Deck 6: Neuromotor Control of Speech

Question 1

___ is a term describing a loss of muscle bulk.

A)Denervation
B)Paresis
C)Hemiplegia
D)Atrophy
E)Hypertonia

Answer 1

D
Atrophy is a loss of muscle bulk caused by denervation.

Question 2

Which of the following is not true of a lower motor neuron?

A)It is the "final common pathway."
B)It includes the muscle fiber it innervates.
C)It has its origin in the spinal cord or brainstem.
D)It is innervated by an upper motor neuron.

Answer 2

B
A lower motor neuron does not include the muscle it innervates.The muscle it innervates is part of the motor unit.

Question 3

Muscle spindles:

A)receive efferent innervation
B)provide afferent information on the state of muscle contraction
C)are found in abundance in fast twitch fibers
D)are found in abundance in muscles of articulation
E)both A and B

Answer 3

E
Muscle spindles provide afferent information about muscle stretch,but are also efferently innervated by gamma motor neurons.A contraction of the muscle spindle results in co-contraction of an extrafusal fiber,resulting in fine control of muscle contractions.

Question 4

Which of these structures is NOT a site for a lower motor neuron lesion?

A)a cell body in the motor cortex
B)axons of a cranial nerve
C)a cell body in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
D)muscle fibers
E)the neuromuscular junction

Question 5

The supplementary motor area:

A)programs novel movement sequences
B)fixates the shoulders in preparation for speech
C)responds to cues from outside the central nervous system
D)is involved in initiating movements
E)none of the above

Question 6

A lesion in which of these locations in the corticospinal tract would lead to paralysis on the ipsilateral side?

A)crus cerebri
B)internal capsule
C)lower motor neuron
D)corona radiata
E)primary motor cortex

Question 7

One similarity between the corticospinal and corticonuclear fibers is that:

A)both sets of fibers pass through the posterior limb of the internal capsule
B)both fibers originate at the cortex
C)they are both largely composed of contralateral fibers
D)they both terminate on lower motor neurons in the spinal cord

Question 8

A motor unit:

A)is an alpha motor neuron and all the muscles it innervates
B)is an alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
C)supplies myotrophic factors to the muscle
D)is a group of alpha motor neurons innervating a muscle

Question 9

___ is a sign of a lower motor neuron lesion.

A)A positive Babinski sign
B)Hypotonia
C)Spasticity
D)Areflexia
E)both B and D

Question 10

All of the following areas are likely to be involved in the programming of motor speech except:

A)the corpus callosum
B)the insula
C)pars opercularis
D)Broca's area
E)ventral premotor cortex

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence of some of the structures used for comprehending and executing a verbal command to move the right arm?

A)Wernicke's area on the left,left supramarginal gyrus,right arcuate fasciculus,right precentral gyrus
B)Wernicke's area on the left,arcuate fasciculus,supramarginal gyrus,right premotor area,right pyramidal tract
C)right arcuate fasciculus,right supramarginal gyrus,right premotor area,right pyramidal tract
D)Wernicke's area on the left,left premotor cortex,anterior corpus callosal fibers,right premotor cortex,right pyramidal tract
E)Both A and D are correct sequences.

Question 12

___ is an indicator of damage to an upper motor neuron.

A)Hypotonia
B)Fasciculations
C)Areflexia
D)Clonus
E)Hyporeflexia

Question 13

Symmetrical movements of paired facial structures,such as the lips,are made possible by the:

A)communication between hemispheres made possible by the corpus callosum
B)contralateral innervation of the lower motor neurons by upper motor neurons
C)same mechanisms that allow for coordinated movement of the hands
D)bilateral innervation of the lower motor neurons by upper motor neurons

Question 14

Which of the following areas would become more paralyzed after a unilateral lesion?

A)the diaphragm
B)the muscles that move the eye
C)the muscles of the lower face
D)the jaw
E)the laryngeal muscles

Question 15

The supplementary motor area has efferent projections to the:

A)brainstem
B)prefrontal cortex
C)primary motor cortex
D)both B and C

Question 16

__ describes a condition in which neural impulses do not reach a muscle.

A)Atrophy
B)Hyperreflexia
C)Hemiplegia
D)Areflexia
E)Denervation

Question 17

Gamma motor neurons innervate:

A)extrafusal fibers
B)alpha motor neurons
C)intrafusal fibers
D)Golgi tendon organs
E)both B and C

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT included in the extrapyramidal system?

A)corticonuclear tract
B)subthalamic nucleus
C)tectospinal tract
D)basal ganglia
E)red nucleus

Question 19

All of the following are characteristics of the extrapyramidal system EXCEPT:

A)Its effect on neurons is largely inhibitory.
B)It is involved in stereotypical movements.
C)It has most of its influence in midline (axial)muscles than in distal muscles.
D)It is involved in the conscious control of movement.
E)It has a large role in maintaining muscle tonE.

Question 20

A young man is sitting on a chair studying when a friend claps her hands loudly behind his head.The man's jumping and turning his head in response to the sound is made possible by the __ tract.

A)corticospinal
B)vestibulospinal
C)tectospinal
D)reticulospinal
E)rubrospinal

Question 21

An 18-year-old man is in an accident that results in a profound hearing loss.As would be expected,he does not lose his ability to speak.This example provides support for:

A)speech as an open-loop system
B)speech as a closed-loop system
C)feedforward control of speech
D)both A and B
E)both A and C

Question 22

__ is a dyskinesia resulting from the long-term use of narcoleptic drugs.

A)Clonus
B)Myoclonus
C)Dystonia
D)Tardive dyskinesia
E)Tremor

Question 23

The size of a motor unit is independent of muscle strength and control.

Question 24

Unlike the rubrospinal and vestibulospinal tracts,the basal ganglia and cerebellum do not have direct contact lower with lower motor neurons.

Question 25

A wide stance and swaggering gait are symptoms of:

A)dysmetria
B)ataxia
C)adiadochokinesia
D)rebound
E)nystagmus

Question 26

___ is characterized by slow,irregular,writhing movements of the extremities,face,neck,and trunk.

A)Myoclonus
B)Athetosis
C)Dystonia
D)Chorea
E)An action tremor

Question 27

The cerebral cortex projects input to the __ of the basal ganglia.

A)globus palladus internal
B)putamen
C)globus palladus external
D)caudate nucleus
E)both B and D

Question 28

The corticospinal,corticonuclear,and corticopontine tracts make up the pyramidal system.

Question 29

__ is a dyskinesia resulting from an extrapyramidal disorder that does not involve the speech musculature.

A)Dystonia
B)Athetosis
C)Myoclonus
D)Chorea
E)Akathisia

Question 30

Input to the cerebellum from the spinal cord travels to the cerebellum in the:

A)inferior cerebellar peduncle
B)middle cerebellar peduncle
C)superior cerebellar peduncle
D)extrapyramidal tract

Question 31

A patient with ideomotor apraxia will have difficulty performing a motor act in response to a verbal command.

Question 32

A young girl can raise her eyebrows independently of each other.This is possible because of a predominantly bilateral upper motor neuron innervation to the lower motor neurons in the upper face.

Question 33

A lesion in the right cerebellar hemisphere will affect the left side of the body.

Question 34

A lesion in the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia would most likely result in:

A)inhibition of thalamic nuclei
B)inhibition of the cortex
C)excitation of globus palladus internal
D)excitation of the cortex
E)both A and B

Question 35

Akinesia is characterized by:

A)a lack or paucity of movement
B)purposeless rhythmic movement
C)brief and quick muscle contractions
D)distorted posture
E)writhing movement

Question 36

Which of the pathways of the basal ganglia would make use of the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)?

A)the indirect pathway from the subthalamic nucleus to the globus palladus internal
B)the direct pathway from the striatum to the globus palladus internal
C)the pathway from the cortex to the basal ganglia
D)the pathway from the substantia nigra compacta to the striatum
E)both C and D

Question 37

The ___ of the cerebellum is responsible for regulating posture.

A)vermis
B)flocculonodular lobe
C)anterior lobe
D)posterior lobe
E)peduncles

Question 38

Hypokinesia:

A)is the development of excessive muscle tone
B)is restricted to disorders that result in hemiplegia
C)is the development of involuntary movements
D)is a type of dyskinesia

Question 39

All of the following are functions of the basal ganglia EXCEPT:

A)maintenance of ongoing movement
B)initiation of movement
C)keeping the eyes on a target when the head is in motion
D)the execution of learned motor plans
E)influencing movements related to posture

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?

A)helping to guide rapid,alternating,repetitive movements
B)assisting in maintenance of posture
C)inhibiting sensory and motor impulses
D)modulating neural function
E)All of these are functions of the cerebellum.