Deck 10: Dynamic Imaging: Fluoroscopy

Question 1

The formula for brightness gain is:

A) brightness gain = minification gain - flux gain.
B) brightness gain = minification gain/flux gain.
C) brightness gain = minification gain × flux gain.
D) brightness gain = minification gain + flux gain.

Answer 1

brightness gain = minification gain × flux gain.

Question 2

The __________________________ consists of a light-emitting material (like cesium iodide)to absorbs x-rays and emits light.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) accelerating anode

Answer 2

input phosphor

Question 3

This is measured in cd/m²/mR/s.

A) Brightness gain
B) Flux
C) Minification gain
D) Conversion factor

Answer 3

Conversion factor

Question 4

The conversion factor is a(n)___________ term for brightness gain and is typically about __________ of the brightness gain value.

A) older; 1%
B) older; 10%
C) newer; 1%
D) newer; 10%

Question 5

The formula to determine the amount of magnification created when in magnification mode is:

A) MF = full size input phosphor/selected input phosphor.
B) MF = full size input phosphor2/selected input phosphor2.
C) MF = selected input phosphor/full size input phosphor.
D) MF = selected input phosphor2/full size input phosphor2.

Question 6

In reference to image intensification,the function that adjusts and maintains the overall image brightness and contrast during the fluoroscopic procedure is:

A) DQE.
B) APR.
C) ABC.
D) AEC.

Question 7

The __________________ is coated with light-emitting crystals to absorb electrons and emit light.

A) input phosphor
B) output phosphor
C) photocathode
D) accelerating anode

Question 8

Releasing the pressure applied to the ________________ will terminate the radiation exposure during fluoroscopy.

A) photocathode
B) input phosphor
C) deadman switch
D) radiographic mode

Question 9

The input phosphor is ______________ than the output phosphor.

A) larger
B) smaller
C) the same size as
D) brighter

Question 10

___________ uses a continuous beam of x-rays to create images of the movement of internal structures that can be viewed on a monitor.

A) Radiography
B) Fluoroscopy
C) Digital radiography
D) All of the above

Question 11

Magnification of the fluoroscopic image results in improved:

A) brightness.
B) spatial resolution.
C) contrast.
D) exposure.

Question 12

___________ imaging is accomplished with fluoroscopy as opposed to radiography.

A) Static
B) Still
C) Dynamic
D) Colorized

Question 13

This part of the image intensifier absorbs light and converts light to electrons.

A) Input phosphor
B) Output phosphor
C) Photocathode
D) Electrostatic focusing lenses

Question 14

The process that the exit radiation from the anatomic area of interest interacts with the input phosphor for conversion to visible light,which are converted to electrons by a photocathode,then focused by electrostatic focusing lenses,and accelerated toward an anode to strike the output phosphor is:

A) fluoroscopy.
B) image intensification.
C) deadman switch.
D) radiographic mode.

Question 15

The gain related to the decrease in size from the input to the output phosphor that increases the light intensities is the:

A) brightness gain.
B) flux.
C) minification gain.
D) conversion factor.

Question 16

A disadvantage of using magnification mode during fluoroscopy is:

A) the image has less resolution.
B) the image brightness is inconsistent.
C) the patient receives additional dose.
D) none of the above.

Question 17

If a 30/23/15 cm image intensifier is operated in the 23 cm mode,the fluoroscopic image will be magnified by a factor of:

A) 1.3.
B) 1.5.
C) 1.7.
D) 2.

Question 18

When operated in magnification mode,the electrostatic lenses have ________ voltage.

A) decreased
B) increased
C) the same amount as usual
D) one half

Question 19

Which of the following most accurately shows the energy sequence during image-intensified fluoroscopy?

A) Light to x-rays to electrons to light
B) X-rays to light to electrons to light
C) X-rays to electrons to light
D) Electrons to light to electrons

Question 20

Typical fluoroscopic systems have spatial resolution capabilities in the range of:

A) 2 to 3 Lp/mm.
B) 4 to 6 Lp/mm.
C) 7 to 9 Lp/mm.
D) 10 to 12 Lp/mm.

Question 21

When the electron beam in the camera travels back and forth across,from the top to bottom,it is moving in a ___________ pattern.

A) sweep
B) brush
C) raster
D) rooster

Question 22

The TFTs control the current to each pixel and switch it on or off by causing the liquid crystals to twist or untwist in which type of monitor?

A) CRT monitor
B) LCD monitor
C) Plasma monitor
D) Smartphone monitor

Question 23

Semiconductor capacitors are components of the:

A) camera tube.
B) CCD.
C) image intensifier.
D) x-ray tube.

Question 24

The conventional or current method for viewing the fluoroscopic image is by:

A) using a hand-held device.
B) looking directly at the output phosphor.
C) using a TV monitor.
D) using a mirror-optics system.

Question 25

The fiber-optic bundle or optical lens system is used to:

A) deliver the image from the camera to the television monitor.
B) record the fluoroscopic image.
C) link the output phosphor and camera or CCD.
D) none of the above.

Question 26

Which of the following happens while in radiographic mode?

A) X-ray tube switches to high mA
B) X-ray tube switches to low mA
C) Image intensification
D) None of the above

Question 27

Distortion of the fluoroscopic image that appears as unequal magnification is:

A) noise.
B) pincushion appearance.
C) vignetting.
D) magnification.

Question 28

A loss of brightness around the edge of the fluoroscopic image due to the curve of the photocathode is:

A) noise.
B) pincushion appearance.
C) vignetting.
D) magnification.

Question 29

In fluoroscopy,shape distortion is caused by:

A) angling the tube.
B) angling the image intensifier.
C) the curved shape of the photocathode.
D) the position of the electrostatic focusing lenses.

Question 30

Vidicon refers to a type of:

A) television monitor.
B) camera tube.
C) CCD.
D) fiber optics.

Question 31

A typical high-resolution monitor will have:

A) 825 lines.
B) 1024 lines.
C) 1872 lines.
D) 2034 lines.

Question 32

Each capacitor in a CCD represents a(n):

A) line.
B) image.
C) pixel.
D) electric charge.

Question 33

The purpose of a beam splitting mirror is to:

A) be able to view the fluoroscopic image on more than one television.
B) reduce the intensity of the image from the output phosphor.
C) allow spot filming to be done during fluoroscopy.
D) none of the above.

Question 34

The CCD's electrical charge from the capacitors is sent to the:

A) output phosphor.
B) TV monitor.
C) x-ray tube.
D) image intensifier.

Question 35

Which of the following require the x-ray beam to be in radiographic mode?

A) Cassette spot imaging
B) Film cameras for spot filming
C) Videotape
D) None of the above

Question 36

This recording system allows the film to be divided into two,four,or more images.

A) Cassette spot imaging
B) Film cameras for spot filming
C) Videotape
D) None of the above

Question 37

Increasing the mA is the way to correct a fluoroscopic image that has:

A) noise.
B) pincushion appearance.
C) vignetting.
D) magnification.

Question 38

In terms of resolution,the weakest part of the fluoroscopic system is the:

A) image intensifier.
B) television monitor.
C) camera tube.
D) none of the above.

Question 39

Typical CRT type television monitors have:

A) 300 lines.
B) 450 lines.
C) 525 lines.
D) 875 lines.

Question 40

The image intensifier is capable of resolving about ___________,while the monitor can resolve about _______________.

A) 1 to 2 Lp/mm; 1 to 2 Lp/mm
B) 1 to 2 Lp/mm; 5 Lp/mm
C) 5 Lp/mm; 5 Lp/mm
D) 5 Lp/mm; 1 to 2 Lp/mm

Question 41

Which of the following produces an image with more noise?

A) Vidicon camera
B) CCD
C) There is no difference between the two.

Question 42

The x-ray beam used with a digital fluoroscopic unit uses ___________ mA and a ______________ beam.

A) low; constant
B) high; constant
C) low; pulsed
D) high; pulsed

Question 43

Which of the following is easier to move around and allows better access to the patient during a procedure?

A) Conventional image intensifier
B) Flat-panel detector in place of image intensifier
C) There is no difference between the two.

Question 44

Which of the following has a rectangular field of view and a wider dynamic range?

A) Conventional image intensifier
B) Flat-panel detector in place of image intensifier
C) There is no difference between the two.

Question 45

Use of which of the following systems will result in less radiation dose to the patient?

A) Tube-type camera
B) CCD
C) There is no difference between the two.

Question 46

Which of the following directions can the mobile C-Arm unit move?

A) Move the entire "C" toward or away from the base.
B) Pivot the "C" around its axis.
C) Slide the "C" along its arc.
D) All of the above.

Question 47

The newest fluoroscopy systems use a flat-panel detector:

A) to display the spot images during fluoroscopy.
B) to record the overhead images following fluoroscopy.
C) in place of the image intensifier.
D) in addition to the image intensifier.

Question 48

Flat-panel detectors for digital fluoroscopic imaging can be the:

A) amorphous silicon indirect capture type.
B) photostimulable phosphor plate type.
C) amorphous selenium direct capture type.
D) A and B.
E) A and C.

Question 49

The analog to digital converter:

A) makes the electrical signal understandable to the computer.
B) determines the contrast resolution of the system.
C) determines the image matrix.
D) all of the above.

Question 50

The SSD should be no less than ___________ for a fixed or stationary fluoro unit and no less than ____________ for a mobile fluoro unit (C-Arm).

A) 38 cm; 30 cm
B) 30 cm; 38 cm
C) 38 in; 30 in
D) 30 in; 38 in

Question 51

In order to record the dynamic image with image-intensified fluoroscopy,you will need to use:

A) cassette spot filming.
B) film cameras for spot filming.
C) videotape.
D) none of the above.

Question 52

Early versions of digital fluoroscopy used the standard system and added:

A) a different camera.
B) an ADC.
C) videotape.
D) none of the above.

Question 53

Which of the following has the possibility of demonstrating veiling glare and pincushion distortion?

A) Conventional image intensifier
B) Flat-panel detector in place of image intensifier
C) There is no difference between the two.

Question 54

Digital fluoroscopy is improved by using:

A) a vidicon camera.
B) videotape.
C) a beam splitting mirror.
D) a CCD.

Question 55

Which of the following is more light-sensitive?

A) Tube-type camera
B) CCD
C) There is no difference between the two.

Question 56

Which of the following does not require any additional devices for spot filming during the fluoroscopic procedure?

A) Conventional image intensifier
B) Flat-panel detector in place of image intensifier
C) There is no difference between the two.

Question 57

Which of the following requires more radiation to produce quality fluoroscopic images?

A) Conventional image intensifier
B) Flat-panel detector in place of image intensifier
C) There is no difference between the two.

Question 58

In comparison,the vidicon camera tube has ______________ spatial resolution,and the CCD requires ________________ radiation to produce a good fluoroscopic image.

A) less; more
B) less; less
C) better; more
D) better; less

Question 59

Fluoroscopic equipment should be inspected every:

A) week.
B) month.
C) 6 months.
D) year.

Question 60

When using the mobile C-Arm unit,the x-ray tube should be positioned under the patient and the image intensifier above the patient because:

A) more convenient to get the unit under the patient's bed during surgery.
B) increase radiation exposure to operator.
C) reduce radiation exposure to operator.
D) it is easier to move this way.

Question 61

When using magnification mode,the fluoroscopist needs to manually set the exposure factors higher to compensate for the reduced diameter input phosphor.

Question 62

In image-intensified fluoroscopy,the mA used during imaging is considerably lower than in the radiographic mode.

Question 63

The dose area product (DAP)and cumulative air kerma (kinetic energy released in a mass)provide radiation exposure data and need to be recorded in the patient's medical record.

Question 64

The beam splitting mirror is never used with fiber optics.

Question 65

The ABC can be slow in responding,seen as a brief delay in the brightness adjustment.

Question 66

The purpose of a camera tube or CCD is to record the fluoroscopic image.

Question 67

Each electron that interacts with the output phosphor will result in significantly fewer light photons being produced in comparison to the number of light photons it took to release that electron.

Question 68

The electron gun in the television monitor sends out a steady stream of electrons to activate the fluorescent screen.

Question 69

The radiographer may be responsible for the ________________ inspection of the fluoroscopic equipment for QC purposes.

A) performance
B) operational
C) A and B
D) none of the above

Question 70

When a CCD is exposed to light,it generates and briefly stores light energy.

Question 71

Operating the fluoroscope in a pulsed mode will reduce the number of images each second,decrease patient dose,and reduce the visibility of patient motion.