Deck 13: Development Over the Life Span

Question 1

The fundamental sense of being male or female is a definition of gender:

A) schema.
B) identity.
C) typing.
D) development.

Answer 1

identity.

Question 2

During the germinal stage, the fertilized egg is called a:

A) fertilized egg.
B) fetus.
C) embryo.
D) zygote.

Answer 2

zygote.

Question 3

In what age group does the challenge of generativity vs. stagnation occur?

A) adolescence
B) middle adulthood
C) young adulthood
D) late adulthood

Answer 3

middle adulthood

Question 4

Once implantation is complete, the ________ stage begins.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) uterine

Question 5

Babies recognize key vowel and consonant sounds of their native language at:

A) 2 to 3 months.
B) 6 to 8 months.
C) 4 to 6 months.
D) 8 to 12 months.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT more common in adolescence than in childhood or adulthood?

A) conflict with parents
B) aggressive behaviour
C) reckless and risky behaviour
D) mood swings and depression

Question 7

The research by Margaret and Harry Harlow demonstrated a need for ________ in young rhesus monkeys.

A) contact comfort
B) maternal sensitivity
C) adequate nutrition
D) a peer group

Question 8

Understanding of conservation, identity, and serial ordering occurs during the ________ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operations
C) preoperational
D) formal operations

Question 9

Moral reasoning is based on the fear of punishment for ________ children.

A) very young
B) all
C) latency aged
D) teenaged

Question 10

What percentage of women report regret at reaching menopause?

A) 3%
B) 27%
C) 17%
D) 53%

Question 11

The Strange Situation test developed by Mary Ainsworth was designed to measure:

A) attachment styles.
B) need for affiliation.
C) hyperactivity.
D) emotional and social skills.

Question 12

In what age group does the challenge of initiative vs. guilt occur?

A) the toddler years
B) the elementary school years
C) the preschool years
D) middle adulthood

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT related to resilience in children?

A) easygoing temperament
B) support by caring adults
C) reactive temperament
D) such traits as self-efficacy and high self-esteem

Question 14

________ is the capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems.

A) Cognitive ability
B) Fluid intelligence
C) IQ
D) Crystallized intelligence

Question 15

Infants begin to name objects at about:

A) 6 months.
B) 10 months.
C) 8 months.
D) 12 months.

Question 16

The most common result of ________ during pregnancy is deafness.

A) alcohol use
B) cigarette smoking
C) German measles
D) cocaine use

Question 17

Object permanence develops during the ________ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operations
C) preoperational
D) formal operations

Question 18

During ________, moral reasoning is based on conformity and a "law-and-order" orientation.

A) the preschool years
B) early adolescence
C) late adolescence
D) adulthood

Question 19

The process by which children learn the abilities, interests, and behaviours associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture is called gender:

A) schema.
B) identification.
C) typing.
D) development.

Question 20

An increased likelihood of miscarriage, premature birth, and low birth weight results from ________ during pregnancy.

A) alcohol use
B) cigarette smoking
C) German measles
D) cocaine use

Question 21

Once implantation of the zygote is completed, the ________ stage of prenatal development begins.

A) fetal
B) structural
C) embryonic
D) germinal

Question 22

During the fetal stage of development, which begins at ________, further development of the organs and systems that existed in rudimentary form in the embryonic stage occurs.

A) 10 weeks
B) 6 weeks
C) 8 weeks
D) 2 weeks

Question 23

The placenta serves all of the following functions in pregnancy EXCEPT the:

A) screening out of some, but not all, harmful substances.
B) growing embryo's link for food from the mother.
C) secretion of the hormone testosterone when the embryo is male.
D) elimination of wastes from the embryo to the mother.

Question 24

Which of the following outcomes occurs when the mother has German measles early in pregnancy?

A) attention problems and lower IQ
B) defects in the eye, ear, and heart
C) increased likelihood of prematurity and low birth weight
D) mental retardation, blindness, and other physical disorders

Question 25

Which of the following outcomes is associated with maternal exposure to lead during pregnancy?

A) increased likelihood of prematurity and low birth weight
B) defects in the eye, ear, and heart
C) attention problems and lower IQ
D) mental retardation, blindness, and other physical disorders

Question 26

The germinal stage of conception begins with the:

A) entry of the zygote into the uterus.
B) maturation of the female ovum and its entry into the fallopian tube.
C) uniting of the female ovum and the male sperm.
D) attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

Question 27

Our concepts of the human life span have changed over time; the contemporary view includes the notion that:

A) childhood consists of formative years that determine what kind of adult the child will become.
B) society is turning to the elderly as wise individuals who can model living through extensive change.
C) life events occur in a predictable pattern due to improvements in health care.
D) many people are experiencing life events out of order, if they are engaging in these events at all.

Question 28

Imagine what it would be like to be a newborn human infant. You would probably be:

A) totally blind and deaf.
B) totally helpless and confused.
C) capable of responding to and influencing your environment.
D) capable of making only a few simply responses.

Question 29

Technically, the eighth week following conception marks the beginning stage of the:

A) prenatal period.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) embryo.

Question 30

Psychologists who study universal aspects of life-span development, as well as investigating cultural and individual variations, are called:

A) developmental psychologists.
B) individualist psychologists.
C) maturational psychologists.
D) cross-cultural psychologists.

Question 31

The negative effects of ________ may show up long after birth in the increased rates of infant sickness, sudden infant death syndrome, hyperactivity, and learning difficulties.

A) German measles (rubella)
B) cigarette smoking
C) X-rays or other radiation
D) fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 32

The newborn infant has a number of ________, such as sucking, grasping, and rooting, that aid in his or her survival.

A) innate perceptual abilities
B) instincts
C) traits
D) motor reflexes

Question 33

________ is the process in which children learn the rules and behaviour expected of them by society.

A) Acculturation
B) Socialization
C) Development
D) Maturation

Question 34

At the moment of conception, a male's sperm cell fertilizes a female's egg to form the single cell known as the:

A) neonate.
B) zygote.
C) fetus.
D) embryo.

Question 35

Pam and her husband were elated as they peer into Pam's uterus by means of ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby's fingers, toes, heart and brain are developing as expected. At this stage the baby is over 4 cm in length and the sex can be determined. Given this information, the current stage of prenatal development is the:

A) germinal stage.
B) fetal stage.
C) embryonic stage.
D) stage of the zygote.

Question 36

Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily's uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal and that their baby's fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing as expected. The couple is surprised to learn that the baby is only 4 cm long. Given this information, the current stage of prenatal development is the:

A) fetal stage.
B) stage of the zygote.
C) germinal stage.
D) embryonic stage.

Question 37

Dr. McKenzie decides to perform a Caesarean section in order to avoid potential harm to a baby during birth. She is most likely concerned about the mother's:

A) outbreak of genital herpes.
B) cigarette smoking just before the onset of labour.
C) consumption of more than two alcoholic drinks per day.
D) exposure to lead during the last weeks of pregnancy.

Question 38

Which of the following outcomes is associated with maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy?

A) mental retardation, blindness, and other physical disorders
B) increased likelihood of miscarriage, prematurity, and low birth weight
C) defects in the eye, ear, and heart
D) attention problems and lower IQ

Question 39

The greatest gains in brain and nervous system development occur between:

A) the twenty-eighth week and the fortieth week of prenatal development.
B) the fifth week and the twelfth week of prenatal development.
C) the thirteenth week and the twenty-seventh week of prenatal development.
D) conception and the fourth week of prenatal development.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT true?

A) While illicit drugs can cause harm to the fetus, there is little or no risk from over-the-counter drugs such as aspirin or cold medications.
B) No drugs of any kind should be used by a pregnant woman without a doctor's approval.
C) Drug use by the father, as well as by the mother, may cause fetal defects.
D) Cocaine causes subtle impairments in children's cognitive and language abilities.

Question 41

Cultural practices can influence the timing of developmental milestones. Sometimes, such practices may eliminate a milestone altogether, as seen in:

A) smiling.
B) crawling.
C) crying.
D) sleeping.

Question 42

The research of Harlow and Harlow supported the hypothesis that ________ was the basis for the attachment of infants to their parents.

A) feeding
B) proximity
C) eye contact
D) contact comfort

Question 43

After greeting her relatives at the airport, Joey's mother leaves him with his grandma and gets the luggage. Eight-month-old Joey becomes fearful of the stranger holding him and begins to wail. This distress would be an example of:

A) avoidant attachment.
B) sensorimotor thinking.
C) separation anxiety.
D) insecure attachment.

Question 44

Which of the following is true about the effects of culture on maturation?

A) Doctors now recommend that babies sleep on their stomachs so that they do not risk choking if they spit up during the night.
B) Navaho babies who are strapped to cradle boards do not develop normal walking ability until they are two to three years old.
C) Developmental milestones, such as the age at which crawling typically occurs, do not change.
D) Mayan Indians, rural Italians, African villagers, and urban Japanese typically let the infant sleep with the mother for the first few years of life, waking every four hours to nurse.

Question 45

The two types of insecure attachment, according to Mary Ainsworth, are:

A) anxious attachment and withdrawn attachment.
B) hostile attachment and withdrawn attachment.
C) avoidant attachment and anxious-ambivalent attachment.
D) resistant attachment and hostile attachment.

Question 46

Mary Ainsworth believed that insecure attachment results primarily from the way mothers treat their children during the:

A) first three years of life.
B) first month of life.
C) first year of life.
D) first week of life.

Question 47

All of the following factors promote the development of an insecure attachment EXCEPT:

A) being a twin.
B) temperament.
C) parental rejection.
D) family stressors.

Question 48

________, the pleasure of being touched and held, is important throughout life.

A) Contact comfort
B) Attachment
C) Maturation
D) Socialization

Question 49

The sensory abilities of newborn infants:

A) include the ability to see and hear, but not to discriminate tastes and smells.
B) include visual abilities that are much like those of an adult.
C) are poor, resulting in a confused picture of the world.
D) include the ability to discriminate smells, tastes, and sounds almost immediately.

Question 50

Mary Ainsworth devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation in order to determine:

A) aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment.
B) the nature of attachment between mothers and babies.
C) the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies.
D) parental discipline styles in the first year of life.

Question 51

Important gains in brain and nervous system development occur:

A) between conception and the 4th week of prenatal development.
B) between the 5th week and the 12th week of prenatal development.
C) between the 13th week and the 27th week of prenatal development.
D) all throughout the 9-month gestation period.

Question 52

In Canada, a baby is expected to sleep for ________ uninterrupted hours by the age of 4 or 5 months, a milestone considered to be a sign of ________ maturity.

A) 8; emotional
B) 16; neurological
C) 8; neurological
D) 4; social

Question 53

Which of the following does NOT occur during the baby's first 15 months?

A) Infants need maximum stimulation for their brain to develop normally.
B) There is an explosion of new synapses, the connections among neurons in the brain.
C) The neural network in the brain becomes more efficient.
D) Many of the synapses, or connections, between neurons are lost.

Question 54

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants:

A) are not concerned upon separation, but cry to be picked up and held on her return.
B) cry or protest if the mother leaves the room and welcome her back when she returns.
C) protest loudly when the mother leaves, but resist contact with her when she returns.
D) do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about attachment is NOT true?

A) Most children, all over the world, form a secure attachment to their mothers in spite of wide variations in child-rearing practices.
B) Children who are in daycare more than 30 hours a week tend to develop insecure attachment.
C) A child who lives in a large, extended family may not become avoidant in the Strange Situation because she or he does not panic when the mother leaves.
D) There is only a modest correlation between the mother's sensitivity and a child's secure attachment.

Question 56

Babies who are ________ will turn their heads to watch a drawing of a face if it moves in front of them, but they will not turn if the "face" consists of scrambled features.

A) nine minutes old
B) nine days old
C) nine weeks old
D) nine months old

Question 57

Between the ages of ________, children begin to show separation anxiety.

A) 1 to 2 months
B) 3 to 5 months
C) 6 to 8 months
D) 10 to 12 months

Question 58

Most children become wary or fearful of strangers between the ages of:

A) 2 to 3 months.
B) 4 to 6 months.
C) 6 to 8 months.
D) 10 to 12 months.

Question 59

Babies will ________ after about one month of age.

A) show separation anxiety
B) perceive depth
C) use symbolic gestures
D) smile regularly

Question 60

When infant rhesus monkeys were raised with an artificial "wire mother" and an artificial "cloth mother," they:

A) avoided both mothers except when they were hungry.
B) would not eat or drink, and soon died.
C) would cling to the "cloth mother," especially when they were frightened or startled.
D) became attached to the artificial mother that supplied milk.

Question 61

Object permanence is important in a child's cognitive development because it marks the beginning of the child's ability to:

A) accommodate without assimilating.
B) mentally represent objects that are not physically present.
C) assimilate without accommodating.
D) mentally reverse an action or operation.

Question 62

In Piaget's theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and new information is called:

A) accommodation.
B) conservation.
C) operations.
D) assimilation.

Question 63

Ali sees a butterfly and chases it saying, "Birdie!" Piaget would say that this is an example of:

A) egocentric thinking.
B) assimilation.
C) accommodation.
D) preoperational thought.

Question 64

A child is in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. If Piaget's model is correct, the child will next move to the ________ stage.

A) formal operational
B) abstract operational
C) concrete operational
D) preoperational

Question 65

For Jean Piaget, the mistakes or errors children make:

A) provided important clues about their level of cognitive development.
B) reflected a poor learning history and poor parenting.
C) were signs of unconscious conflicts or tension.
D) resulted from the overuse of on the part of parents of "parentese."

Question 66

In Piaget's theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures is called:

A) conservation.
B) accommodation.
C) assimilation.
D) operations.

Question 67

Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

A) A toddler points to an object that is out of her reach.
B) A baby absorbs a new word spoken by her father.
C) A toddler at the laundromat says, "Mama dress."
D) A baby endlessly repeats, "Ba-ba-ba-ba."

Question 68

Janis sees a bat flying over the lake and says, "Birdie"! Her mother says, "That flies like a bird, Janis, but that is a bat." Janis begins pointing saying, "Bat! Bat! Bat!" Piaget would say that this is an example of:

A) preoperational thought.
B) egocentric thinking.
C) assimilation.
D) accommodation.

Question 69

According to Piaget, ________ represents the beginning of the child's capacity to use mental imagery and other symbolic systems.

A) egocentric thinking
B) assimilation
C) object permanence
D) accommodation

Question 70

Emily calls her husband into the living room saying, "I'm just sure that the baby recognized the word mommy!" Emily's baby is most likely:

A) 1 to 3 months of age.
B) 4 to 6 months of age.
C) 7 to 9 months of age.
D) 10 to 12 months of age.

Question 71

A child is able to pretend that a large box is a school bus. Later that day, she has difficulty reversing her actions and completing a puzzle after she has taken it apart. Piaget would suggest that she is in the:

A) concrete operations stage.
B) sensorimotor stage.
C) formal operations stage.
D) preoperational stage.

Question 72

Psychologists studying the acquisition of language have found that:

A) at 6 months of age, babies begin to respond to the pitch and sound of language.
B) the process begins in the first months, with crying and cooing.
C) the process begins when babies recognize the sound structure of their native language.
D) at 12 months of age, babies begin to recognize their own names.

Question 73

A child in Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development will be able to:

A) judge liquid by its quantity rather than by changes in its appearance.
B) understand that 2 × 6 = 12 is the reverse operation of 12 ÷ 2 = 6.
C) reason that the number of pennies stays the same whether spread out or stacked.
D) pretend to drink juice out of toy buckets in the sandbox.

Question 74

A toddler smacks her lips to let her parents know that she wants food. This is an example of:

A) a language acquisition device.
B) parentese.
C) a symbolic gesture.
D) telegraphic speech.

Question 75

Late one night George went to the drug store to pick up formula for his newborn child. He noticed that they were out of the brand his wife normally bought. When his wife tried to feed the new formula to the baby, she kept spitting out the nipple of the bottle, until she finally began to accept the new taste. The ability of the baby to adapt to the taste of the new brand of formula reflects:

A) centration.
B) assimilation.
C) conservation.
D) accommodation.

Question 76

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A) preoperational → sensorimotor → concrete operations → formal operations
B) concrete operations → sensorimotor → preoperational → formal operations
C) preoperational → concrete operations → sensorimotor → formal operations
D) sensorimotor → preoperational → concrete operations → formal operations

Question 77

Sam is playing with a ball when it rolls under a piece of furniture and out of sight. When this happens, he acts as if it no longer exists and makes no attempt to find it. According to Piaget, Sam would be in the ________ period of development.

A) sensorimotor
B) formal
C) preoperational
D) concrete

Question 78

Piaget referred to the ability of individuals to react to new experiences on the basis of similarities to past experiences as:

A) conservation.
B) assimilation.
C) accommodation.
D) centration.

Question 79

In regard to language acquisition, adults seem to know that:

A) by 12 months of age, healthy babies are able to name three to five familiar objects.
B) the baby's own name seemed to be recognized at about the age of 11 months.
C) the melody and the rhythm of "baby talk" help babies learn their native language.
D) the appearance of telegraphic speech means the parents use too much "baby talk."

Question 80

Piaget mistakenly believed that:

A) children began to grasp the concept of object permanence during the sensorimotor stage.
B) an understanding of serial ordering does not emerge until the stage of formal operations.
C) during the stage of concrete operations, children have the ability to compare and classify ideas.
D) preoperational children cannot take another person's point of view.