Deck 11: Emotion, Stress, and Health

Question 1

Schachter and Singer argued that two factors determine the experience of emotion. Those two factors are:

A) cognitive interpretation and cultural influence.
B) physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation .
C) perception and attribution.
D) physiological arousal and cultural rules.

Answer 1

physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation .

Question 2

________ is an effort to accept reality by changing your own attitudes, goals, or emotions.

A) Emotion-focused coping
B) Secondary control
C) Primary control
D) Locus of control

Answer 2

Secondary control

Question 3

In the nun study, how did nuns who expressed the most positive emotions in their autobiographies differ from those who expressed the least positive emotions?

A) They lived longer.
B) They had higher self-esteem.
C) They were healthier.
D) They were more intelligent.

Answer 3

They lived longer.

Question 4

Optimists are more likely than pessimists to do all of the following EXCEPT:

A) deny their problems.
B) use active problem solving.
C) take care of themselves.
D) get support from friends.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of facial expressions?

A) foster communication with others
B) enhance infant survival
C) signal our intentions to others
D) help us identify others

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT an effective way of coping with stress?

A) finding a support group
B) relying on friends
C) helping others
D) buying a cat

Question 7

A person who mimics a happy facial expression will:

A) feel more happy.
B) feel angry.
C) feel no emotion.
D) look unnatural.

Question 8

Infants begin to alter their behaviour in response to adult facial expressions at about ________ of age.

A) 6 months
B) 9 months
C) 12 months
D) 18 months

Question 9

What is the key characteristic of the Type A personality that is related to heart disease?

A) working hard
B) hostility
C) impatience
D) having high standards

Question 10

Which of the following is a secondary emotion?

A) anger
B) disgust
C) fear
D) love

Question 11

Which of the following does NOT occur in the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) Heart rate and blood pressure increase.
B) Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal gland.
C) Digestive processes shut down.
D) The HPA axis is activated.

Question 12

________ is the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed.

A) Mood contagion
B) Facial feedback
C) Primary emotional response
D) Reaction formation

Question 13

Darwin argued that facial expressions of emotion are:

A) biologically irrelevant.
B) learned.
C) maladaptive.
D) innate.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of emotion?

A) cognitive processes
B) behavioural reactions
C) physiological changes
D) cultural influences

Question 15

________ are considered to be universal and biologically based.

A) All emotions
B) Primary emotions
C) Secondary emotions
D) Learned emotions

Question 16

Which of the following is a primary emotion?

A) love
B) hate
C) anger
D) anxiety

Question 17

"I may have failed this test, but now I know how to study next time." This is an example of:

A) reappraising the situation.
B) making social comparisons.
C) learning from the experience.
D) cultivating a sense of humour.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT an advantage provided by social support?

A) increased longevity
B) lower blood pressure
C) reduced risk of illness
D) increased optimism

Question 19

________ is the expression of an emotion that the person does not really feel, often because of a role requirement.

A) Display rule
B) Facial feedback
C) Emotion work
D) Body language

Question 20

Ekman and his colleagues gathered evidence supporting the universality of ________ facial expressions of emotion.

A) five
B) six
C) seven
D) nine

Question 21

________ is a general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control or not.

A) Optimism
B) Secondary control
C) Primary control
D) Locus of control

Question 22

Fear and anger, sadness and joy are generally considered to be ________ emotions.

A) secondary
B) primary
C) tertiary
D) conditioned

Question 23

John realized that although his car was damaged by the hurricane, other people had lost their homes, so he didn't feel so bad. This is an example of:

A) reappraising the situation.
B) making social comparisons.
C) learning from the experience.
D) cultivating a sense of humour.

Question 24

Which of the following is one of the three best things you can do to prolong your life?

A) Eat a healthy diet.
B) Don't try to "go it alone."
C) Learn to regulate negative emotions.
D) Take control of what you can.

Question 25

Emotions considered to be universal and biologically based are called:

A) primary.
B) tertiary.
C) individualistic.
D) secondary.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a major component of emotion according to the text?

A) behavioural changes
B) cognitive processes
C) physiological changes
D) cultural influences

Question 27

"It's too bad my car was totalled by the tree that fell on it during the hurricane, but now I can get that new car I've been wanting." This is an example of:

A) reappraising the situation.
B) making social comparisons.
C) learning from the experience.
D) cultivating a sense of humour.

Question 28

Emotions that develop with cognitive maturity are called:

A) individualistic.
B) secondary.
C) primary.
D) tertiary.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT an effective way of coping with stress?

A) exercise
B) inhibition of negative thoughts
C) meditation
D) massage

Question 30

Joy and surprise, disgust and contempt would typically be considered ________ emotions.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) conditioned
D) tertiary

Question 31

Which of the following is not a factor that increases the risk of illness?

A) poverty
B) owning a dog
C) genetic vulnerability
D) lack of exercise

Question 32

Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of ________ basic facial expressions of emotion.

A) three
B) nine
C) seven
D) five

Question 33

Which of the following does NOT result from HPA activation?

A) The hypothalamus sends chemical messages to the pituitary gland.
B) The pituitary gland sends messages to the adrenal cortex.
C) Levels of cortisol are decreased.
D) A person experiences increased energy.

Question 34

Divulging private thoughts and feelings that make you ashamed or depressed is a definition of:

A) letting go.
B) optimism.
C) forgiveness.
D) confession.

Question 35

Emotion is defined as:

A) a set of social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions.
B) an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that is distinctive from our rational abilities of cognition.
C) the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about bodily changes.
D) a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules.

Question 36

The ________ is responsible for quickly assessing danger or threat.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) right hemisphere
C) left hemisphere
D) amygdala

Question 37

Charles Darwin takes the position that emotions:

A) evolved.
B) are learned behaviours.
C) are maladaptive.
D) develop through observation and imitation.

Question 38

Which of the following is typically NOT considered to be a primary emotion?

A) sadness
B) fear
C) anger
D) jealousy

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a good way to cope with anger?

A) Don't hold it in.
B) Don't take it personally.
C) Cool off before reacting.
D) Think carefully about how to express anger.

Question 40

________ is a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules.

A) An attribution
B) Galvanic skin response
C) Body language
D) Emotion

Question 41

Facial expressions communicate our intentions to others. Developmental studies have found support for all the following statements, EXCEPT:

A) babies respond in the same ways to faces showing authentic emotions or false emotions.
B) infants' facial expressions prompt appropriate parental responses.
C) as they near their first birthday, babies use parental emotions as cues to alter behaviours.
D) infants react to the facial expressions of their parents by mirroring the same emotion.

Question 42

The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called:

A) body language.
B) internal emotion work.
C) facial feedback.
D) primary emotional processing.

Question 43

Facial feedback is defined as:

A) an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that no longer has an adaptive function in human behaviour.
B) the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed.
C) a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules.
D) a set of social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions.

Question 44

Ekman and his associates developed a special coding system to analyze and identify each of the nearly ________ muscles of the face, as well as the combinations of muscles associated with various emotions.

A) 100
B) 80
C) 70
D) 90

Question 45

If you put on an angry face, then:

A) your heart rate will decelerate more than if you put on a happy face.
B) your parasympathetic nervous system will become active.
C) your heart rate will rise faster than if you put on a happy face.
D) physiological change won't occur because it is a false emotion.

Question 46

When babies were placed on an ambiguous visual cliff:

A) all the babies crossed even though their mothers showed expressions of fear.
B) about three-quarters of the babies crossed even though their mothers showed expressions of fear.
C) about one-third of the babies crossed when their mothers showed expressions of fear.
D) none of the babies crossed when their mothers showed expressions of fear.

Question 47

Analysis of facial muscles during emotional displays has revealed that:

A) most individuals are able to mimic grief accurately, getting the facial muscles just right.
B) physiological responses ensure that facial expressions convey the emotion being felt.
C) false expressions use the same groups of muscles as are used in authentic expressions.
D) false smiles tend to last 10 seconds or more, but authentic smiles last only about 2 seconds.

Question 48

When one-year-old babies were placed on an ambiguous visual cliff:

A) the babies who could walk crossed, but the crawling babies stayed put.
B) the crawling babies crossed the cliff, but those who could walk stayed put.
C) the babies behaviour depended on the mother's facial expression.
D) none of the babies could be persuaded to cross the cliff.

Question 49

In his work on facial expression, Paul Ekman has found that:

A) all facial expressions are universal.
B) Darwin's view of emotion was substantially incorrect.
C) a set of emotional expressions is universal to the human species.
D) cultures express all emotions in the same way.

Question 50

When one-year-old babies were placed on an ambiguous visual cliff, about ________ crossed when their mothers put on a happy, reassuring expression.

A) 15%
B) 35%
C) 75%
D) 95%

Question 51

According to Ekman, which of the following is NOT one of the universal facial expressions?

A) disgust
B) contempt
C) fear
D) shame

Question 52

In order to get around the human ability to mask emotions and more clearly define facial expressions for particular emotions, Ekman and his associates:

A) interviewed all participants in order to assess unexpressed feelings and motivations.
B) monitored the brain waves of participants to determine which hemisphere had higher activation.
C) developed a special coding system that analyzed and identified the numerous facial muscles.
D) developed an inter-observer system to make sure that observers defined expressions reliably.

Question 53

When babies were placed on an ambiguous visual cliff:

A) all the babies crossed when their mothers showed happy, reassuring faces.
B) about three-quarters of the babies crossed when their mothers showed happy, reassuring faces.
C) about one-third of the babies crossed when their mothers showed happy, reassuring faces.
D) none of the babies crossed despite their mothers' happy, reassuring faces.

Question 54

When one-year-old Olivia is placed on an ambiguous visual cliff, she looks at her mom's reassuring face. Olivia is most likely to:

A) begin crying.
B) lift her arms to be held.
C) cross the cliff.
D) smile back at her mom but refuse to cross.

Question 55

When Jose complies with instructions to look angry, it is most likely that:

A) his reaction will depend on his age.
B) he will be amused to be simulating anger.
C) he will be pleased that he does it so well.
D) his positive feelings will decrease.

Question 56

When one-year-old babies were placed on an ambiguous visual cliff, ________ crossed when their mothers showed an expression of fear.

A) about 15%
B) about 25%
C) about 35%
D) none of the babies

Question 57

Luis's daughter observes her dad's face as his nose wrinkles and the corners of his mouth drop. She correctly labels his emotion of ________ as he looks into the ice chest.

A) anger
B) anticipation
C) disgust
D) surprise

Question 58

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The signalling function of their baby's facial expressions becomes apparent to most parents when the baby is about 12 months old.
B) Starting at the end of the first year, babies begin to alter their own behaviour in reaction to their parents' facial expressions of emotion.
C) Newborns will suck longer on a pacifier if it produces a happy face than if it produces a face with a neutral or negative expression.
D) Facial feedback affects emotional states even when people are not specifically asked to imitate an emotion but just to alter their facial muscles.

Question 59

According to Ekman's research on facial expressions:

A) when people try to hide their feelings with an inauthentic expression, they use different groups of muscles than they do for authentic emotions.
B) when trying to feign sadness, only about 60% of people manage to get the eyebrows, eyelids, and forehead wrinkle exactly right.
C) there is little support for Darwin's evolutionary explanation that certain human facial expressions are "wired in."
D) authentic smiles last 10 seconds or more, whereas false smiles last only about 2 seconds.

Question 60

When Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that:

A) he will begin to feel angry.
B) his reaction will depend on his age.
C) his positive feelings will increase.
D) he will begin to feel annoyed.

Question 61

Lauren jumps with fear as she feels a hand on her shoulder while walking on a deserted path across campus. Her fear evaporates when she hears her boyfriend's voice saying, "What are you doing out so late, Lauren?" What brain structure played a key role when Lauren's fear evaporated?

A) medulla
B) hippocampus
C) amygdala
D) cerebral cortex

Question 62

The ________ is necessary to form a conditioned emotional response to a stimulus.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) right hemisphere
C) amygdala
D) sympathetic nervous system

Question 63

The ________ is important for recognizing emotional expressions and processing emotional tone.

A) amygdala
B) prefrontal cortex
C) right hemisphere
D) sympathetic nervous system

Question 64

Samantha jumps with fear as she feels a hand on her shoulder while walking on a deserted path across campus. What brain structure played a key role in Samantha's swift reaction?

A) hippocampus
B) medulla
C) cerebral cortex
D) amygdala

Question 65

When facial expressions of emotion generate emotions in others, it is called:

A) secondary emotions.
B) prototypes of emotions.
C) mood contagion.
D) facial feedback.

Question 66

The thalamus sends sensory information to the ________, which, in turn, quickly determines its ________.

A) right prefrontal cortex; emotional significance
B) left prefrontal cortex; emotional significance
C) amygdala; semantic content
D) amygdala; emotional significance

Question 67

Research on emotions has shown that:

A) emotions can be experienced without facial expression, but facial expressions cannot be produced without the experience of an emotion.
B) cross-cultural agreement on the identification of emotions is greater when people are allowed to freely choose the emotion being expressed.
C) the context in which an emotion occurs can determine one's interpretation and identification of that emotion.
D) there is almost universal agreement as to which emotion a particular facial expression reveals.

Question 68

The ________ is involved in impulses to approach or withdraw from a person or situation.

A) sympathetic nervous system
B) amygdala
C) prefrontal cortex
D) right hemisphere

Question 69

The ________ is especially important for processing incoming emotional information and for expressing the emotions that you feel.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) reticular activating system
C) medulla
D) somatic nervous system

Question 70

Abigail's left prefrontal cortex was damaged as the result of an automobile accident. As a result, her friends have noticed that she:

A) can recognize them by voice but not by sight.
B) has begun to experience excessive euphoria.
C) seems to have lost her capacity for joy.
D) "forgets" to be afraid in situations that should involve fear.

Question 71

Although the ________ makes the first decision about sensory information coming from the thalamus, the ________ can override that decision based on more complete information.

A) cerebral cortex; amygdala
B) thalamus; amygdala
C) amygdala; thalamus
D) amygdala; cerebral cortex

Question 72

Suppose you take a rat and expose it to a large house cat. If the rat showed no fear of the cat, you might predict the rat had damage to the:

A) medulla.
B) amygdala.
C) right prefrontal cortex.
D) left prefrontal cortex.

Question 73

Parts of the ________ are involved in the regulation of emotion; that is, the ability to control our emotions.

A) amygdala
B) prefrontal cortex
C) right hemisphere
D) sympathetic nervous system.

Question 74

The ________ quickly assesses danger or threat.

A) right hemisphere
B) amygdala
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 75

The ________ controls the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) sympathetic nervous system.
C) amygdala
D) right hemisphere

Question 76

Simon has damage to his amygdala. It is most likely that he:

A) feels excessively depressed.
B) feels excessively manic and euphoric.
C) has lost the capacity to set aside his fear even when the danger is gone.
D) has difficulty recognizing his own fear or the fear of others.

Question 77

Although it is a relatively small structure in the brain, the ________ plays a key role in emotion in that it is responsible for making initial decisions about whether to ________.

A) cortex; approach or withdraw from a person or situation
B) amygalada; be happy or sad
C) thalamus; approach or withdraw from a person or situation
D) amygdala; approach or withdraw from a person or situation

Question 78

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the parts of the nervous system that deal with emotionally important sensory information?

A) cortex, autonomic nervous system, amygdala, thalamus
B) autonomic nervous system, cortex, amygdala, thalamus
C) thalamus, amygdala, cortex, autonomic nervous system
D) amygdala, thalamus, cortex, autonomic nervous system

Question 79

Gabriella's right prefrontal cortex was damaged as the result of an automobile accident. As a result, her friends have noticed that she:

A) can remember new information for only about 15 minutes.
B) can recognize them by voice but not by sight.
C) has begun to experience excessive euphoria.
D) seems to have lost her capacity for joy.

Question 80

Whereas the left prefrontal cortex appears to be specialized for ________; the right prefrontal cortex appears to be specialized for ________.

A) withdrawal; approach
B) fleeing; withdrawal
C) approach; withdrawal
D) anger; happiness