Deck 39: Lower Digestive Tract

Question 1

Which of the following organs is classified as a dual gland (both exocrine and endocrine)?

A) Gallbladder
B) Liver
C) Pancreas
D) Both A and C

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The cells that produce insulin are known as:

A) acinar units.
B) beta cells.
C) alpha cells.
D) Brunner glands.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Bile salts aid in the absorption of:

A) fats.
B) proteins.
C) carbohydrates.
D) calcium, magnesium, and certain other minerals.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

A) Detoxification
B) Secretion of insulin
C) Storage of iron and vitamins
D) Production of bile

Question 5

Which of the following is not a lobe of the liver?

A) Right lobe
B) Medial lobe
C) Left lobe
D) Caudate lobe
E) Quadrate lobe

Question 6

The fan-shaped projection of peritoneum that connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the:

A) visceral peritoneum.
B) greater omentum.
C) lesser omentum.
D) mesentery.

Question 7

Surgical removal of the gallbladder is referred to as:

A) cholelithiasis.
B) cholecystitis.
C) cholecystectomy.
D) choledochorrhaphy.

Question 8

Which of the following is not an anatomical part of the small intestine?

A) Duodenum
B) Cecum
C) Ileum
D) Jejunum

Question 9

The most essential part of bile is:

A) bile salts.
B) bile pigments.
C) cholesterol.
D) bilirubin.

Question 10

Microvilli can be found in the:

A) stomach.
B) small intestine.
C) large intestine.
D) Both B and C are correct.

Question 11

After leaving the stomach, food enters the:

A) large intestine.
B) small intestine.
C) esophagus.
D) rectum.

Question 12

The part of the colon that lies in the vertical position, on the left side of the abdomen, extending from a point below the stomach and spleen to the level of the iliac crest is the _____ colon.

A) ascending
B) transverse
C) descending
D) sigmoid

Question 13

The hormone glucagon is produced by:

A) acinar units.
B) beta cells.
C) alpha cells.
D) Brunner glands.

Question 14

A barium enema study is used to detect and locate:

A) polyps.
B) tumors.
C) diverticula.
D) all of the above.

Question 15

Phagocytic cells lining liver sinusoids are called _____ cells.

A) chief
B) alpha
C) Kupffer
D) hepatic

Question 16

The right angle between the transverse colon and the ascending colon is the:

A) costal angle.
B) hepatic flexure.
C) left colonic bend.
D) splenic flexure.

Question 17

The longest portion of the small intestine is the:

A) duodenum.
B) ileum.
C) jejunum.
D) colon.

Question 18

The proper anatomical order for the divisions of the colon is:

A) descending, transverse, sigmoid, and ascending.
B) ascending, transverse, sigmoid, and descending.
C) sigmoid, ascending, transverse, and descending.
D) ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid.

Question 19

Which of the following structures is anatomically the longest?

A) Esophagus
B) Duodenum
C) Jejunum
D) Ileum

Question 20

Bile is secreted by:

A) parietal cells.
B) crypts of Lieberkühn.
C) Kupffer cells.
D) hepatic cells.

Question 21

The brush border of the small intestine is formed by about 1700 ultra-fine microvilli per cell.

Question 22

In the pancreas, alpha cells produce insulin and beta cells produce glucagon.

Question 23

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

A) Stores vitamin A
B) Carries on numerous steps in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
C) Secretes bile
D) Stores bile

Question 24

Bile is released from the gallbladder into the stomach to aid in the digestive process.

Question 25

Surgical removal of the gallbladder is called cholecystectomy.

Question 26

Which of the following is not a function of the pancreas?

A) It produces digestive enzymes.
B) It produces bile.
C) It produces insulin.
D) All of the above are functions of the pancreas.

Question 27

Which of the following is true about bile?

A) It is made in the gallbladder, stored in the gallbladder, and emptied into the duodenum.
B) It is made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and emptied into the stomach.
C) It is made in the gallbladder, stored in the liver, and emptied into the jejunum.
D) It is made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and emptied into the duodenum.

Question 28

The small intestine is so named because it is shorter than the large intestine.

Question 29

The vermiform appendix is a wormlike projection extending from the cecum.

Question 30

Hemorrhoids are enlargements of veins in the anal canal.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) The gallbladder can hold between 30 and 50 ml of bile.
B) The gallbladder lies on the undersurface of the liver.
C) The walls of the gallbladder have rugae similar to the ones found in the stomach wall.
D) The gallbladder empties bile into the stomach to assist in fat digestion.

Question 32

Intestinal digestive enzymes are produced in the brush border cells toward the top of the villi of the small intestine.

Question 33

The presence of villi and microvilli increases the surface area of the large intestine.

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The cystic duct and the pancreatic duct join to form the common bile duct.
B) The common bile duct is formed by the joining of the cystic duct from the liver and the hepatic duct from the gallbladder.
C) The pancreatic duct and the hepatic duct join to form the common bile duct.
D) None of the above are true statements.

Question 35

The fan-shaped projection of peritoneum that connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the mesentery.

Question 36

Hemorrhoids are enlargements of the smaller arteries in the anal canal.

Question 37

Which statement explains what happens to toxic substances after detoxification by liver cells?

A) They are used to increase pH for optimum amylase function.
B) They are used to dilute food and other substances and facilitate mixing of foods in the small intestine.
C) Small amounts are carried by mucus and sodium bicarbonate to the small intestine for use in digestion.
D) They are changed into nontoxic compounds by a series of chemical reactions.

Question 38

The right angle formed by the transverse colon and the descending colon is called the:

A) hepatic flexure.
B) sigmoid colon.
C) splenic flexure.
D) secondary colonic flexure.

Question 39

The large intestine has a diameter of about 2.5 inches and a length of about 5 to 6 feet.

Question 40

The hepatic flexure of the large intestine is located in the left hypochondriac region.

Question 41

The hepatic lobules are the anatomical units of the liver and are tiny hexagonal or pentagonal shaped structures.

Question 42

Goblet cells are mucus-secreting cells found in the crypts of the small intestine.

Question 43

Cholesterol is a component of bile.

Question 44

The liver occupies most of the right hypochondrium.

Question 45

Most of the pancreatic tissue is exocrine, producing the hormones glucagon and insulin.

Question 46

In the wall of the small intestine, the longitudinal muscles are grouped into tape-like strips called haustra.

Question 47

The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum each make up about one third of the length of the small intestine.

Question 48

The average diameter of the large intestine increases toward the lower end of the tube.

Question 49

In the wall of the small intestine, circular muscles are grouped into rings that produce pouch-like haustra between them.

Question 50

The point at which the small intestine changes from the jejunum to the ileum is marked by a change in the diameter of the intestine.

Question 51

Crohn disease is an inflammatory disease of the bowel.

Question 52

Both the large and small intestine have microvilli.

Question 53

Lymph vessels in the villi of the small intestine are called plicae.

Question 54

The greater omentum is a fatty tissue covering the anterior surface of the intestines.

Question 55

In the wall of the large intestine, the longitudinal muscles are grouped into tape-like strips called taeniae coli.

Question 56

Glucagon and insulin assist the GI tract in the digestive process.

Question 57

The vermiform appendix is attached to the sigmoid part of the large intestine.

Question 58

The liver is the largest gland in the body.

Question 59

Both the stomach and gallbladder contain folds called rugae.

Question 60

There is no clear line of demarcation between the ileum and the jejunum.

Question 61

The diameter of the small intestine is about an inch and the length is about 12 feet.

Question 62

The formation of ulcers has been linked to the bacterium Streptococcus pylori.

Question 63

The Paneth cells of the small intestine produce enzymes, but they are used for protection rather than digestion.

Question 64

The substances insulin and glucagon are both produced by the liver but have opposite effects on carbohydrate metabolism.

Question 65

The cecum is the first part of the large intestine; it consists of a blind pouch located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.

Question 66

The duodenum of the small intestine was named based on its length.

Question 67

The microbiome is a name for the normal community of bacteria that inhabit the colon.

Question 68

Anal fissures are a more serious condition than an anal fistula.

Question 69

The mesentery and the transverse mesocolon are both projections of the peritoneum.

Question 70

Jaundice occurs when the pancreatic duct is blocked and the contents of the pancreas enter the blood.

Question 71

The word acinar refers to the grape-like shape of the structure in the pancreas.

Question 72

The normal nonpathogenic bacteria in the intestine produce important molecules such as vitamin K and biotin.

Question 73

As material moves through the large intestine, it will pass the hepatic flexure before it passes the splenic flexure.

Question 74

Both cholecystectomy and ultrasound lithotripsy are methods of eliminating gallstones.

Question 75

The peritoneum that lines the abdominal wall is called the parietal layer.

Question 76

Villi in the small intestines contain arterioles, venules, and lacteals.

Question 77

The peritoneum that covers the organs is called the visceral layer.

Question 78

The falciform ligament in the liver divides it into equal right and left halves.

Question 79

The sigmoid colon gets its name from its shape.

Question 80

The gallbladder has a maximum capacity of about 25 ml of bile.