms ensures the stability of both families and society?

A)conflict theory
B)feminist theory
C)structural functionalism
D)symbolic interactionism

Question 21

Caitlyn's parents encourage her to make her own decisions and to express her individual personality.They set few rules and expect her to do little to help around the house,unless she wants to.What parenting style are they using?

A)authoritative
B)permissive
C)caring
D)lackadaisical

Question 22

Zachary's parents were in their 40s when he was born.According to the text,what often happens to children like Zachary who have older parents?

A)They find that their parents' age makes no difference to their lives.
B)They enjoy many activities with extended family members such as grandparents.
C)They are more likely to be afraid their parents will die before they become independent.
D)They are less likely to enjoy luxuries than children of younger parents,who can earn more.

Question 23

In 2008,what was the average age of mothers?

A)19.8 years
B)23.4 years
C)29.8 years
D)32.5 years

Question 24

According to the text,which of the following best describes young adolescent parents?

A)They are as competent as other parents.
B)They almost always have adequate financial resources.
C)They are still finding their own identity.
D)They usually live common-law.

Question 25

Which type of parents are cold and distant?

A)authoritarian
B)uninvolved
C)disengaged
D)permissive

Question 26

According to one Canadian study,which of the following was more at risk of parental psychological violence than were children from separated families?

A)children of teenage mothers
B)children of cohabiting parents with low levels of conflict
C)children from two-parent families with high levels of conflict
D)children who were adopted

Question 27

What is the effect of separation and lack of contact with a parent?

A)It affects girls separated from fathers more than boys.
B)It affects boys separated from fathers more than girls.
C)It affects boys separated from mothers more than girls.
D)It affects both sexes equally.

Question 28

What often happens to children who grow up in authoritarian families?

A)They become more responsible adults because standards are clear.
B)They experience both high expectations and regard for their wishes.
C)They are much less likely to be spanked because they are obedient.
D)They may become submissive or defiant and rebellious.

Question 29

According to the text,what might adoptive and other non-biological parents have difficulties with because they are not perceived as genuine parents by many in society?

A)loving the adopted child
B)disciplining the child
C)providing adequate physical care
D)genealogical bewilderment

Question 30

Diana Baumrind described three parenting styles.A fourth was added later by other theorists.What is this fourth type called?

A)the uninvolved parent
B)the disengaged parent
C)the authoritarian parent
D)the permissive parent

Question 31

According to the text,which of the following is most likely to happen to children who experience too many separations from parents and parent figures?

A)They may rely heavily on the goodwill of strangers.
B)They may become attached to new people too quickly.
C)They may feel emotionally comfortable with stepparents.
D)They may fear becoming attached again.

Question 32

According to the text,what do studies of differing family types show?

A)Children do better in two-parent families because they are better monitored.
B)Mothers in two-parent families have better psychological health and thus are better parents.
C)Interaction within families has greater impact than family structure itself.
D)Children do better after divorced parents remarry because they now fit the social script.

Question 33

According to the text,which of the following are teen mothers living in romantic relationships likely to do?

A)pay attention to their boyfriend,not their child
B)suffer in their development,as do their children
C)be less harsh with their children than other young mothers
D)be less competent and well-adjusted than other young mothers

Question 34

Several studies have found that children from a higher socioeconomic status continue to learn during the summer months of elementary school,but lower-SES students tend to stagnate or lose ground.Which term is used to describe this phenomenon?

A)summer slide
B)SES disadvantage
C)summer schooling
D)learning loss

Question 35

What percentage of children living with married biological parents have serious problems?

A)5 percent
B)10 percent
C)20 percent
D)30 percent

Question 36

How are children with authoritative parents often described?

A)as defiant and rebellious
B)as selfish and undisciplined
C)as competent and friendly
D)as detached and submissive

Question 37

Which type of parents are strong on obligations and responsibilities but weak on recognizing children's individuality?

A)authoritarian parents
B)permissive parents
C)authoritative parents
D)punitive parents

Question 38

Emma's parents are authoritative.According to the text,which of the following is probably most typical of their parenting?

A)They emphasize Emma's responsibilities,but let her make few decisions.
B)They feel that Emma should make her own decisions,even if they are inconvenient.
C)They have high expectations for Emma,and allow no excuses if she fails to achieve them.
D)They have high expectations for Emma,but respect her as an individual.

Question 39

How do family stories help socialize children?

A)by emphasizing family values
B)by teaching them the correct way to do things
C)by making children believe that their family is the best
D)by weaving families and kin together

Question 40

What has research shown about spanking?

A)It is prIt is probably more effective than nonviolent forms of discipline in changing children's behaviour.
B)It is prIt is probably less effective than nonviolent forms of discipline in changing children's behaviour.
C)It is prIt is probably just as effective as nonviolent forms of discipline in changing children's behaviour.
D)It is prIt has been shown to have no effect in changing children's behaviour.

Question 41

Which of the following is typically true of immigrant parents?

A)They are more aware and tolerant of cultural diversity.
B)They hold the same expectations of their children than Canadian-born parents do.
C)They hold different expectations of their children than Canadian-born parents do.
D)They are less concerned about what other people will say about their parenting.

Question 42

What have studies of children in large families found?

A)The children have better language development because there are many people to talk to.
B)The children often live in neighbourhoods with good role models.
C)The children often have difficulties with academics and social interaction.
D)The children's nutrition is better because their parents care more about what they eat.

Question 43

What does affection between brothers and sisters usually depend on?

A)access to each other
B)plotting against parents
C)payoffs for not tattling
D)the difference in their ages

Question 44

Which term refers to a family comprising one or both grandparents and their grandchild or grandchildren where no parents are present?

A)skip-generation
B)bi-generation
C)triparenting
D)multi-generation

Question 45

According to the text,which of the following is true for the preschool children of parents who have a lower educational level?

A)They are more likely to learn to go online at an earlier age.
B)They watch more entertainment programs on television.
C)They are more likely to have enrichment opportunities such as day camp.
D)They go to library story time more frequently.

Question 46

Children without siblings have many of the characteristics of which child with siblings?

A)the youngest
B)the middle
C)the oldest
D)the third

Question 47

How did one study find that children living in affluent neighbourhoods scored on tests of school readiness compared with children living in poorer areas?

A)Children living in affluent neighbourhoods scored lower.
B)Children living in affluent neighbourhoods scored the same.
C)Children living in affluent neighbourhoods scored higher.
D)There was no relationship between neighbourhood and school readiness.

Question 48

Which term refers to a child,usually the oldest,who takes on the role of an absent parent?

A)surrogate mother
B)replacement parent
C)parentified child
D)replacement father

Question 49

Amanda is trying to copy the way her older sister,Julia,acts around boys.What is Julia in this scenario?

A)an advisor for Amanda
B)a role model for Amanda
C)an angry rival for Amanda
D)a role usurper for Amanda

Question 50

According to people who study birth-order effects,which of the following do middle children often do?

A)act as mediators
B)use charm to get what they want
C)associate more with adults
D)try to copy the eldest

Question 51

What did a recent survey find about Quebec parents compared with those in other provinces?

A)Quebec parents are less likely to spank their children as a form of discipline.
B)Quebec parents are more likely to believe that using flash cards will make babies smarter.
C)Quebec parents are less likely to encourage children's in-group ties.
D)Quebec parents are more likely to restrict children's contact with friends.

Question 52

As families become smaller,which of the following might be one effect?

A)Parents will spend less time socializing their children.
B)Schools will take on more of the primary socialization tasks.
C)Sibling rivalry will increase dramatically.
D)Peers may become more influential in socialization.

Question 53

Which of the following is helping to re-create family health in Aboriginal communities?

A)the growth of a new Aboriginal awareness
B)the expansion of the residential school system
C)the compensation given for the disruption of families and traditions
D)the belief that children are gifts from the spirit world

Question 54

In the past,what was done by residential schools set up to educate Aboriginal children?

A)taught children to appreciate their parents' values
B)encouraged the learning of Aboriginal languages
C)undermined Aboriginal language and culture
D)showed them how to live off the land

Question 55

According to the text,which of the following is a potential point of conflict between generations?

A)deciding on the use of social media at family gatherings
B)observing family traditions and rituals
C)helping older people move into seniors' homes
D)deciding on a christening instead of a bar mitzvah

Question 56

Though sociologists fear family time is decreasing,which of the following might be the result?

A)It may lead to better outcomes for children from conflict-ridden families.
B)The extended family will still be involved in recreational activities and routine care.
C)Schools will take over many of the primary socialization tasks.
D)Shared activities such as playing and teaching will increase.

Question 57

According to the text,how does the sibling relationship differ from peer relationships?

A)It is affectionate.
B)It is voluntary.
C)It is authoritative.
D)It is ascribed.

Question 58

What is often expected of siblings,especially sisters,with respect to a sibling with physical or mental challenges?

A)to not talk about it outside of the family
B)to help with childcare and to include the sibling in social activities
C)to act as a third parent to the exceptional child
D)to act as a "normal" role model for the exceptional child

Question 59

Which of the following is a recent trend?

A)More children probably know their grandparents than ever before.
B)The extended family has little relevance for present-day families.
C)Extended families are strong in rural areas but not in cities.
D)Most adults live a long distance from their parents.

Question 60

According to the text,although Aboriginal families across Canada are a diverse population what do they tend to value?

A)nature and animals
B)respect for elders and nature
C)independence and spontaneity
D)interdependence of all life and spirituality

Question 61

Why are many immigrants well educated?

A)Education is one factor in favour of their being granted admission to Canada.
B)Education is more valued in their countries of origin.
C)They believe that education is the way for their children to succeed.
D)They regard poverty as due only to a lack of education.

Question 62

According to the text,why are the choices working parents make about childcare important?

A)They will determine how much time they can spend with their child.
B)Many children spend more time with substitute caregivers than with parents.
C)Children in small daycare centres tend to lag in school readiness.
D)Quality childcare mostly protects a child's health and safety.

Question 63

What do researchers believe accounts for girls' lower achievement in science in comparison to boys?

A)There are no role models of women in science careers.
B)Science is taught using examples from typical male interests.
C)Girls are not naturally good at science.
D)Girls' toys do not encourage the development of scientific abilities.

Question 64

What often happens when children begin to go to childcare or to school?

A)Parents lose control over their children's environment.
B)Parents feel reassured since they select the form of childcare.
C)Parents retain some control over their children's environment.
D)Parents continue to exert full control over their children's socialization.

Question 65

Which group is most likely to use the Internet?

A)rural Canadians
B)third-generation immigrants
C)middle-aged Canadians
D)university-educated Canadians

Question 66

In Canada,how is childcare regulated?

A)by the federal government
B)by provincial and territorial governments
C)by the childcare centres themselves
D)childcare is not regulated in Canada

Question 67

By middle childhood,how do children tend to play?

A)in large groups containing both sexes
B)with a special person of the opposite sex
C)in groups of their own sex
D)with toys designed for the opposite sex

Question 68

Which of the following describes socialization among the baby boom generation?

A)Respect for institutions increased dependence on authority.
B)Teamwork and social skills were emphasized.
C)Parents' reliance on Dr.Spock resulted in more rigid child-rearing methods.
D)Family living meant living in small towns rather than cities.

Question 69

What is the term for the impact of a teacher's expectations on a student's academic performance?

A)academic achievement bias
B)teacher expectancy effect
C)classroom outcome results
D)school success factor

Question 70

Which factor affected the socialization of the baby boom generation?

A)rapid growth of technology,including television
B)the availability of the birth control pill
C)a shift toward smaller families
D)a push to migrate to farms and small communities

Question 71

What are the two general types of adolescent groups?

A)oppositional and socialized
B)fashionable and antisocial
C)delinquent and conforming
D)supportive and oppositional

Question 72

In 2012,what percentage of Canadians under the age of 55 had Internet access?

A)64 percent
B)78 percent
C)86 percent
D)95 percent

Question 73

Which of the following is a valid criticism of the way families are portrayed on television?

A)Parents are shown too often filling nontraditional roles.
B)Problems are resolved in half an hour or an hour.
C)Although most Canadian families are white,many visible minorities are shown.
D)The family situations shown on television are not realistic.

Question 74

What has been the trend in prime-time television shows since 1999?

A)They have increased the proportion of women committing crimes.
B)They present minority characters as favourable role models.
C)They have increased the number of Asian characters.
D)They still portray white men in the highest-status jobs.

Question 75

Parents play a key part in gender role socialization.Which of the following do parents tend to do when interacting with their sons?

A)Stress achievement and the cognitive aspects of activities.
B)Give them less attention than they give their daughters.
C)Stress interpersonal closeness and cooperation through encouragement.
D)Punish them less often than they punish their daughters.

Question 76

Media such as television or the Internet can be a good or bad influence on young children.According to the text,what does the type of influence appear to depend on most?

A)the use of the v-chip and screening software to protect children
B)television viewing and computer use by their peers
C)children's age and stage of development
D)a rating system for violence and sex in television programs

Question 77

What have recent surveys shown about Aboriginal students?

A)Fewer Aboriginal children are completing high school than before.
B)Those living on remote reserves are more likely to graduate from high school.
C)More Aboriginal individuals are undertaking postsecondary studies.
D)Aboriginal students are disadvantaged by the number of their family responsibilities.

Question 78

According to the text,what is one benefit of peer relationships?

A)Peers are more effective socializers than parents.
B)Peers can make up for some of a child's negative experiences at home.
C)Peers don't always tell each other what to do.
D)Peers provide a more authoritarian relationship than parents do.

Question 79

Lucie's parents expect her to assume a traditional gender role.How do they probably encourage her to be?

A)passive,dependent,and nurturing
B)an achiever and a thinker
C)socially reliant on the extended family
D)independent,active,and aggressive

Question 80

According to the text,what are boys generally encouraged to be?

A)quieter and less expressive
B)caring and nurturing
C)independent and active
D)intellectual and sensitive