Deck 9: Pediatric Clinical Speech Syndromes: The Developing Brain

Question 1

Which muscles are involved in cases of childhood suprabulbar palsy?

A)trunk muscles
B)pharyngeal muscles
C)tongue muscles
D)neck muscles
E)both B and C

Answer 1

E
Suprabulbar palsy involves paresis or weakness of the oral musculature.The trunk muscles and the extremities are not compromised.This means that children with suprabulbar palsy may have both dysarthria and dysphagia.

Question 2

__ is the most common type of cerebral palsy.

A)Spasticity
B)Ataxia
C)Monoplegia
D)Anoxia
E)Athetosis

Answer 2

A
Spasticity is the most prevalent type of cerebral palsy,followed by athetosis and then ataxia.

Question 3

Cerebral palsy can be classified according to:

A)etiology
B)topologic involvement
C)motor disorders exhibited
D)All of these are classifications.

Answer 3

D
The symptoms of cerebral palsy can be quite diverse,leading to several different classifications.Cerebral palsy may be classified according to etiology,topology,or according to the predominant motor deficits.

Question 4

A child with spastic cerebral palsy would exhibit:

A)an incoordination of upper and lower extremities
B)laborious,jerky,and slow movements
C)involuntary writhing movements
D)poor balance

Question 5

A partial disturbance of the speech mechanism involving the movements of speech muscles is called:

A)anarthria
B)dysarthria
C)apraxia
D)dyskinesia

Question 6

The ___ reflex is stimulated by extending and flexing the neck.

A)positive support
B)tonic labyrinthine
C)asymmetric tonic neck
D)symmetric tonic neck
E)segmental rolling

Question 7

Regarding primitive reflexes,there is a lack of consensus on:

A)which reflexes appear during the first year of life
B)how to best stimulate the primitive reflexes
C)when to test the reflexes
D)how primitive reflexes change over time
E)both B and D

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a classification of the motor disorders typical in patients with cerebral palsy?

A)spasticity
B)ataxia
C)athetosis
D)dyskinesia

Question 9

The asymmetric tonic neck reflex:

A)can be used to differentiate spastic and athetoid cerebral palsy
B)can be used to diagnose cerebral palsy
C)is one reflex that also stimulates oral reflexes
D)indicates abnormal motor development if present in infants older than 9 months

Question 10

Speech is not typically impaired in children presenting with spastic:

A)hemiplegia
B)diplegia
C)paraplegia
D)quadriplegia

Question 11

A unilateral Galant reflex indicates:

A)spastic cerebral palsy
B)an absence of oral reflexes
C)athetoid cerebral palsy
D)an inability to right the head when the body is rotated

Question 12

The Moro reflex:

A)when persistent,is associated with cerebral palsy
B)peaks at approximately 4 months of age
C)tends to reinforce pharyngeal reflexes in children with cerebral palsy
D)when persistent,is the most significant sign of cerebral injury

Question 13

The speech-language pathologist should become familiar with primitive reflexes in order to:

A)learn how the infant can transition from the cooing stage to the babbling stage
B)determine whether there may be underlying neuropathology
C)learn how the infant's primitive reflexes will develop into normal movement patterns
D)distinguish a language deficit from a cognitive deficit
E)both B and C

Question 14

The __ reflex is associated with oral reflexes.

A)positive support
B)tonic labyrinthine
C)asymmetric tonic neck
D)symmetric tonic neck
E)segmental rolling

Question 15

Persistent primitive reflexes:

A)can be used to diagnose cerebral injury in children older than 18 months
B)are useful in early diagnosis of cerebral palsy
C)are more useful than conventional neurological signs of muscle tone to detect cerebral injury
D)influence oral and pharyngeal reflexes
E)all of the above

Question 16

__ differentiate the speech characteristics of individuals with spastic and athetoid cerebral palsy.

A)Vocal characteristics
B)Prosodic characteristics
C)Articulatory errors
D)both A and B
E)both B and C

Question 17

The ___ reflex is related to the support of erect posture.

A)positive support
B)tonic labyrinthine
C)asymmetric tonic neck
D)symmetric tonic neck
E)segmental rolling

Question 18

A child who has cerebral palsy and exhibits writhing limb movements would likely have neural damage to the:

A)pyramidal system
B)extrapyramidal system
C)cerebellar system
D)lower motor neurons

Question 19

The ___ reflex is present in almost all newborns.

A)tonic labryinthine
B)Moro
C)Galant
D)none of the above

Question 20

A "scissors gait" is characteristic of spastic:

A)hemiplegia
B)diplegia
C)paraplegia
D)quadriplegia

Question 21

Which of the following is true in regard to language development?

A)In the child,the brain increases its weight primarily through the formation of neural pathways.
B)Motor and sensory pathways develop before higher cortical pathways.
C)The central and peripheral pathways of speech and language are not fully developed until the child reaches school age.
D)The ability to imitate sounds depends solely upon the development of the auditory cortex.

Question 22

The development of oral reflexes precedes early speech postures such as babbling and cooing.

Question 23

Spontaneous feeding reaches full maturity at the age of:

A)12 months
B)18 months
C)24 months
D)36 months
E)48 months

Question 24

A reflex that persists beyond the age at which it is developmentally appropriate to disappear can indicate cerebral injury.

Question 25

The speech-language pathologist should view infantile oral reflexes:

A)as good predictors of dysarthria
B)as reliable indicators of the need for augmentative communication devices
C)as highly correlated with the severity of dysarthria in cerebral palsy
D)as essential in planning management programs in children with cerebral palsy
E)none of the above

Question 26

A child with cerebral palsy will usually exhibit symptoms characteristic of one syndrome of cerebral palsy.

Question 27

According to Locke's four-phase scheme of language development,speech and language delays can be explained by:

A)the infant's ability to orient himself or herself to faces and voices
B)the infant's ability to discriminate voices
C)an interruption in any of the four phases of language development
D)the infant's storing too many utterances used for social purposes

Question 28

Childhood apraxia of speech:

A)is associated with specific brain lesions
B)presents with symptoms resembling dysarthria
C)may delay the development of speech and language
D)is a clear-cut syndrome with well-defined patterns of treatment

Question 29

Side-to-side head turning is a characteristic of the ___ reflex.

A)rooting
B)suckling
C)swallowing
D)tongue
E)bite

Question 30

A child with pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy may eventually develop flaccid dysarthria.

Question 31

A thorough assessment of chewing and swallowing will give the speech-language pathologist an indication of the performance of muscles used for speech.

Question 32

The field of neurolinguistics:

A)has its roots in neurological motor speech disorders
B)attempts to explain how the brain processes and produces language
C)does not encompass the biologic basis of language development
D)can explain both speech and language delays
E)both B and D

Question 33

Cerebral palsy is caused by a neurological injury and the resulting disturbance on the motor system is progressive.

Question 34

The __ reflex is a protective mechanism for the esophagus.

A)suckling
B)gag
C)swallowing
D)tongue
E)bite

Question 35

Children diagnosed with a phonological disorder:

A)show impairment with the phonemic components of language
B)have difficulty with the phonetic components of speech
C)have additional neurological motor speech components
D)display difficulty in articulation
E)both A and C

Question 36

Among the feeding reflexes,the ___ reflex is one of the most important signs of neurological disorder.

A)suckling
B)gag
C)swallowing
D)tongue
E)bite

Question 37

Achievement of fluent speech:

A)is dependent upon cortical,rather than subcortical,structures
B)involves prosody,timing,and motor planning
C)is independent of emotional and cognitive cortical activities
D)involves the sequencing of words

Question 38

Placing a small bolus of food on the tongue is a way to evaluate the integrity of:

A)cranial nerve V
B)cranial nerve XII
C)the bulbar muscles
D)cranial nerves IX and X
E)all of the above

Question 39

Cranial nerve V innervates the ___ reflex.

A)rooting
B)suckling
C)swallowing
D)tongue
E)bite