Deck 10: Memory

Question 1

Which of the following tests for recall?

A) matching questions
B) true-false questions
C) multiple-choice questions
D) essay questions

Answer 1

essay questions

Question 2

Most, though not all, researchers believe that ________ is the process underlying many, if not all, forms of learning and memory.

A) consolidation
B) parallel processing
C) long-term potentiation
D) sequential processing

Answer 2

long-term potentiation

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a type of long-term memory?

A) semantic memory
B) episodic memory
C) procedural memory
D) working memory

Answer 3

working memory

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT related to errors in eyewitness testimony?

A) The ethnicity of the suspect differs from that of the witness.
B) The witness is not very confident about his or her recollection.
C) Leading questions and suggestive comments are made in interviews of the witness.
D) Misleading information is presented to the witness.

Question 5

The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event elsewhere is:

A) confabulation.
B) source misattribution.
C) false memory.
D) repression.

Question 6

In work with rabbits, Richard Thompson showed that one type of procedural memory, classical conditioning of an eye blink response, depends on activity in the:

A) frontal lobes.
B) amygdala.
C) hippocampus.
D) cerebellum.

Question 7

The ________ model represents information as flowing from one system to another.

A) three-box
B) connectionist
C) PDP
D) consolidation

Question 8

________ is defined as conscious, intentional recollection of an event or an item of information.

A) Recall
B) Recognition
C) Explicit memory
D) Implicit memory

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation of childhood amnesia according to the text?

A) The areas of the brain involved in memory are not fully developed in early childhood.
B) The young child lacks a sense of self.
C) The young child's busy routine does not allow them time to think about and encode his or her experiences.
D) The young child's limited vocabulary results in impoverished encoding.

Question 10

In the three-box model of memory, ________ holds information temporarily for up to about 30 seconds.

A) the sensory register
B) short-term memory
C) working memory
D) long-term memory

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a way in which information is organized in long-term memory?

A) semantic categories
B) look or sound of a word
C) familiarity
D) uniqueness

Question 12

________ memory refers to recollection of a personally experienced event and the context in which it occurred.

A) Semantic
B) Declarative
C) Flashbulb
D) Episodic

Question 13

In the three-box model of memory, ________ has a capacity of seven-plus or minus-two chunks of information.

A) the sensory register
B) short-term memory
C) working memory
D) long-term memory

Question 14

The ________ model represents the contents of memory as connections among a huge number of interacting processing units.

A) three-box
B) PDP
C) parallel
D) sequential

Question 15

The T-O-T phenomena can best be explained by the ________ theory of forgetting.

A) replacement
B) decay
C) interference
D) cue-dependent

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a circumstance that contributes to confabulation?

A) The image of the event contains many details.
B) The event is easy to imagine.
C) You have thought about the event many times.
D) You focus on your emotional reactions to the event rather than on the event itself.

Question 17

________ memory refers to a vivid, detailed recollection of an emotional event.

A) Semantic
B) Declarative
C) Flashbulb
D) Episodic

Question 18

Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened is ________.

A) confabulation
B) source confusion
C) false memory
D) repression

Question 19

The ________ theory of forgetting proposes that memory fades with time and lack of use.

A) replacement
B) decay
C) interference
D) cue-dependent

Question 20

The ________ theory of forgetting proposes the idea that new information entering memory can cause older information to be erased.

A) replacement
B) decay
C) interference
D) cue-dependent

Question 21

Confabulations are especially likely to occur in all the circumstances listed below EXCEPT:

A) when the imagined event contains a lot of details.
B) when it takes little effort to form an image of the event.
C) when the imagined event is one that you often think about.
D) Emotion is not related to accuracy.

Question 22

Eyewitness testimonies by victims are most likely to contain errors when the suspect:

A) is of a different gender than the victim.
B) is significantly older than the victim.
C) is of a different ethnic background than the victim.
D) is significantly younger than the victim.

Question 23

Memory is like:

A) a video camera.
B) a wax tablet.
C) watching unconnected movie frames and figuring out what the movie is about.
D) a giant file cabinet that retrieves information accurately as long as it is well organized.

Question 24

Research on flashbulb memories strongly supports the idea that memory:

A) stores all of our experiences with amazing accuracy.
B) processes information in an active fashion.
C) stores all our most emotionally important experiences with amazing accuracy.
D) processes information is a passive fashion.

Question 25

________ is an especially vivid memory of an emotional event.

A) Flashbulb memory
B) Reconstructive memory
C) Video memory
D) Semantic memory

Question 26

Recovering a memory is like:

A) hearing the soundtrack of a story without access to the visual and other sensory images.
B) reading a short story in which the plot is detailed but mental images must be generated.
C) replaying a videotape of an event and filling in the missing sensory experiences, such as smell.
D) watching unconnected frames of a movie and figuring out what the rest of the scene was like.

Question 27

An important aspect of memory is that it is:

A) automatic.
B) able to record everything that happens to us.
C) selective.
D) perfect.

Question 28

________ refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information.

A) Recognition
B) Memory
C) Priming
D) Recall

Question 29

Memory is critical to our lives because:

A) it operates as a video camera would, automatically recording every moment of our lives.
B) it shapes our personality by storing intact details of our experience into the unconscious.
C) it confers a sense of personal identity, which enhances our sense of coherence.
D) each thing that happens to us, or impinges on our senses, is tucked away for later use.

Question 30

In the 1930s, the research of British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett provided evidence to support the view that memory is like:

A) painful mementos in a locked vault.
B) a wax tablet.
C) a building taken apart and reconstructed on a new site.
D) reading a journal or diary written in indelible ink.

Question 31

Chad remembers the feeling of excitement in his house when his mother stepped through the door with his new baby sister. He can still picture the tiny little baby with a stocking cap on her head! His parents can't convince him that he actually stayed with his grandparents for two weeks after his sister was born and that his memory never happened! Chad's memory is an example of:

A) repression.
B) psychogenic amnesia.
C) childhood amnesia.
D) confabulation.

Question 32

The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told about an event later is called:

A) source amnesia.
B) priming.
C) semantic memory.
D) explicit memory.

Question 33

Which of the following does NOT facilitate confabulation?

A) You focus on your emotional reactions to the event rather than on what actually happened.
B) You have thought about the imagined event many times.
C) The image of the event contains a lot of details.
D) The event is easy to imagine.

Question 34

In his studies of memory, Sir Frederic Bartlett found that participants who were asked to remember stories were:

A) amazingly accurate in their recollections of details.
B) likely to include distortions in their reproductions.
C) uninfluenced by their prior knowledge and experiences.
D) consistent in maintaining the cultural themes of the original stories.

Question 35

The comparison of memory to a video camera is:

A) not at all accurate.
B) accurate only for memory of facts, not for memory of experiences.
C) accurate only for memory of experiences, not for memory of facts.
D) accurate for memory of both facts and experiences.

Question 36

The problems with memory seem to stem from the fact that memory is largely:

A) reconstructive.
B) objective.
C) representative.
D) descriptive.

Question 37

Which of the following has NOT been shown to affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?

A) the nature of questions asked by police and attorneys
B) the ethnicity of the suspect and witness
C) misleading information presented after the event
D) the age and sex of the suspect

Question 38

When Sven's parents overhear him describing a birthday party from earlier in his life, they look at each other in surprise. In the middle of Sven's recollection of his own party were details of one of his father's childhood parties! Sven's memory illustrates the concept of:

A) confabulation.
B) priming.
C) implicit memory.
D) decay.

Question 39

According to Sir Frederic Bartlett:

A) emotional memories are especially vivid and detailed.
B) memory is like a video camera recording an entire experience.
C) memory for complex information is generally reproduced by rote.
D) memory is largely a reconstructive process, like putting together a puzzle when you are missing some pieces.

Question 40

Memory researchers have suggested that ________ may have evolutionary significance because they were adaptive in human survival.

A) serial position effects
B) experiences of childhood amnesia
C) episodes of source amnesia
D) formation of flashbulb memories

Question 41

With respect to children's testimony, researchers Stephen Ceci and Maggie Bruck suggest that the best question is:

A) "Is it true that children never lie?"
B) "Do children always lie?"
C) "Under what conditions are children apt to be suggestible?"
D) "Are children suggestible?"

Question 42

The influential studies of eyewitness memory that were carried out by Elizabeth Loftus and her colleagues led to the general conclusion that eyewitnesses' memories are:

A) vulnerable to misleading information.
B) reliable despite the effects of misleading information.
C) reliable under most circumstances.
D) reliable, but only when the witness is motivated.

Question 43

Which of the following require recall?

A) finding your way to a friend's house after only having been there once before
B) multiple-choice exams
C) wandering the aisles of the grocery store until you realize you need some items
D) true-false exams

Question 44

In addressing the debate regarding children's memories of sexual abuse, it has become clear that:

A) preschoolers' memories should not be trusted because they confuse fantasy with reality.
B) children's memories should not be trusted because children say whatever adults expect.
C) preschoolers are more vulnerable to suggestive questions than are school-aged children.
D) children do not lie about or misremember traumatic experiences, such as sexual abuse.

Question 45

Research suggests that the best way to encourage truthful testimony by children is to:

A) try to avoid asking them leading questions.
B) scold them if you believe that they are lying.
C) reward them when they tell you that something happened.
D) reassure them that their friends have had the same experiences.

Question 46

The multiple-choice test that you are taking now requires that you ________ the relevant information. The essay test that you will take in a different class places more emphasis on your ability to ________ the relevant information.

A) recognize; recall
B) recognize; recognize
C) retrieve; encode
D) recall; recognize

Question 47

In an experiment at a daycare centre, a young man read a story to preschoolers and gave them a treat. A week later, an experimenter asked the children in Group 1 leading questions about aggressive acts that never occurred (Did he throw a crayon at a child?). She asked the children in Group 2 leading questions but also used influence techniques. The results showed that:

A) three-year-olds in Group 2 said, "Yes" to over 80% of the allegations suggested to them.
B) three-year-olds in Group 1 said, "No, it didn't happen" to all the allegations.
C) six-year-olds in Group 2 said, "Yes, it happened" to 15% of the allegations suggested to them.
D) there were no significant differences in the responses of children in Group 1 and Group 2.

Question 48

Jannell solved a crossword puzzle on Thursday, and by Saturday she doesn't recall the words in the puzzle. But Saturday night, when she is playing Scrabble with her brother, she unconsciously tends to form words that were in the puzzle. Jannell has ________ memory for some of the words.

A) recognition
B) implicit
C) explicit
D) flashbulb

Question 49

Which of the following statements regarding the measurement of memory is CORRECT?

A) Ebbinghaus's relearning method straddles the boundary between implicit and explicit memory.
B) In recall tasks, information that you are given is compared to information stored in your brain.
C) Implicit memory tasks rely on direct rather than indirect measures of memory.
D) Priming is a method commonly used in the study of explicit memory.

Question 50

Which of the following ways of measuring explicit memory usually produces the best results?

A) referral
B) recall
C) recognition
D) relearning

Question 51

The question that you are reading at this moment is a ________ question.

A) relearning
B) priming
C) recall
D) recognition

Question 52

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer (1974) on eyewitness memory, participants were shown a film of an automobile accident. They found that the participants' memories of the event were influenced by:

A) whether they had seen pictures of the accident.
B) being asked which of the two cars was speeding.
C) the words used to describe the impact of the two cars.
D) the reports given by other eyewitnesses.

Question 53

Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts and actions, is called:

A) declarative memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) explicit memory.
D) implicit memory.

Question 54

To ensure that the memory of a child is accurate, it is important to:

A) reassure the child that his or her friends have had the same experience.
B) ask the child to draw a picture of the event.
C) reward the child for telling what happened.
D) avoid the use of leading questions or suggestions.

Question 55

Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information is called:

A) procedural memory.
B) autobiographical memory.
C) explicit memory.
D) implicit memory.

Question 56

Which of the following would NOT require recall?

A) true-false exams
B) Trivial Pursuit
C) essay exams
D) fill-in-the-blank exams

Question 57

Suppose you are a participant in memory research. You are given a list of words to read, including the word "giraffe." Later, when given the word stem "gir--" you are most likely to complete the word as ________, due to the effect of ________.

A) girl; confabulation
B) giraffe; priming
C) giraffe; confabulation
D) girl; reconstruction

Question 58

In ________ memory, information becomes available without any conscious effort; in ________ memory, one makes a conscious effort to recover the information.

A) semantic; episodic
B) explicit; implicit
C) implicit; explicit
D) episodic; semantic

Question 59

You hear a song that you know on the radio. If asked to give the name of the song and the artist's name, you are answering a ________ question.

A) recall
B) priming
C) recognition
D) relearning

Question 60

Under most circumstances, when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information, ________ is an easier task than ________.

A) recall; recognition
B) priming; the savings method
C) the savings method; priming
D) recognition; recall

Question 61

Visual images remain in sensory memory for a maximum of:

A) 30 seconds.
B) 1 minute.
C) a half-second.
D) 2 seconds.

Question 62

Auditory images remain in sensory memory for about:

A) 30 seconds.
B) 2 seconds.
C) a half-second.
D) 1 minute.

Question 63

Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?

A) long-term memory
B) short-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) implicit memory

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT one of three interacting memory systems?

A) working memory
B) long-term memory
C) the sensory register
D) short-term memory

Question 65

Which memory system has a limited capacity and stores items for about 30 seconds?

A) long-term memory
B) implicit memory
C) sensory memory
D) short-term memory

Question 66

In the "three-box model of memory," which memory system holds information for a very short period of time until it can be processed further?

A) long-term memory
B) short-term memory
C) implicit memory
D) sensory memory

Question 67

Another name for the parallel distributed processing (PDP) model of memory is the:

A) interaction model.
B) long-term potentiation model.
C) multiple process model.
D) connectionist model.

Question 68

The connectionist model of memory differs from the three-box model in its emphasis on ________ processing.

A) parallel
B) task-based
C) sequential
D) serial

Question 69

Theorists from the three-box model of memory suggest that:

A) the identification of a stimulus on the basis of information already contained in long-term memory occurs during the transfer from sensory memory to short-term memory.
B) as information enters the sensory register, a huge number of processing units, operating in parallel, select information that will flow into short-term memory.
C) an exact sensory image is held in short-term memory so that relevant strategies from long-term memory can select information.
D) as new information is being perceived through the sensory register, there is a simultaneous search of long-term memory for relevant information.

Question 70

A relative is showing his slides again. As you watch the screen, the images that you see are stored first for a very brief time in ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) implicit
C) short-term
D) explicit

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic memory processes?

A) encoding
B) retrieval
C) storage
D) conceptualization

Question 72

Critics of the three-box model of memory are likely to agree that:

A) auditory information is retained in the sensory register for a half-second.
B) the human brain does not operate like the average computer.
C) information flows from one memory system to the next.
D) the human brain processes information sequentially.

Question 73

The three-box model of memory remains a leading approach for all of the reasons below EXCEPT:

A) it does a good job accounting for the major findings on memory.
B) it hasn't been challenged by alternative models of memory.
C) it is consistent with the biological facts that are known about memory.
D) it offers a convenient way to organize the major findings on memory.

Question 74

________ acts as a holding bin, retaining information in a highly accurate form until we can select items for attention.

A) Short-term memory
B) Long-term memory
C) Sensory memory
D) Working memory

Question 75

Joe is not sure if he is ready for the final exam, so he takes a quiz on the web, made available by the professor. The memory process he is using is:

A) priming.
B) retrieval.
C) encoding.
D) storage.

Question 76

________ memory is to a photograph as ________ memory is to semantic meaning of the image.

A) Short-term; sensory
B) Long-term; short-term
C) Long-term; sensory
D) Sensory; short-term

Question 77

Information is held for the shortest period of time in:

A) long-term memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) short-term memory.

Question 78

One objection to the three-box model of memory is that:

A) sensory memory is actually able to store information for 30 seconds.
B) there is a limit to the capacity of long-term memory.
C) short-term memory is not usually involved in the conscious processing of information.
D) the brain performs many independent operations simultaneously.

Question 79

Kyla is attending university in her third year of psychology. The fact that she can use previously learned information about psychology to help her succeed in her current classes can be accounted for by the process of:

A) retrieval.
B) encoding.
C) storage.
D) priming.

Question 80

The initial processing of information that leads to a representation in memory is known as ________; the recovery at a later time of the stored information is called ________.

A) storage; retrieval
B) encoding; storage
C) encoding; retrieval
D) retrieval; storage