Deck 4: Socialization,Interaction,and the Self

Question 1

Read the quote from Freud below,which describes a part of the mind as he theorized it.
It is the dark,inaccessible part of our personality,what little we know of it we have learnt from our study of the dream-work and of the construction of neurotic symptoms.. . .We all approach [it] with analogies: we call it a chaos,a cauldron full of seething excitations.
Which part of the mind was he talking about?

A) the id
B) the ego
C) the superego
D) the conscience

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The nature vs.nurture debate helps us understand

A) the contradictions between primary and secondary group socialization.
B) the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning.
C) why biology has nothing to do with human potential.
D) how biology determines physical characteristics, whereas social learning alone determines a person's personality and habits.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Victor of Aveyron was a feral child who wandered out of the woods in 1800 when he was approximately twelve years old.After being reintroduced to human society,Victor was incapable of talking and never fully adjusted to life with other humans.This case shows the importance of

A) impression management.
B) positive sanctions.
C) the superego.
D) socialization.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to Sigmund Freud,which part of the mind is composed of biological drives and is the source of psychic energy?

A) the looking-glass self
B) the id
C) the ego
D) the superego

Question 5

Several cases of children who grew up in extreme social isolation,such as the case of Genie in 1970,suggest that

A) most of our mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction.
B) human intelligence is almost entirely determined by heredity.
C) the effects of isolation at an early age are easily reversible if caught in time.
D) the effects of extreme isolation in children are irreversible if the situation isn't corrected by the time the child is five years old.

Question 6

Recent research by marine biologists suggests that bottlenose dolphins have names for themselves.Scientists played sounds they had identified as the names of particular dolphins by putting them through a synthesizer so that they did not sound like the voices of particular dolphins.The researchers found that dolphins would respond to the names of other dolphins to which they were related or with which they were associated,but they ignored the names of strangers.This discovery suggests a much greater degree of self-awareness in aquatic mammals than was previously suspected.If this research is accurate,what does it suggest about dolphins?

A) They go through stages of socialization.
B) Significant others are as important to dolphins as they are to us.
C) The ocean may be like a frontstage area, in Goffman's terminology.
D) They have a sense of self similar to that of humans.

Question 7

Which part of the mind of feral children would Sigmund Freud expect to be MOST fully developed?

A) the psychosexual side
B) the id
C) the ego
D) the superego

Question 8

What are the parts of the mind according to Sigmund Freud's theoretical perspective?

A) the looking-glass self and the dual nature of the self
B) the dual nature of the self, the significant other, and the generalized other
C) the significant other and the generalized other
D) the id, the ego, and the superego

Question 9

Children raised without human interaction or with minimal human contact are referred to as
________ children.

A) feral
B) institutionalized
C) cognitively disadvantaged
D) environmentally challenged

Question 10

The term "socialization" refers to the

A) lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.
B) fact that human nature is essentially self-centered and must be unlearned.
C) interaction among the cultures of different societies.
D) process by which individuals come to know one another.

Question 11

Which part of the mind would Freud have described as being like a type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt?

A) the id
B) the ego
C) the superego
D) the brain

Question 12

In the psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud,which part of our mind is responsible for representing culture within us and serving as the moral component of our personality?

A) the id
B) the ego
C) the superego
D) the unconscious

Question 13

What was Sigmund Freud's greatest contribution to the understanding of the self?

A) his use of the terms "generalized other" and "significant other"
B) his theory of the unconscious mind
C) his theory of the looking-glass self
D) his research on feral children

Question 14

What did Sigmund Freud suggested in his book The Interpretation of Dreams?

A) Thoughts must originate in both the id and the superego.
B) The conscious level of awareness is the tip of the iceberg, and just below the surface are the subconscious and the unconscious.
C) Dreams result from inconsequential superstitions and have to be "worked through" for analysis to succeed.
D) People are in control of their own dreams and can consciously choose to steer them in one direction or another.

Question 15

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys.Boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play,while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles.This is part of what process?

A) personality
B) socialization
C) social isolation
D) status conflict

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the process of socialization is true?

A) It eventually stops, generally around adulthood.
B) Society shapes the individual and the individual shapes society.
C) It stays consistent over time.
D) It stays consistent in most social settings.

Question 17

The indie rock band the Halo Benders once sang the following:
Part environment
And part heredity
What we're born with
And what's been fed to me
What issue is being referenced in this song?

A) the nature vs. nurture debate
B) impression management
C) dramaturgy
D) role conflict

Question 18

What happens to individuals who are NOT socialized?

A) They are likely to produce their own words and create a unique language.
B) They are unable to fully develop without contact with others.
C) They have a much harder time with reading and math.
D) They are more likely to divorce.

Question 19

How do sociologists define the self?

A) the part of an individual that is displayed to other members of a society
B) only the private, innermost parts of the mind that are not usually shown to others
C) the experience of an individual's personal identity distinct from other people
D) the parts of the human mind that are created through interactions with others

Question 20

Which of the following is one of the goals of socialization?

A) to ensure that society self-evaluates
B) to teach norms, values, and beliefs
C) to teach people how to avoid incarceration
D) to teach the skills necessary to satisfy our love of technology

Question 21

The concept of the looking-glass self explains

A) why it is so difficult to see ourselves as others do.
B) how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others' judgments of us.
C) how young children come to realize that they have an identity separate from others.
D) why we respond to the generalized other.

Question 22

Which of the following is one of the steps in Charles Cooley's model of the looking-glass self?

A) We interpret other's reactions to us.
B) We imagine our lives like a movie.
C) We experience ourselves in private.
D) We imagine how we look in popular fashions.

Question 23

Why is playing organized games an important part of an older child's development of the self according to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead?

A) Game playing involves learning emotional self-control.
B) Game playing reinforces the primary group ties that are essential to emotional well-being.
C) Game playing teaches strict obedience to rules and norms.
D) Game playing involves learning to anticipate and coordinate with other players' actions.

Question 24

What has a child learned to do when he or she can internalize the expectations of other specific people?

A) overcome the looking-glass self
B) take the role of the particular or significant other
C) take the role of the generalized other
D) follow the rules of games

Question 25

According to George Herbert Mead,what are children learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their games?

A) the values and beliefs of their parents
B) the behaviors associated with particular roles
C) how to imitate things
D) the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole

Question 26

A student sitting through a boring class glances over at a friend and rolls his eyes.What would Erving Goffman call this?

A) a personal front
B) impression management
C) an expression of behavior
D) backstage

Question 27

Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game in which we work to control the impressions others have of us.What did Goffman call this process?

A) impression management
B) definition of the situation
C) cooling the mark out
D) expressions of behavior

Question 28

"Each to each a looking-glass,/ Reflects the other that doth pass." This line of poetry,associated with sociologist Charles Cooley,indicates that our sense of self originates in

A) basic biological drives.
B) the first stage of sexual development.
C) genetics.
D) interactions with other people.

Question 29

A college student plans to go to graduate school because she thinks of herself as having excellent critical thinking skills and a brilliant mind.Where would Charles Cooley's theory of the looking-glass self suggest that she got these ideas?

A) These ideas are part of the structure of her personality with which she was born.
B) These ideas come from teachers and fellow students expressing admiration.
C) These ideas come from the ease with which she understood new concepts.
D) These ideas come from the confidence she gained from exceptional intellectual abilities.

Question 30

According to George Herbert Mead,the dual nature of the self refers to the idea that

A) there is both a conscious nature and an unconscious nature of the self.
B) we have both a public self and a private self.
C) we experience the self as both subject and object.
D) there is both a social side and an instinctual side to the self.

Question 31

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead,the generalized other is

A) the inability of very young children to differentiate between themselves and others.
B) the guidelines and expectations that are associated with a particular role in society.
C) an understanding of the rules that govern a network of different players in related roles.
D) the transition toddlers make from the imitation of infancy to the play stage of childhood.

Question 32

What do sociologists call the idea that all individuals act like mirrors to each other?

A) status
B) the looking-glass self
C) the unconscious
D) the particular other

Question 33

Who argued that the personality passes through four distinct psychosexual stages of development?

A) Charles Cooley
B) Sigmund Freud
C) George Herbert Mead
D) Erving Goffman

Question 34

Susie isn't old enough to go to school yet,but she loves to play house.She has a toy stove and she pretends to be a mother.Sometimes,when playing house gets boring,she goes outside,takes a garden hose,and pretends to be a firefighter.George Herbert Mead would say that Susie is

A) in the play stage.
B) in the game stage.
C) her own generalized other.
D) aware of the roles of others.

Question 35

In what way is a game of football like society according to George Herbert Mead?

A) In both football and society, individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of everyone else.
B) In both football and society, there are winners and losers.
C) Both football and society involve hierarchy and rules that help the elite maintain their status.
D) Both football and society use hegemonic power to maintain order.

Question 36

Which theorist argued that if people define a situation as real,it is real in its consequences?

A) W. I. Thomas
B) Erving Goffman
C) George Herbert Mead
D) Charles Cooley

Question 37

Imagine a child who consistently gets mediocre grades and is often picked last for team games.He likes to make silly jokes and play pranks and he notices that people laugh when he does so.The child starts to think that others are laughing with him,not at him.This is part of the process that Charles Cooley called

A) backstage.
B) the preparatory stage.
C) the looking-glass self.
D) impression management.

Question 38

Considering that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance,scholars have called Erving Goffman's ideas

A) psychoanalysis.
B) the dual self.
C) self-centered society.
D) dramaturgy.

Question 39

Sigmund Freud once said that the id was like a wild horse and that the ________ was like a rider astride the horse struggling to keep it under control.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) libido

Question 40

Which of the following is true of expressions given off as defined by Erving Goffman?

A) They are usually verbal.
B) The person giving them off always controls them.
C) They often happen so quickly that the brain cannot process them.
D) They are typically nonverbal, but they are observable in various ways.

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of a total institution?

A) a college
B) a prison
C) a family
D) a workplace

Question 42

The University of California,Santa Barbara,is located near the Pacific Ocean and many students live within walking distance to the beach.Although the students feel that it's perfectly normal to wear a bathing suit while at the beach,most of them put on a cover-up or wrap themselves in a towel to make the short walk back to their apartments.This is because the beach,unlike the street,is a(n)________ where wearing nothing but a bathing suit is considered normal and acceptable.

A) agent of socialization
B) front
C) generalized other
D) region

Question 43

What are some examples of things students learn from a school's hidden curriculum?

A) vandalism, truancy, and other forms of deviance
B) punctuality, neatness, and discipline
C) math, reading, and science
D) civics and the principles of American government

Question 44

What did Harvard Medical School researchers conclude about the effects of the media on young people in Fiji who until recently lacked widespread access to television?

A) Television had few effects at first, but it will probably have more over time.
B) Television affected young women's body image.
C) Television increased the level of teen violence.
D) Television had almost no effect whatsoever.

Question 45

A famous monologue from Shakespeare's As You Like It begins as follows:
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances,
And one man in his time plays many parts.
Which theory of social life could be seen as taking its inspiration from these lines?

A) agents of socialization
B) dramaturgy
C) the psychosexual stages of development
D) the social construction of emotions

Question 46

Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring,lifelong impact on the individual?

A) the family
B) peers
C) the media
D) school

Question 47

Sociologists examine financial collapses such as those of the 1930s.These often occurred because rumors of insolvency,when believed by enough depositors,resulted in real bank failures.What sociological concept describes this phenomenon?

A) expressions given off
B) the Thomas theorem
C) dramaturgy
D) the generalized other

Question 48

Appearance,manner,style of dress,race,gender,and age are all elements of

A) an individual's personal front.
B) a setting or region.
C) expressions given.
D) the superego.

Question 49

Many people are afraid of picking up hitchhikers.Imagine that a hitchhiker,to get a ride,makes a suitcase out of a gasoline can so that he looks like he's a stranded motorist rather than a hitchhiker.A sociologist would say that the hitchhiker was working on

A) expressions of behavior.
B) impression management.
C) expressions given off.
D) expressions given.

Question 50

What is the relationship between Sister Pauline Quinn's program,in which prison inmates train service and therapy dogs,and sociological concepts of the self and of interaction?

A) The process of training dogs helps resocialize prisoners.
B) The program demonstrates globalization, as it has branches in most prisons in the
United States.
C) Quinn's program was founded on Freudian principles including the id, ego, and superego.
D) Quinn's program was based on the work of George Herbert Mead, who laid the groundwork for research on the self and interaction.

Question 51

Research has been conducted regarding why teens engage in smoking and other deviant behaviors.The most important factor in statistically predicting whether a teen will take up a particular deviant behavior is the presence or absence of peers who also engage in that behavior.This is probably because the other teens are acting

A) in ways that are closely connected to the family.
B) in cooperation with schools and the media.
C) as the most powerful long-term force in their friends' lives.
D) as agents of socialization.

Question 52

A sociologist observes that kindergartners are not just being taught about arts and crafts.They are also being taught how to be students including how to follow rules,remain in their seats,and other skills that will be necessary for the rest of their education.What are these other things that are taught in kindergarten called?

A) expressions of behavior
B) the hidden curriculum
C) theories of the self
D) the ego

Question 53

It is silly to tell your opponents that you have a good hand when you play high-stakes poker.However,particularly good poker players say they can read other players' "tells." These are subtle and unintentional facial expressions,mannerisms,and body language that reveal what players are thinking.What would Erving Goffman call tells?

A) expressions given off
B) the dual nature of the self
C) expressions given
D) the social construction of reality

Question 54

In 2000,Campbell Soup Company launched an ad campaign that showed prepubescent boys offering soup to prepubescent girls.The girls declined because they were concerned about their calorie intake.The boys explained that "lots of Campbell's soups are low in calories," which made them OK for the girls to eat.The ads were pulled after parents expressed concern.Why were parents worried?

A) The calorie count was deceptive.
B) Soup isn't part of a healthy diet.
C) The ads taught girls to worry about their weight.
D) Even if they are low in calories, soups are packed with preservatives and sodium.

Question 55

As children get older,which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?

A) peers
B) the media
C) schools
D) religion

Question 56

Why might expressions given off seem like more trustworthy guides than expressions given when we try to understand how other people define a situation?

A) Expressions given off are easy to use in deceptive ways.
B) We tend to believe that it is harder to manipulate expressions given off.
C) Expressions given are almost never intentional.
D) Expressions given off are almost always verbal and intentional.

Question 57

A woman is hired at a restaurant.On her first day,she is given strict instructions to always wear black pants with a white shirt,to never carry a notepad,and to always address customers as "Sir" or "Madam." All of these things are elements of the waitress's

A) backstage.
B) looking-glass self.
C) status.
D) personal front.

Question 58

Which of the following sources of socialization forms the foundation for all other socializing agents?

A) the family
B) peer groups
C) school
D) the mass media

Question 59

Churches usually teach their members rules and often codify these rules into formal commandments to be followed.Given this,churches can be considered

A) dramaturgists.
B) part of the media.
C) total institutions.
D) agents of socialization.

Question 60

Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization?

A) Respect for parents is one of the key values of modern society.
B) Family plays an important role in our everyday lives no matter what stage of life
We are in.
C) Family begins the socialization process before there are any other competing influences.
D) Family values are strong today in the United States.

Question 61

Why are adults unable to be completely socialized?

A) There will always be new situations and roles to learn.
B) People are spending more time in school.
C) The family and schools do a poor job of socializing children.
D) Adults tend to watch more television than adolescents.

Question 62

Which of the following is an example of a feeling rule?

A) It is important to go to anti-war protests.
B) Boys don't cry.
C) Cleanliness is next to godliness.
D) It is important to fast for religious purposes.

Question 63

Resocialization is particularly necessary when people are cut off from society and their former identities are stripped away.Which of the following is an example of a life change that would lead to this more dramatic form of resocialization?

A) remarriage
B) retirement
C) the birth of a first child
D) entry into a total institution

Question 64

Some researchers have argued that in highly individualistic cultures,such as that of the United States,the emotion of shame is usually triggered by individual actions.However,in more collectivist cultures,like Japan's,shame is linked to groups.This would seem to indicate that

A) the United States is far more dramaturgically inclined than other cultures.
B) Japanese people have more trouble with emotion work than Americans do.
C) emotions have a strong genetic component.
D) emotions aren't only personal because the expression of emotions can also be social and cultural.

Question 65

Young army recruits arriving at boot camp are about to enter which of the following?

A) a total institution
B) an orientation course
C) an open institution
D) a partial institution

Question 66

A high school football coach is worried about how he should handle his roster.On the one hand,it's his job to try to win as many games as possible,which means playing the best players.On the other hand,his contract also requires him to try to allow every member of the team to meaningfully participate.The tension he feels is the result of

A) role strain.
B) the definition of the situation.
C) role conflict.
D) emotion work.

Question 67

In 1998,former NFL linebacker Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife or playing professional football.What sort of sociological phenomenon was he experiencing?

A) the unconscious
B) role conflict
C) a dual self
D) role strain

Question 68

Which of these statements about roles is true?

A) A role involves behaviors.
B) A role supersedes a status.
C) A role doesn't involve status.
D) A role is earned or imposed in some way.

Question 69

A position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations is called a(n)

A) role.
B) stereotype.
C) agent of socialization.
D) status.

Question 70

What do sociologists call it when people's jobs require them to manage their feelings as part of their official duties?

A) socialization
B) feeling rules
C) emotion work
D) role-taking

Question 71

The term "master status" is defined as a

A) set of behaviors that are associated with a particular position.
B) status that seems to override all other statuses a person possesses.
C) set of expectations that are attached to a specific role.
D) perspective that allows a person to understand many other people's points of view.

Question 72

Role conflict occurs when an individual has

A) multiple roles that are in conflict with each other.
B) a role with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within himself or herself.
C) a role that requires him or her to constantly challenge other people, resulting in a great deal of conflict.
D) a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within his or her social circle.

Question 73

What is a parent experiencing when he has to decide between being on time for work or helping his child with a homework assignment?

A) role conflict
B) role-taking emotions
C) resocialization
D) role strain

Question 74

Which of the following is an example of resocialization?

A) a teenager being pressured by his friends to take up smoking
B) fast food ads that try to convince children to eat more cheeseburgers
C) parents teaching their children how to behave around company
D) a woman relearning basic skills after a car accident

Question 75

What sort of status would having a physical disability be?

A) achieved
B) multiplicative
C) embodied
D) ascribed

Question 76

Which of the following statements about grief is true according to the sociological explanation of emotions?

A) Both the experience of grief and the expressions of grief are universal.
B) Neither the experience of grief nor the expressions of grief are universal.
C) Neither the experience of grief nor the expressions of grief have any social component.
D) The experience of grief is universal, but expressions of grief vary.

Question 77

How does a person come to possess an achieved status?

A) An achieved status is earned.
B) An achieved status is located in the physical body.
C) An achieved status is unalterable, so it is always present.
D) An achieved status is inherited from one's parents.

Question 78

A research study examined how teachers at community colleges handled retirement.The study found that the unique culture of such institutions had a significant effect on how retirees coped with their new situation.Which of the following could be the title of a paper written about this study?

A) "The Role Exit Process of Community College Faculty: A Study of Faculty Retirement"
B) "Role Strain and Teacher-Student Conflict: A Study of Faculty Anger Management"
C) "Role Conflict in Community College Faculty: A Study of Faculty-Administration Arbitration"
D) "The Dramaturgical Structure of Community College Teaching: Life after Retirement"

Question 79

A traffic cop pulls over a speeder only to discover that the driver is a close friend.The police officer is torn because her professional obligations demand that she punish the speeder,but her personal obligations suggest that she should give a friend a break.This is an example of

A) ego strain.
B) an expression of behavior.
C) role conflict.
D) role strain.

Question 80

What must we do before we can experience role-taking emotions?

A) understand the role of the particular other
B) be able to see things from another person's point of view
C) be resocialized into a new role with new norms and values
D) avoid role strain and role conflict