Deck 24: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

When a solution has a pH of less than 7,what is its classification?

A)acid
B)base
C)neutral
D)buffer

Answer 1

acid

Question 2

Which of these gases are important in the human body?

A)nitrogen and hydrogen
B)hydrogen and carbon dioxide
C)oxygen and carbon dioxide
D)nitrogen and oxygen

Answer 2

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 3

When a client's blood pH is greater than 7.45,the client is in which of these states?

A)acidosis
B)alkalosis
C)neutral
D)buffer

Answer 3

alkalosis

Question 4

Compounds that decompose into ions in water are called:

A)isotopes
B)atoms
C)molecules
D)electrolytes

Question 5

Which of these terms describes negatively charged particles within the body?

A)anions
B)cations
C)electrolytes
D)elements

Question 6

Water composes what percentage of adult body weight?

A)10
B)25
C)45
D)60

Question 7

Which of these terms refers to electrically charged ions present in both intracellular and extracellular fluids?

A)electrolytes
B)molecules
C)particles
D)solutes

Question 8

The nurse is aware that which of the following results when a decreased concentration of hydrogen ions occurs within body fluids?

A)They become acidic.
B)They become alkaline.
C)Carbon ions are retained.
D)Oxygen ions are released into the blood.

Question 9

Which of these terms describes a substance that when dissociated produces ions that will combine with hydrogen ions?

A)acid
B)base
C)salt
D)buffer

Question 10

Which of these terms describes a substance that in solution yields hydrogen ions with a positive charge?

A)acid
B)base
C)salt
D)buffer

Question 11

A client's blood pH is 7.5.The nurse should recognize that this is considered to be:

A)critically decreased,in need of immediate intervention
B)decreased
C)normal
D)slightly increased

Question 12

Identify which of these processes is used by sodium to control the body's fluid balance?

A)active transport
B)diffusion
C)filtration
D)osmosis

Question 13

Identify which of these elements determines pH range within the body's internal environment?

A)bicarbonate
B)carbon dioxide
C)hydrogen
D)oxygen

Question 14

Which of these buffer systems normally buffers organic acids found in body fluids?

A)bicarbonate
B)phosphate
C)protein
D)neutral

Question 15

When an acid and a base react with each other,which substance is formed?

A)atom
B)ion
C)salt
D)buffer

Question 16

The nurse is aware that which of the following results when an increased concentration of hydrogen ions occurs within body fluids?

A)They become acidic.
B)They become alkaline.
C)Oxygen ions are released into the blood.
D)Carbon ions are retained.

Question 17

The smallest unit of chemical structure that cannot be altered by chemical change is called:

A)an element
B)an atom
C)a molecule
D)a compound

Question 18

Which of these terms refers to the maintenance of the body's internal environment within narrow limits?

A)homeostasis
B)osmosis
C)diffusion
D)elimination

Question 19

A nurse is caring for a newborn infant and must be aware that what percentage BEST describes the newborn's weight that is composed of water?

A)35%
B)50%
C)77%
D)90%

Question 20

Which of these terms describes the movement of water through a semipermeable or selectively permeable membrane to equalize the concentration of salts or other solutes?

A)active transport
B)diffusion
C)filtration
D)osmosis

Question 21

What is the name of the process where pressure is exerted against the cell membrane by water inside the cell?

A)cell pressure
B)isotonic pressure
C)osmotic pressure
D)hydrostatic pressure

Question 22

The movement of both water and substances as a result of hydrostatic pressure is called:

A)active transport
B)diffusion
C)filtration
D)osmosis

Question 23

Which of these body fluid compartments contains the largest amount of water in the body?

A)intravascular
B)interstitial
C)intracellular
D)extracellular

Question 24

When fluid accumulates in tissue spaces,the resulting condition is called

A)edema
B)dehydration
C)decompartmentalization
D)fluid insufficiency

Question 25

Increased sodium intake,decreased sodium loss,or excessive water loss can lead to which of these disturbances?

A)hypernatremia
B)hyponatremia
C)metabolic acidosis
D)respiratory alkalosis

Question 26

Which of these elements is the major electrolyte in intracellular fluid?

A)chloride
B)magnesium
C)potassium
D)sodium

Question 27

How does active cell transport occur?

A)Carrier molecules latch onto specific molecules,and transport them in or out of the cell.
B)Fluids and substances are forced through cell membranes by hydrostatic pressure.
C)Isotonic solutions move substances in and out of the cell.
D)Kinetic energy causes molecules to be in constant motion in and out of the cell.

Question 28

When a client's sodium level is low,which of the following occurs?

A)Bicarbonate ions move into the intracellular compartment.
B)Chloride level is unchanged.
C)Chloride level is low.
D)Kidneys secrete bicarbonate ions.

Question 29

The process by which substances can pass through the cell membrane without energy expenditure on the part of the cell is called:

A)active transport
B)passive transport
C)permeability
D)dialysis

Question 30

The nurse is monitoring the intake and output of a client.The nurse is aware that the average adult loses how many milliliters of fluid daily?

A)1,000
B)1,800
C)2,500
D)3,600

Question 31

Which of these processes is an example of passive transport?

A)diffusion
B)buffering
C)integration
D)configuration

Question 32

Which of these terms describes any solution put into the body with the same osmolality as blood plasma?

A)hypertonic
B)hypotonic
C)ionic
D)isotonic

Question 33

The nurse is aware that to maintain fluid balance between the intracellular and extracellular compartments:

A)there is a constant exchange of water between the compartments
B)the hypothalamus sends each compartment messages regarding the need for retaining or releasing fluid to the cells
C)the kidneys retain and excrete fluid as needed for fluid balance
D)the lymph nodes throughout the body regulate fluid balance

Question 34

The osmolality of a solution is determined by which of these?

A)density of molecules in water
B)number of molecules in water
C)percentage of molecules in water
D)weight of molecules in water

Question 35

A solution with more molecules in solutions than in blood plasma is called:

A)hypertonic
B)hypotonic
C)ionic
D)isotonic

Question 36

Which of these organs plays the major role in maintaining the body's fluid and electrolyte balance?

A)kidneys
B)colon
C)lungs
D)skin

Question 37

The nurse is aware that in an effort to increase reabsorption of water in the distal renal tubules,the body will signal the posterior pituitary gland to secrete which hormone?

A)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B)aldosterone
C)glucocorticoids
D)parathyroid hormone

Question 38

The nurse is caring for a client with hyponatremia.When reviewing the client's health history,the nurse can identify the condition is the result of:

A)eating foods high in sodium
B)nasal suctioning
C)prolonged vomiting or diarrhea
D)dehydration

Question 39

The movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached is called:

A)active transport
B)diffusion
C)filtration
D)osmosis

Question 40

The movement of substances across cell membranes using chemical energy and carrier molecules is called:

A)active transport
B)diffusion
C)filtration
D)osmosis

Question 41

The nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of an assigned client.The nurse recognizes the normal value for adult total serum calcium is:

A)less than 4.5 mg/dL
B)4.5 to 5.6 mg/dL
C)5.7 to 8.4 mg/dL
D)8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL

Question 42

Potassium is mainly excreted by which of these organs?

A)kidneys
B)liver
C)respiratory system
D)skin

Question 43

A client has an elevated total serum calcium level.Which of these health problems may have contributed to this disturbance?

A)cardiovascular disease
B)excess intake of antacids
C)hypothyroidism
D)kidney failure

Question 44

The nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of an assigned client.The nurse recognizes the normal value of ionized serum calcium for adults is:

A)less than 4.5 mEq/L
B)4.5 to 5.6 mEq/L
C)5.7 to 9.0 mEq/L
D)9.1 to 10.5 mEq/L

Question 45

What is the normal range of adult serum phosphate levels?

A)1.5 to 2.0 mg/dL
B)2.5 to 2.9 mg/dL
C)1.7 to 2.6 mg/dL
D)3.5 to 5.5 mg/dL

Question 46

Where is phosphate mostly found in the body?

A)blood,plasma,and lymph
B)bone and teeth
C)cardiac muscle
D)smooth muscle and nerve tissue

Question 47

What is a major function of potassium within the body?

A)maintaining normal nerve and muscle activity
B)regulating cardiac enzymes
C)regulating kidney function
D)stimulating the excretion or retention of chloride

Question 48

A person who has a serum potassium level of 6.5 mEq/L has which of these conditions:

A)hyperkalemia
B)hyperpotassemia
C)hypokalemia
D)normal serum potassium level

Question 49

The client states his serum magnesium level is finally normal.The nurse identifies the client's normal value range as:

A)1.2 to 1.5 mEq/L
B)1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L
C)2.7 to 4.0 mEq/L
D)4.1 to 6.0 mEq/L

Question 50

A client is taking medications that include digoxin,baby aspirin,K-Dur,and Lasix.The client complains of muscle cramps and facial tics.The nurse discovers the client has positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs,has hypotension,and is confused.If the client is exhibiting signs of hypomagnesemia,which of these findings would the nurse also expect the client to exhibit?

A)elevated serum calcium and potassium levels
B)decreased serum calcium and potassium levels
C)impaired acid-base balance
D)bradycardia and cardiac dysryhthmias

Question 51

Where is most magnesium found in the body?

A)bones,teeth,and smooth,skeletal and cardiac muscle
B)intracellular fluid,bones,muscle,and soft tissue combined with calcium and phosphorus
C)intravascular fluids such as blood,plasma,and lymph
D)extracellular fluid,a part of the neuromuscular transmitter system

Question 52

A client's calcium level is 9.5 mg/dL.A nurse would expect the client's phosphate level to be:

A)high
B)the same as the calcium level
C)low
D)normal

Question 53

Which of these substances is required for calcium absorption within the gastrointestinal (GI)tract?

A)albumin
B)glucose
C)triglycerides
D)vitamin D

Question 54

What term refers to the condition in which a person has a potassium level of less than 3.5 mEq/L?

A)hyperkalemia
B)hypernatremia
C)hypokalemia
D)hyponatremia

Question 55

Decreased magnesium levels can be associated with which of the following?

A)chronic alcoholism
B)renal failure
C)Addison's disease
D)uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

Question 56

Which of the following may contribute to the development of hypermagnesemia?

A)uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
B)metastatic bone tumors
C)respiratory failure
D)alcoholism

Question 57

When caring for a client with hypomagnesemia,the nurse should also expect which of these lab results?

A)decreased levels of calcium and potassium
B)decreased levels of phosphorus and sodium
C)increased levels of calcium and potassium
D)increased levels of phosphorus and sodium

Question 58

A client's magnesium level is 0.9 mEq/L.A nurse would expect the client's calcium and potassium levels to be:

A)elevated
B)the same as the magnesium level
C)decreased
D)normal

Question 59

Hypermagnesemia is defined as a serum magnesium level of how many mEq/L?

A)less than 1.5 mEq/L
B)1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L
C)3.0 to 4.9 mEq/L
D)greater than 2.5 mEq/L

Question 60

Calcium plays an essential role in which of these processes?

A)vitamin B absorption
B)muscle strength
C)digestion
D)blood clotting

Question 61

The nurse is caring for a client with a diagnosis of pneumonia.The client's arterial blood gas results indicate a pH of 7.32 and a pCO? of 32 mmHg.The nurse determines that these results indicate which of the following condition?

A)metabolic acidosis
B)metabolic alkalosis
C)respiratory alkalosis
D)respiratory acidosis

Question 62

Which of these conditions results from a decreased level of carbonic acid from hyperventilation?

A)metabolic acidosis
B)metabolic alkalosis
C)respiratory acidosis
D)respiratory alkalosis

Question 63

The client with a history of hypertension is taking furosemide (Lasix).The nurse reviews the client's serum potassium levels and would report which of the following before administering the dose of furosemide?

A)3.2 mEq/L
B)3.8 mEq/L
C)4.2 mEq/L
D)4.8 mEq/L

Question 64

The physician requires more information on the client's acid-base balance.The nurse anticipates the physician ordering which lab test to measure acid-base balance?

A)arterial blood gases (ABG)
B)serum carbon-dioxide level
C)serum hydrogen level
D)serum oxygen level

Question 65

A client has had blood drawn for determination of serum electrolyte levels.The nurse identifies which of the following as an abnormal value?

A)sodium,148 mEq/L
B)potassium,3.8 mEq/L
C)calcium,95 mg/dL
D)bicarbonate,26 mEq/L

Question 66

The nurse is caring for a client experiencing respiratory alkalosis.Which of these conditions is a causative agent?

A)pneumonia
B)brain injury
C)anxiety
D)emphysema

Question 67

The client is experiencing an increase in carbonic acid due to the failure of the lungs to adequately eliminate carbon dioxide,which results in:

A)metabolic acidosis
B)metabolic alkalosis
C)respiratory acidosis
D)respiratory alkalosis

Question 68

When caring for a client with a chloride level of 120 mEq/L,the nurse would expect the client's sodium level to be:

A)elevated
B)the same as the chloride level
C)decreased
D)normal

Question 69

An increase in bicarbonate or a decrease in hydrogen ion concentration in a client results in which of these conditions?

A)metabolic acidosis
B)metabolic alkalosis
C)respiratory acidosis
D)respiratory alkalosis

Question 70

The nurse is caring for a client experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis and notes that the client is exhibiting Kussmaul's respirations.Based on this information,which of the following would the nurse MOST likely have observed?

A)respirations that are abnormally deep,regular,and increased in rate
B)respirations that are regular but abnormally slow
C)respirations that are labored and increased in depth and rate
D)respirations that cease for several seconds

Question 71

Which of these body systems regulate acid-base balance within the body?

A)central nervous system and lymphatic system
B)heart and lungs
C)integumentary system and lungs
D)lungs and kidneys

Question 72

When caring for a client with a phosphate level of 4.7 mg/dL,the nurse would expect the client's calcium level to be:

A)elevated
B)equal to the phosphate level
C)decreased
D)normal

Question 73

The nurse knows that if a client is retaining too much hydrogen or losing too much bicarbonate,it can result in which of these conditions?

A)metabolic acidosis
B)metabolic alkalosis
C)respiratory acidosis
D)respiratory alkalosis

Question 74

The nurse who is caring for a client with a diagnosis of cirrhosis suspects fluid volume excess.The client is experiencing dyspnea,and a respiratory rate of 32,and crackles are heard on the auscultation of the lungs.If a fluid volume excess is present,what additional findings would the nurse expect to note in this client?

A)flat hand and neck veins
B)weak and thready pulse
C)elevated blood pressure
D)increased urine output

Question 75

Chloride is mainly excreted by which body system?

A)kidneys
B)liver
C)respiratory
D)skin

Question 76

Which organ regulates the amount of carbon dioxide circulating in the blood?

A)blood
B)kidneys
C)lungs
D)pancreas

Question 77

A nurse is providing care for a client with Guillain-Barré syndrome.The nurse reviews the results of the arterial blood gases and determines the client is experiencing respiratory acidosis.The nurse would expect to find which of the following on the laboratory results?

A)pH 7.40,pCO2 56 mmHg
B)pH 7.35,pCO2 42 mmHg
C)pH 7.25,pCO2 58 mmHg
D)pH 7.50,pCO2 28 mmHg

Question 78

The nurse is caring for a client with respiratory alkalosis.Arterial blood gas results indicate a pH of 7.58 and a pCO? of 28 mmHg.Which of the following additional laboratory values would the nurse would also expect to find?

A)sodium level,145 mEq/L
B)potassium level,3.2 mEq/L
C)magnesium level,2.4 mg/dL
D)phosphorus level,4.0 mg/dL

Question 79

The nurse is caring for a client experiencing metabolic alkalosis.Which of these conditions may cause this?

A)overly vigorous mechanical ventilation
B)hyperkalemia
C)prolonged nasogastric suctioning
D)pain

Question 80

The nurse is caring for a client with a critically high potassium level.The client has received sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate).The nurse determines the medication's effectiveness if the client's repeat serum potassium level is:

A)6.2 mEq/L
B)5.8 meq/L
C)5.5 mEq/L
D)4.9 mEq/L