Deck 25: Endocrine Regulation

Question 1

When a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect, the phenomenon is called:

A) synergism.
B) permissiveness.
C) antagonism.
D) augmentation.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are:

A) rapid to appear but short-lived.
B) slow to appear but long-lasting.
C) rapid to appear and long-lasting.
D) slow to appear and short-lived.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Tropic hormones:

A) target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion.
B) target reproductive tissues.
C) stimulate anabolism in their target cells.
D) do all of the above.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

All of the following are nonsteroid hormones except:

A) oxytocin.
B) calcitonin.
C) cortisol.
D) glucagon.

Question 5

All of the following are true statements except:

A) there are at least 16 different prostaglandins.
B) the first prostaglandin was identified in semen.
C) aspirin produces some of its effects by increasing PGE synthesis.
D) PGFs have been used to induce labor and accelerate the delivery of a baby.

Question 6

Which of the following endocrine glands is located in the neck?

A) Pineal
B) Pituitary
C) Thymus
D) Thyroid

Question 7

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system?

A) Chemical messenger travels a short distance.
B) Effector tissues include virtually all tissues.
C) Receptors are located on the plasma membrane or within the target cell.
D) All of the above are characteristics of the endocrine system.

Question 8

Endocrine glands can be made up of:

A) glandular epithelium.
B) neurosecretory tissue.
C) ducts leading to major arteries
D) both A and B.

Question 9

Hormones can be:

A) steroids.
B) peptides.
C) glycoproteins.
D) all of the above.

Question 10

The compound that is referred to as a tissue hormone is:

A) growth hormone.
B) prostaglandin.
C) adrenocorticotropic hormone.
D) thyroxine.

Question 11

Which of the following nonsteroid hormones bind to receptors associated with a DNA molecule within the nucleus of the target cell?

A) Thyroxine
B) Triiodothyronine
C) Prolactin
D) Both A and B

Question 12

The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is:

A) joining with the G protein on the cell membrane.
B) protein kinases activate other enzymes.
C) adenyl cyclase is activated.
D) cAMP is formed.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Both the nervous system and endocrine system use chemicals to send messages.
B) For the nervous and endocrine systems to function, the receiving cells must have the correct type of receptors.
C) Cells can have receptors for hormones or for neurotransmitters but not for both.
D) The nervous and endocrine systems can be seen as one system-the neuroendocrine system.

Question 14

Which of the following is not true of steroid hormones?

A) They are lipid-soluble.
B) They are derived from a fatty acid molecule.
C) They can pass through the cell membrane.
D) All of the above are true about steroid hormones.

Question 15

The many hormones secreted by endocrine tissues can be classified simply as _____ hormones.

A) steroid or nonsteroid
B) anabolic or catabolic
C) sex or nonsex
D) tropic or hypotropic

Question 16

Which of the following is not a description of hormone interaction explained in the text?

A) Suppression
B) Antagonism
C) Synergism
D) Permissiveness

Question 17

Steroids are able to pass easily through a target cell's plasma membrane because they are:

A) synthesized from amino acids.
B) synthesized from carbohydrates.
C) lipid-soluble.
D) synthesized from nucleic acids.

Question 18

The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the:

A) anterior pituitary.
B) posterior pituitary.
C) thyroid gland.
D) parathyroid gland.

Question 19

The type(s) of prostaglandin that play(s) a role in the development of a fever is(are):

A) PGA.
B) PGE.
C) PGF.
D) PGA and PGE.

Question 20

The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the:

A) formation of cAMP.
B) increase of enzyme-controlled intracellular reactions.
C) transcription of RNA.
D) activation of adenyl cyclase.

Question 21

Endocrine glands release their hormones into ducts that eventually empty into the circulatory system.

Question 22

Which of the following does not act as a second messenger for nonsteroid hormones?

A) Inositol triphosphate
B) Guanosine monophosphate
C) Calcium-calmodulin complex
D) All of the above act as second messengers.

Question 23

Synergism in hormone activity can be defined as:

A) one hormone causing the opposite effect of another hormone.
B) two hormones working together to enhance each other's impact on a target cell.
C) a small amount of one hormone allowing another hormone to have its full effect.
D) none of the above; hormones do not work synergistically.

Question 24

All nonsteroid hormones operate according to the second-messenger model.

Question 25

When a hormone attaches to a target cell, which of the following can occur?

A) It can initiate protein synthesis.
B) It can open or close ion channels.
C) It can activate certain enzymes in the cell.
D) All of the above can occur.

Question 26

Which of the following is not true of prostaglandins?

A) Contain a 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid chain
B) Contain a 5-carbon ring
C) Made from membrane phospholipid molecules
D) All of the above are true of prostaglandins.

Question 27

Which of the following is not a peptide hormone?

A) Oxytocin
B) Insulin
C) Antidiuretic hormone
D) All of the above are peptide hormones.

Question 28

Both the endocrine and nervous systems exhibit control via regulatory feedback loops.

Question 29

The term downregulation refers to the:

A) decrease in hormone production as we age.
B) negative-feedback system of hormone regulation.
C) reduction of the number of hormone receptors in a cell.
D) movement of regulating hormones from the hypothalamus down to the pituitary gland.

Question 30

The endocrine system can regulate most cells in the body.

Question 31

Hormones that regulate activity in the secreting cell itself are called:

A) prostaglandins.
B) paracrine hormones.
C) autocrine hormones.
D) leukotriene hormones.

Question 32

The general effect of hormones is to produce regulatory changes within the target cell.

Question 33

Which of the following is not a protein hormone?

A) Oxytocin
B) Insulin
C) Parathyroid hormone
D) All of the above are protein hormones.

Question 34

Which of the following is not a chemical classification of hormones?

A) Steroid
B) Anabolic
C) Tropic
D) Neither B nor C is a chemical classification of hormones.

Question 35

One of the later effects of steroid hormones on the cell could be the:

A) transcription of RNA.
B) making of enzymes.
C) formation of cAMP.
D) activation of kinases.

Question 36

Which of the following is not an amino acid derivative hormone?

A) Epinephrine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Thyroid hormones
D) All of the above are amino acid derivative hormones.

Question 37

Which of the following is not a functional classification of hormones?

A) Steroid
B) Tropic
C) Anabolic
D) Neither A nor B is a functional classification of hormones.

Question 38

Which of the following is not a source of nonsteroid hormones?

A) Cholesterol
B) Protein
C) Protein joined with a carbohydrate
D) Individual amino acids

Question 39

Most hormones are highly specific in their action.

Question 40

The common molecule from which all steroid hormones are derived is:

A) phospholipids.
B) cholesterol.
C) lecithin.
D) triglycerols.

Question 41

The amino acid tyrosine is used to produce epinephrine and the hormones made in the thymus gland.

Question 42

Protein hormones, glycoprotein hormones, and peptide hormones all contain amino acids.

Question 43

Hormones that are antagonistic to each other are able to "fine-tune" the activity of the target cell with great accuracy.

Question 44

The control of hormone secretion is usually a positive-feedback loop.

Question 45

Steroid hormones frequently travel in the bloodstream attached to soluble plasma proteins.

Question 46

Both steroid and nonsteroid hormones produce their effects by increasing the number of enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions.

Question 47

Input from the nervous system influences secretion of some hormones.

Question 48

Chemically, steroid hormones are derived from the cholesterol molecule.

Question 49

In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are rapidly apparent, but short-lived.

Question 50

Short feedback loops tend to minimize wide fluctuations in hormone secretion rates.

Question 51

The endocrine system functions at a much greater speed than the nervous system.

Question 52

Hormones are synergistic if they have opposite effects on the target cell.

Question 53

The anterior pituitary gland can be either stimulated to release hormones or inhibited from releasing hormones by secretions from the hypothalamus.

Question 54

The endocrine system is considered a very efficient system, because virtually every hormone molecule produced finds its target cell receptor.

Question 55

The "lock-and-key" mechanism allows hormones to bind only with target cells that have receptors that "fit" them exactly.

Question 56

The most widely used method of hormone classification is by location in the body.

Question 57

The chemical messengers of the endocrine system are neurotransmitters.

Question 58

The specific role of cAMP is to activate kinases.

Question 59

Hormones can be classified based on their chemical structure or their function.

Question 60

Norepinephrine can be considered a neurotransmitter or a hormone, depending on what releases it and how far it must travel to reach a receptor.

Question 61

Most cells in the body can respond to many different types of hormones.

Question 62

In areas of the body where circulation is poor, hormones are carried by small ducts called hormone channels.

Question 63

Thromboxanes and leukotrienes can be called tissue hormones.

Question 64

The cAMP system, the inositol triphosphate (IP₃) system, and the mobile-receptor system are second-messenger systems used by nonsteroid hormones.

Question 65

Prostaglandins are lipid substances derived from cholesterol.

Question 66

Autocrine hormones have to travel farther to reach their target cell than do paracrine hormones.

Question 67

The fixed-membrane-receptor model is used in describing the action of nonsteroid hormones.

Question 68

Both synergism and permissiveness can increase the effect of a hormone.

Question 69

The target organs for tropic hormones are usually other endocrine glands.

Question 70

Upregulating and downregulating hormone receptor proteins on the membrane of a target cell will change its sensitivity to a hormone.

Question 71

In terms of affecting hormone action, synergism and permissiveness mean the same thing.

Question 72

The name prostaglandin comes from the prostate gland.

Question 73

Two specific prostaglandins are thromboxanes and leukotrienes.

Question 74

The nuclear-receptor model is used in describing the action of steroid hormones.

Question 75

Cells make prostaglandins by breaking apart triglyceride molecules.

Question 76

Aspirin and ibuprofen produce some of their effects by inhibiting PGA synthesis.

Question 77

Both the endocrine system and nervous system are important in regulation of body function.

Question 78

If the cellular response to a hormone caused an increase in RNA synthesis, the hormone most likely was a steroid hormone.

Question 79

If a small amount of hormone produced a disproportionately great response in a cell, the hormone was most likely a nonsteroid hormone.

Question 80

Protein hormones that contain lipid molecules can be classified as glycoprotein hormones.