Deck 12: Motivation

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT one of the top four psychological needs identified in a study of U.S. and South Korean college students?

A) autonomy
B) security
C) competence
D) relatedness

Answer 1

security

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a condition that increases the motivating power of a goal?

A) The goal is specific.
B) The goal is challenging.
C) The goal is an approach goal.
D) The goal is a performance goal.

Answer 2

The goal is a performance goal.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the motives for sex listed in the text?

A) pleasure
B) insecurity
C) escape
D) attaining a goal

Answer 3

escape

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation?

A) changing your major to something you are more interested in
B) reading a history book because you enjoy learning
C) playing basketball to stay in shape
D) completing an extra credit assignment to improve your grade

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a cultural factor causing a worldwide rise in weight?

A) increased abundance of high-calorie fast food
B) changes in standards of what the ideal body should look like
C) the use of energy-saving devices
D) preference for watching television instead of doing anything active

Question 6

Which of the following motives for sex do men endorse most strongly?

A) pleasure
B) partner approval
C) intimacy
D) peer approval

Question 7

A/An ________ is framed in terms of showing how good you are.

A) approach goal
B) avoidance goal
C) mastery goal
D) performance goal

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of intrinsic motivation?

A) accepting a new job because it pays more
B) accepting a new job because it will be more fulfilling
C) going out for football to please your father
D) reading an extra book to get bonus points

Question 9

A person with a/an ________ attachment style will find that others are reluctant to get as close as he would like and worries that his partner won't stay with him.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) anxious
D) intimate

Question 10

What percentage of Canadian adults is now overweight or obese?

A) 25%
B) 35%
C) 50%
D) 65%

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a condition that will increase productivity and satisfaction at work?

A) a pay raise
B) varied tasks
C) clear and consistent rules
D) useful feedback about performance

Question 12

________ refers to a genetically determined weight range for an individual that is maintained by biological mechanisms.

A) Genetic weight
B) Metabolic rate
C) Set point
D) Regulated weight

Question 13

________ is a substance that helps to regulate appetite.

A) Leptin
B) Endorphin
C) Metabolin
D) Ephedra

Question 14

A person with a/an ________ attachment style will be uncomfortable getting close to others and find it difficult to trust or depend on others.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) anxious
D) ambivalent

Question 15

Which of the following is one of the top four psychological needs identified in a study of U.S. and South Korean college students?

A) security
B) popularity
C) money
D) autonomy

Question 16

Over time, ________ typically decreases in relationships.

A) passion
B) intimacy
C) commitment
D) trust

Question 17

Over time, ________ typically decreases in relationships.

A) passion
B) intimacy
C) commitment
D) trust

Question 18

Set point theory would predict all of the following EXCEPT:

A) reduced metabolic rate when a heavy person diets.
B) high heritability for body weight.
C) increased metabolic rate when dieting.
D) increased metabolic rate when a thin person tries to gain weight.

Question 19

A/An ________ is framed in terms of desired outcomes or experiences.

A) approach goal
B) avoidance goal
C) mastery goal
D) performance goal

Question 20

What percentage of Canadian children and teenagers is now overweight or obese?

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 35%

Question 21

The set-point theory:

A) predicts that when thin people overeat, their metabolisms slow down.
B) emphasizes setting a realistic goal that you will work toward in weight loss.
C) says that biological mechanisms try to keep weight ±2 kg around a target weight.
D) states that body weight varies around a genetically influenced weight range.

Question 22

The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is called:

A) intrinsic motivation.
B) biological drives.
C) performance goals.
D) the need for affirmation.

Question 23

________ is the genetically influenced weight range of an individual, maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism.

A) Intrinsic weight
B) Goal weight
C) Extrinsic weight
D) Set point

Question 24

Research investigations of identical twins reared together and apart show that:

A) when the twins are reared apart, weight gain occurs in different body areas.
B) twins reared together are more similar in body shape than those reared apart.
C) the percentage of fat in the body is due to childhood nutritional intake.
D) the early family environment has almost no effect at all on weight gain.

Question 25

According to our textbook:

A) human beings have many unlearned, primary drives that motivate behaviour.
B) all human motives are powerfully shaped by social and cultural factors.
C) today's motivation researchers emphasize the biological drives that guide behaviour.
D) the state of tension caused by deprivation is the major motivation in human behaviour.

Question 26

Bobby reads books because he loves to learn and acquire information, whereas Jimmy will read a book if his parents pay him five dollars for every book he reads. Bobby's behaviour is a good example of ________, and Jimmy's behaviour is a good example of ________.

A) extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation
B) extrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
C) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
D) intrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation

Question 27

Intrinsic motivation is defined as the pursuit of an activity:

A) for external rewards.
B) in order to be judged favourably by others.
C) to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation.
D) for its own sake.

Question 28

For many decades, the study of motivation was dominated by a focus on:

A) biological drives.
B) the need for achievement
C) performance goals.
D) mastery goals.

Question 29

Set point is defined as:

A) the rate at which a body burns calories for energy.
B) the genetically influenced weight range for an individual, maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism.
C) a drug or intervention that affects one part of the eating-weight interaction, but has an unintended influence on another.
D) a gene that modulates production of a protein that converts excess calories into heat rather than fat.

Question 30

________ is defined as an inferred process within a person or animal that causes that organism to move toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation.

A) The need for achievement
B) Motivation
C) A drive
D) A value

Question 31

Motivation refers to a set of processes that:

A) get you moving toward a goal.
B) activate physiological events.
C) represent a complex set of psychological events.
D) represent innate characteristics of a person.

Question 32

To psychologists, motivation refers to:

A) a process in which an individual sets goals in order to increase his or her competence and skills.
B) a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs, such as those for food and water.
C) movement through a hierarchy of need, beginning with survival needs for sleep, food, and water and reaching needs for self-actualization.
D) an inferred process within a person or animal that causes that organism to move toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation.

Question 33

Drive theories of motivation declined for all of the following reason EXCEPT:

A) biological drives have very little, if any, influence on human motivation.
B) most motives are not terminated when deprivation ceases.
C) most motives are not triggered by physiological deprivation.
D) some people will endure deprivation, as when on a hunger strike.

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsically motivated behaviour?

A) working to earn a paycheque
B) bringing your mother flowers on her birthday because it is expected
C) eating a ham sandwich because you are hungry even though you don't like ham
D) reading a mystery book by your favourite author

Question 35

Extrinsic motivation is defined as the pursuit of an activity:

A) for external rewards.
B) in order to increase one's competence and skills.
C) for its own sake.
D) to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation.

Question 36

The evidence for psychological theories of overweight:

A) shows that heaviness is almost always based on overeating.
B) was based on flawed studies, often without control groups or objective measures.
C) empirically supports the view that overweight individuals are emotionally disturbed.
D) indicates that overweight people, on the average, overeat to fill "emotional holes."

Question 37

________ is defined as the genetically influenced weight range for an individual, maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reserves, and metabolism.

A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Basal metabolism rate
C) Leptin
D) Set point

Question 38

Brent loves skateboarding. Last week he told his friend that he could learn a new trick in one week. In the last week he spent all his free time at the skateboard park attempting to master the new trick. This is an example of:

A) drive reduction motivation.
B) achievement motivation.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) extrinsic motivation.

Question 39

The pursuit of an activity for external rewards is called:

A) a mastery goal.
B) the need for affiliation.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) extrinsic motivation.

Question 40

Although many factors interact to influence body weight, ________ are probably the most important.

A) individual habits
B) psychological needs
C) genetics
D) cultural rules

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to eating disorders?

A) depression and anxiety
B) high self-esteem
C) perfectionism
D) pressure from parents and friends

Question 42

In the study of culture, psychology, and weight, it has been found regarding obesity in Canada that:

A) the longer an immigrant has lived in Canada, the greater the chance that he or she will become obese or overweight.
B) the prevalence of obesity has decreased in Canada in the past few years.
C) increases in obesity have been restricted to North America primarily, whereas countries such the United Kingdom have not experienced this rise.
D) in 1994, obesity was estimated to directly cost Canadian taxpayers more than 5% of the health-care budget.

Question 43

A girl likes a boy. If this girl and boy are similar to most people, it can be predicted that the boy has the same feelings for the girl, based on the idea of:

A) reciprocity.
B) normative influence.
C) physical attractiveness.
D) similarity.

Question 44

Rising rates of obesity are best explained by:

A) too much high-fat food and too little exercise.
B) a lack of willpower.
C) the increase in eating disorders.
D) genetic changes over the past few decades.

Question 45

________ is a protein secreted by fat cells that helps in the regulation of appetite.

A) Usnic acid
B) Leptin
C) Ephedra
D) OB

Question 46

The heritability of weight and body fat is estimated to be:

A) between 0.40 and 0.70.
B) between 0.70 and 0.80.
C) between 0.80 and 0.90.
D) between 0.30 and 0.50.

Question 47

Femi has a voluptuous figure, curvy, with big breasts and big hips. She is pleased that her peers think she looks fashionable and attractive. It is most likely that Femi is:

A) a woman living in Nigeria at the end of the twentieth century.
B) a woman living in a Canadian prairie province in the twenty-first century.
C) a woman living in Canada in the decade following the First World War.
D) a woman living in Northern Europe in the 1960s.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between adult passionate love and infant-mother love?

A) The same areas of the brain become active when an adult views a picture of a lover and a mother views a picture of her child.
B) Both forms of love share a common evolutionary purpose.
C) Separation results in decreases in adrenalin in both cases.
D) Endorphin-stimulated euphoria may be the basis for both.

Question 49

________ is an eating disorder characterized by a fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced consumption of food, and emaciation.

A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Leptin
C) Bulimia
D) Body-image distortion

Question 50

Karyn and Bob are friends for life! They feel close and talk for hours about the people whom they are dating. According to theories of love, their relationship is one of:

A) companionate love.
B) affectionate love.
C) liking.
D) romantic love.

Question 51

Obesity is now a serious health problem of epidemic proportions. In Canada in 1994, it was estimated about ________ of women were obese, and about ________ of men were obese.

A) 46%; 27%
B) 26%; 35%
C) 17%; 46%
D) 47%; 66%

Question 52

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Most human beings are predisposed to gain weight when rich food is abundant.
B) Canadian serving sizes are viewed as gluttonous by many Europeans and Asians.
C) When diets are routine and predictable, people habituate to what they are eating.
D) One-quarter of Canadian adults and 10% of Canadian teens are overweight.

Question 53

It has been suggested that the role of leptin in most cases of human obesity is a:

A) major role, since injections of leptin decrease people's appetites.
B) minor role, since human fat cells secrete very little of this protein.
C) major role, since injections of leptin speed up metabolism.
D) minor role, since dozens of others genes and body chemicals are involved.

Question 54

When obese women combined diet and moderate physical activity, they:

A) gained weight due to increased hunger.
B) found that exercise had no effect on weight gain or loss.
C) lost weight and their metabolic rates rose.
D) lost weight only when they also received leptin injections.

Question 55

The rising rates of people who are overweight or obese are most likely due to a:

A) systematic change in the genes involved in metabolism and fat storage over the past several decades.
B) change in our environments in the past few decades.
C) evolutionary adaptation that made storing fat necessary to offset the effects of famine.
D) change in set points due to the increase in popular dieting trends.

Question 56

A couple has been married for a short period of time. A second couple has been involved in a loving relationship for many years. The first couple's marriage is more likely to be characterized as ________ love; the second couple's relationship is more likely to be called ________ love.

A) pragmatic; erotic
B) attached; sad
C) passionate; companionate
D) positive; negative

Question 57

Human evolution seems to have predisposed the body to:

A) store calories when food is abundant in order to aid survival when food is scarce.
B) be most fertile when women have thin, muscular figures with little body fat.
C) speed up metabolism when tasty food is easily available in order to prevent excessive weight gain.
D) require large quantities of food when we are feeling emotionally disturbed or separated from others.

Question 58

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating followed by forced vomiting or the use of laxatives is called:

A) anorexia nervosa.
B) Adonis complex.
C) self-starvation.
D) bulimia.

Question 59

When crop failures are common in a country, then the cultural ideal is to:

A) be fat.
B) have a soft, thin body.
C) be slender.
D) be muscular.

Question 60

Set-point theory has difficulty explaining:

A) how the same daily caloric intake causes some to gain weight, but not others.
B) the role of basal metabolism rates and fat cells in maintaining weight.
C) the dramatic worldwide increases in the rates of overweight and obesity.
D) why most people who diet eventually gain the weight back.

Question 61

One of the most serious limitations of the work of Masters and Johnson is that they did not:

A) study whether or not the source of stimulation influenced orgasm.
B) follow up their survey research findings with laboratory work.
C) include enough subjects who were readily orgasmic.
D) do research to see how experience and culture influence sexual response.

Question 62

Based on the gender stereotypes of contemporary Western society, a woman might express feelings of love ________, whereas a man might express feelings of love ________.

A) by watching TV together; by inviting her fishing.
B) by saying, "I love you!"; by filling her gas tank.
C) by working his stamp collection with him; by saying, "I love you!"
D) by helping him financially; by going to her favourite movie twice.

Question 63

Our authors would most likely agree that:

A) the passion at the beginning of love should be powerful enough to fuel love through all of its ups and downs.
B) there is a positive correlation between passion and intimacy.
C) love is a process over which the lovers have control, and the process tends to increase with time rather than wane.
D) the only "real love" is romantic love, and if a relationship begins to lose its passion then it never was true love.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT an attachment style in love relationships?

A) secure attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) anxious-ambivalent attachment
D) intimate attachment

Question 65

Kerri has a secure attachment style in her romantic relationships. She would be most likely to agree with all of the following EXCEPT:

A) "I don't often worry about being abandoned."
B) "I want to merge completely with another person."
C) "I am comfortable having others depend on me."
D) "I find it easy to get close to others."

Question 66

Alfred Kinsey's research helped dispel the popular myth that:

A) men and women were sexually opposite.
B) the mature orgasm for women was the "vaginal" orgasm.
C) women are more concerned with affection and not as sexually motivated as men.
D) women overall have more sexual capacity than men.

Question 67

________ plays a crucial role in the attachment-caregiving system.

A) Testosterone
B) Serotonin
C) Dopamine
D) Oxytocin

Question 68

Which of the following would NOT be hypothesized according to the attachment theory of love?

A) Securely attached babies are more likely to become securely attached lovers in adulthood.
B) Securely attached adults rarely recognize their parents' flaws.
C) Babies with avoidant attachments to their parents are often adults who avoid intimacy.
D) Anxious-ambivalent babies are more likely to become clingy and suffer from unrequited love in adulthood.

Question 69

Studies on the biology of desire indicate that:

A) lowering testosterone causes a loss of sexual desire.
B) testosterone directly causes sexual arousal in men and women.
C) women and men are physically opposite.
D) sexual activity produces higher levels of testosterone.

Question 70

Imagine you have taken a test of adult attachment style and you find out that you have a secure attachment style. It is likely that you agreed with which of the following statements:

A) "I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them."
B) "I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others."
C) "I want to get very close to my partner, and this sometimes scares people away."
D) "I often worry that my partner doesn't really love me or won't want to stay with me."

Question 71

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Women experience "love at first sight" twice as often as men do and feel more love in relationships over the long haul.
B) People with an avoidant attachment style describe their parents in almost entirely negative terms.
C) Women and men differ in the ways that they express love, with women using words and men expressing feelings through actions.
D) Men and women are equally likely to suffer the heart-crushing torments of unrequited love.

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT true according to Kinsey?

A) Sexual motivation of men and women does not differ.
B) Males and females are alike in their basic anatomy and physiology.
C) Women care more about affection than about sexual satisfaction.
D) Women have a lesser sexual capacity than men.

Question 73

About ________ of adults experience secure attachments in romantic relationships.

A) 72%
B) 64%
C) 35%
D) 50%

Question 74

Which of the following statements is true with respect to sexual behaviour?

A) Sexual behaviour is essential to an individual's survival.
B) Cultures establish norms for acceptable sexual behaviour.
C) Humans are unique in finding sexual stimulation pleasurable.
D) Adult women are more likely than adult men to report thinking about sex daily.

Question 75

One flaw in Masters and Johnson's research was that they:

A) failed to note that male and female orgasms are remarkably similar in terms of physiology.
B) may have overestimated women's sexual capacity.
C) failed to note that men, unlike women, are physiologically able to have repeated orgasms.
D) overestimated the sexual drive of males.

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT accurate according to research on the biology of desire?

A) The penis and the clitoris develop from the same embryonic tissues.
B) Physiological changes during male and female sexual arousal are similar.
C) Men's capacity for sexual response greatly surpasses that of women.
D) All orgasms are physiologically the same.

Question 77

In the context of expressing love, ________ are to women as ________ are to men.

A) specifics; generalities
B) feelings; thoughts
C) actions; words
D) words; actions

Question 78

One flaw in Masters and Johnson's research was that they failed to note that:

A) men, unlike women, are physiologically able to have repeated orgasms.
B) male and female orgasms are remarkably similar in terms of physiology.
C) as women mature, the number of vaginal orgasms exceeds the number of clitoral orgasms.
D) vaginal lubrication can be a response to fear, nervousness, or disgust, not just to arousal.

Question 79

In a survey of a large sample of female undergraduate students at Carleton University, ages 18 to 59, what percentage reported having at least one incident of sexual assault?

A) 29%
B) 39%
C) 9%
D) 19%

Question 80

Physiological research has dispelled the notion that:

A) normal women do not experience orgasm.
B) orgasms experienced by men and by women are similar.
C) the penis and the clitoris develop from the same embryonic tissue.
D) testosterone increases sexual drive in males.