Deck 26: Endocrine Glands

Question 1

The vascular link between the hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis is called the:

A) circulatory system.
B) hypophyseal portal system.
C) vascular system.
D) releasing-inhibiting connection.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The principal thyroid hormone is:

A) tetraiodothyronine (T₄ or thyroxine).
B) triiodothyronine (T₃).
C) calcitonin.
D) PTH.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is not true of glucocorticoids?

A) Stress causes their release.
B) They cause an increase in the body's defense mechanisms.
C) They stimulate gluconeogenesis.
D) They are hyperglycemic.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The structure referred to historically as the master gland is the:

A) pituitary.
B) adrenals.
C) hypothalamus.
D) thyroid.

Question 5

The neurohypophysis serves as a storage and release site for:

A) ADH.
B) oxytocin.
C) prolactin.
D) both A and B.

Question 6

Calcitonin:

A) decreases calcium storage in bones.
B) raises blood calcium levels.
C) has the opposite effect of parathyroid hormone.
D) reveals thyroid functioning in the protein-bound iodine (PBI) test.

Question 7

Prolactin affects:

A) the adrenal cortex.
B) body growth.
C) skin color.
D) milk secretion.

Question 8

The hormone most likely to cause a shift from glucose catabolism to fat catabolism is:

A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
B) TSH.
C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
D) somatotropin.

Question 9

An abnormally high metabolic rate could be associated with the functioning of the:

A) thyroid gland.
B) parathyroid gland.
C) posterior pituitary.
D) thymus.

Question 10

The hormone that causes ejection of milk into the mammary ducts is:

A) prolactin.
B) estrogen.
C) oxytocin.
D) progesterone.

Question 11

Which of the following depends on maintaining normal levels of calcium in the blood?

A) Blood clotting
B) Cell membrane
C) Neuromuscular excitability
D) All of the above

Question 12

Growth of the ovarian follicle occurs because of:

A) LH.
B) estrogen.
C) progesterone.
D) FSH.

Question 13

Gonadotrophs secrete:

A) GH.
B) LH and FSH.
C) TSH.
D) prolactin.

Question 14

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases calcium absorption in the intestines by activating:

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin C.
C) vitamin D.
D) iron.

Question 15

Which hormones are produced by the hypothalamus to control the adenohypophysis?

A) Tropic hormones
B) Releasing hormones
C) Melanocyte-stimulating hormones
D) Basophils

Question 16

The first step in the renin-angiotensin mechanism is:

A) angiotensin II circulates to the adrenal cortex, stimulating the secretion of aldosterone.
B) renin causes angiotensinogen to be converted to angiotensin I.
C) the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin into the blood in response to a fall in the blood pressure within the kidney.
D) aldosterone causes increased reabsorption of sodium, which causes increased water retention.

Question 17

The mineralocorticoids of the adrenal cortex regulate or influence _____ balance.

A) calcium and sodium
B) sodium and chloride
C) sodium, potassium, and hydrogen
D) hydrogen and oxygen

Question 18

The hypothalamus produces:

A) somatotropin.
B) oxytocin.
C) lactogenic hormone.
D) melanocyte-stimulating hormone.

Question 19

The principal action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone is stimulating the:

A) release of ACTH.
B) secretion of growth hormone.
C) release of TSH.
D) release of FSH and LH.

Question 20

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the basophils?

A) Prolactin
B) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 21

Insulin and glucagon affect the body's use of:

A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) glucose.
D) calcium.

Question 22

Insulin:

A) tends to lower blood concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.
B) promotes metabolism of glucose by tissue cells.
C) is produced by beta cells.
D) All of the above are true of insulin.

Question 23

The target cells for ADH are found in the:

A) kidney.
B) muscles in the walls of arteries.
C) osteoblasts in the bone.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 24

The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is:

A) progesterone.
B) estrogen.
C) LTH.
D) chorionic gonadotropin.

Question 25

Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions?

A) Oxytocin
B) FSH
C) LH
D) Both B and C

Question 26

The adrenal medulla secretes:

A) ACTH.
B) cortisol.
C) epinephrine.
D) glucagon.

Question 27

Secretion of _____ is controlled mainly by the renin-angiotensin mechanism and blood potassium concentration.

A) aldosterone
B) cortisol
C) adrenal estrogens
D) norepinephrine

Question 28

High levels of hCG in the body would indicate:

A) the production of thyroid hormone needs to be increased.
B) there was too much calcium in the blood.
C) a pregnancy.
D) the glucose concentration of the blood was too low.

Question 29

The structure in the body that provides the "mind-body" link is the:

A) anterior pituitary gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) posterior pituitary gland.
D) pineal gland.

Question 30

Thymosin is a hormone that plays a role in:

A) the rate of metabolism.
B) body growth.
C) immunity.
D) maintaining early pregnancy.

Question 31

The gland that serves in both an exocrine and an endocrine capacity is the:

A) pituitary.
B) pancreas.
C) adrenal.
D) ovary.

Question 32

The type of cells that secrete ACTH are:

A) somatotrophs.
B) lactotrophs.
C) thyrotrophs.
D) corticotrophs.

Question 33

One of the few hormones that functions on a positive-feedback loop is:

A) ADH.
B) calcitonin.
C) oxytocin.
D) insulin.

Question 34

Which is not part of the pituitary gland?

A) Sella turcica
B) Infundibulum
C) Adenohypophysis
D) Neurohypophysis

Question 35

Which of the following is a function of glucagon?

A) Promotes the entry of glucose into tissue cells
B) Tends to decrease blood glucose concentrations
C) Tends to increase blood glucose concentrations
D) Converts glucose into glycogen

Question 36

High blood levels of ADH would be found in someone who has:

A) just eaten a meal high in sugar or other carbohydrates.
B) been working in high temperatures and is dehydrated.
C) a high level of calcium in the blood.
D) a low level of calcium in the blood.

Question 37

Mineralocorticoids are released from which part of the adrenal gland?

A) Zona fasciculata
B) Zona reticularis
C) Zona glomerulosa
D) Adrenal medulla

Question 38

Which of the following is true of T₄?

A) It contains three atoms of iodine.
B) It binds more efficiently to target cell receptors than does T₃.
C) It is a prohormone for T₃.
D) All of the above are true of T₄.

Question 39

Release of PTH in the body would cause a(n):

A) increase in blood calcium.
B) decrease in blood phosphate.
C) decrease in vitamin D production.
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 40

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the:

A) testes.
B) ovaries.
C) heart.
D) placenta.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is not true of the pineal gland?

A) It is located on the dorsal aspect of the diencephalon.
B) Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight.
C) It produces melatonin.
D) All of the above are true of the pineal gland.

Question 42

Most hormones released by the hypothalamus enter the hypophyseal portal system.

Question 43

A major function of the pineal gland is the development of the lymphatic system.

Question 44

Growth hormone indirectly increases glucose metabolism.

Question 45

Thyroid hormone stimulates growth and tissue differentiation.

Question 46

When the amount of ADH increases, the body tries to get rid of excess fluid and the volume of urine increases.

Question 47

Calcitonin decreases calcium storage in bones, thereby raising blood calcium levels.

Question 48

Gonadocorticoids are released by which part of the adrenal gland?

A) Zona glomerulosa
B) Zona fasciculata
C) Zona reticularis
D) Adrenal medulla

Question 49

Specific chemical-releasing factors made in the adenohypophysis are responsible for the release of ADH and oxytocin into the blood.

Question 50

Under stress conditions, the hypothalamus is a "go between," linking the cerebrum and the pituitary.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is not true of the thyroid gland?

A) It usually consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus.
B) It is located in the mediastinum in the chest.
C) It contains a protein-iodine complex called thyroglobulin.
D) All of the above are true of the thyroid gland.

Question 52

Glucocorticoids are released by which part of the adrenal glands?

A) Zona glomerulosa
B) Zona fasciculata
C) Zona reticularis
D) Both B and C

Question 53

The thyroid gland is the only endocrine organ that stores its hormones in another form for later release.

Question 54

The pineal gland functions to support the body's biological clock.

Question 55

FSH and LH are called gonadotropins because they stimulate the growth and maintenance of the gonads.

Question 56

Tropic hormones tend to have a generalized effect on the body.

Question 57

The neurohypophysis is another name for the anterior pituitary.

Question 58

Which is not true about the testes?

A) They are composed mainly of sperm-producing seminiferous tubules.
B) Interstitial cells produce testosterone.
C) Testosterone is regulated mostly by LH.
D) All of the above are true of the testes.

Question 59

Which is not true of the hormone somatostatin?

A) It is produced by the delta cells of the pancreas.
B) It inhibits the secretion of glucagon.
C) It stimulates the secretion of insulin.
D) Both B and C are not true of the hormone somatostatin.

Question 60

Calcitonin is a hypercalcemic hormone.

Question 61

The center of the adrenal gland is the cortex.

Question 62

Aldosterone secretion is controlled mainly by the renin-angiotensin mechanism and by the blood potassium concentration.

Question 63

Glucagon is secreted by the beta cells in the pancreatic islets.

Question 64

Parathyroid hormone causes the kidney to retain calcium and excrete phosphate.

Question 65

Norepinephrine accounts for about 80% of adrenal medulla secretions.

Question 66

Diabetics produce an excessive amount of insulin.

Question 67

Glucocorticoids are essential for maintaining a normal blood pressure.

Question 68

Insulin lowers blood concentrations of glucose.

Question 69

Some of the effects of aldosterone are water retention and increased blood pressure.

Question 70

Aldosterone influences the kidney tubules to retain sodium and potassium ions.

Question 71

Insulin and glucagon exert antagonistic effects on blood levels of glucose.

Question 72

Sex hormones are produced by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands.

Question 73

Cortisone is the only glucocorticoid that is secreted in significant quantities.

Question 74

Unlike thyroid hormone, calcitonin is said to have a "general" target.

Question 75

The major mineralocorticoid is aldosterone.

Question 76

An excess of parathyroid hormone can cause increased ossification of bone tissue.

Question 77

The tissue of the pancreas is made up of both endocrine and exocrine tissues.

Question 78

Hypercalcemia may be a cause of muscle spasms.

Question 79

The renin-angiotensin mechanism is a negative-feedback mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis of blood pressure.

Question 80

Both epinephrine and norepinephrine can bind to sympathetic effectors to prolong and enhance the effects of the autonomic nervous system.