Deck 6: Individual Factors: Moral Philosophies and Values

Question 1

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of the equity, fairness, and impartiality of the action, with rules serving as guidelines in the decision-making process?

A)Rule utilitarianism
B)Act utilitarianism
C)Rule deontology
D)Act deontology
E)The relativist perspective

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which is the last of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

A)Individual instrumental purpose and exchange
B)Need achievement
C)Social system and conscience maintenance
D)Punishment and obedience
E)Universal ethical principles

Answer 2

E

Question 3

_____ typically focuses on the end result of actions and happiness created by them, whereas _____ emphasizes the means and motives by which actions are justified.

A)Pragmatism; hedonism
B)Deontology; pragmatism
C)Utilitarianism; deontology
D)Utilitarianism; a goodness theory
E)A goodness theory; an obligation theory

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of principles or rules designed to promote the greatest overall utility rather than by examining situations individually?

A)Rule utilitarianism
B)Act utilitarianism
C)Rule deontology
D)Act deontology
E)Egoism

Question 5

Moral philosophy refers to

A)values developed in an organizational environment.
B)the morality of business activities.
C)the principles or rules that people use to decide what is right and wrong.
D)the legality of business activities.
E)the principles or rules that policymakers use to create legislation.

Question 6

A person who offers a facilitation payment in order to secure a contract that will keep her company from going bankrupt and laying off hundreds of employees may be a(n) ________ because she is trying to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

A)egoist.
B)deontologist.
C)utilitarian.
D)relativist.
E)humanitarian.

Question 7

According to Kohlberg's model, as a person progresses through the stages of moral development, and with time, education, and experience, he/she

A)is unlikely to change his/her values and ethical behavior.
B)may change his/her cognitive moral development and behavior.
C)will likely be promoted.
D)will depend more on the input of significant others in ethical decision making.
E)will experience less opportunity to behave unethically.

Question 8

Through time, an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies and perspectives?

A)The relativist perspective
B)Teleology
C)Deontology
D)Egoism
E)Rule deontology

Question 9

A marketing manager who orders that a manufacturing plant be refitted to make it safer for workers, no matter what the cost, may be a(n) _____ because he believes in the rights of all individuals.

A)egoist
B)utilitarian
C)deontologist
D)relativist
E)hedonist

Question 10

_____ is considered the father of free market capitalism. He believed that business was and should be guided by the morals of good men.

A)John Maynard Keynes
B)Immanuel Kant
C)Aristotle
D)Adam Smith
E)Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 11

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its consequences for everyone affected (seeks the greatest good for the greatest number)?

A)Act deontology
B)Rule deontology
C)Egoism
D)Utilitarianism
E)Hedonism

Question 12

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its conformity to general moral principles based on logic and respect for individual rights?

A)The relativist perspective
B)Act utilitarianism
C)Rule utilitarianism
D)Act deontology
E)Rule deontology

Question 13

This philosophy stipulates acts are morally right or acceptable if they produce some desired result, such as realization of self-interest or utility.

A)Teleology
B)Deontology
C)The relativist perspective
D)Ethical formalism
E)Hedonism

Question 14

_____ believe that no one thing is intrinsically good.

A)Hedonists
B)Pluralists
C)Relativists
D)Deontologists
E)Teleologists

Question 15

Kant's categorical imperative and the Golden Rule are examples of which moral philosophy?

A)Teleology
B)Deontology
C)The relativist perspective
D)Egoism
E)Utilitarianism

Question 16

Which moral philosophy focuses on the rights of individuals and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior, rather than its consequences?

A)Deontology
B)The relativist perspective
C)Teleology
D)Egoism
E)Utilitarianism

Question 17

An individual who defines what is right by considering his/her duty to society, not just to other specific people, is in which of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

A)Punishment and obedience
B)Individual instrumental purpose and exchange
C)Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity
D)Social system and conscience maintenance
E)Prior rights, social contract, or utility

Question 18

An individual who believes that an action is ethical because others within his or her company and industry regularly engage in the activity is probably a(n)

A)utilitarian.
B)relativist.
C)teleologist.
D)deontologist.
E)egoist.

Question 19

_____ are person-specific, whereas _____ are based on decisions made by groups or when carrying out tasks to meet business objectives.

A)Organizational factors; business ethics
B)Codes of conduct; individual factors
C)Individual factors; codes of conduct
D)Business ethics; moral philosophies
E)Moral philosophies; business ethics

Question 20

Which moral perspective defines ethical behavior subjectively from the unique experiences of individuals and groups?

A)Virtue ethics
B)Egoism
C)The relativist perspective
D)Absolutism
E)Justice

Question 21

Which is not considered a white collar crime?

A)Corporate tax evasion
B)Credit card fraud
C)Insider trading
D)Identity theft
E)Mugging someone

Question 22

_____ justice is based on the evaluation of outcomes or results of the business relationship.

A)Procedural
B)Interactional
C)Distributive
D)Ethical
E)Egotistical

Question 23

Discuss the distinctions between the rule and act categories of utilitarianism and deontology. Why do you think some people evaluate the morality of an action on the basis of the action itself, whereas others evaluate it in terms of its conformity to particular moral principles or rules of conduct?

Question 24

While he is normally against the idea of harming animals, Eric views animal research in the pharmaceutical industry as a way to improve drugs that will benefit mankind. Which moral philosophy most closely represents his viewpoint?

A)Egoism
B)Relativism
C)Humanitarianism
D)Utilitarianism
E)Individualism

Question 25

Which of the following describes the categorical imperative?

A)"Pursue pleasure in this lifetime as the ultimate good."
B)"Thou should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people."
C)"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you."
D)"Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature.
E)"When in Rome, do as the Romans do."

Question 26

_____ deals with the issue of what individuals feel they are due based on their rights and performance in the workplace, and therefore is more likely to be based on deontological moral philosophies than on teleological or utilitarian ones.

A)Rights
B)Virtue ethics
C)Justice
D)Relativism
E)Egoism

Question 27

An individual who emphasizes others rather than himself or herself in making decisions is in which of the following of Kohlberg's stages of development?

A)Universal ethical principles (stage 6)
B)Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (stage 3)
C)Social system and conscience maintenance (stage 4)
D)Punishment and obedience (stage 1)
E)Prior rights, social contract, or utility (stage 5)

Question 28

Enlightened egoism

A)is when an individual puts spiritual feelings above all others.
B)centers completely on the short-term well-being of others.
C)centers on one's short-term self-interest.
D)centers on one's long-term self-interest but takes others' well-being into account.
E)centers on the long-term well-being of others.

Question 29

When a person defines right and wrong on the basis of legal contracts, he or she is using which of Kohlberg's stages of development?

A)Punishment and obedience (stage )
B)Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (stage 3)
C)Social system and conscience maintenance (stage 4)
D)Prior rights, social contract, or utility (stage 5)
E)Universal ethical principles (stage 6)

Question 30

In Kohlberg's model, the stage of mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (stage 3) differs from the stage of individual instrumental purpose and exchange (stage 2) in terms of the individual's motives in

A)considering fairness to others.
B)maintaining the social order.
C)considering duty to society.
D)upholding the basic values of society.
E)maintaining obedience to authority.

Question 31

Compare and contrast the two moral philosophies: teleology and deontology. Discuss the bases each philosophy type uses to evaluate the morality of a particular activity.

Question 32

_____ have lower ethical issue sensitivity, meaning they are less likely to detect ethical issues. They may be more committed to completing projects and more dedicated to group values and objectives.

A)Relativists
B)Hedonists
C)Pragmatists
D)Deontologists
E)Teleologists

Question 33

Explain how the levels of Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development may influence a person's perception of and response to an ethical issue.

Question 34

A central problem with relativism is

A)that it emphasizes people's differences, not similarities.
B)that few people believe that these principles are important.
C)that it is very complicated.
D)that it represents unattainable goals.
E)that many feel that it only works in theory.

Question 35

Compare and contrast the two teleological philosophies: egoism and utilitarianism. Include a discussion of the bases that each type uses to evaluate the morality of activities.

Question 36

Kohlberg's six stages of cognitive moral development can be reduced to three levels of ethical concern. Persons at the second level

A)define right as that which conforms to the expectations of good behavior of the larger society.
B)see beyond the norms, laws, and authority of groups or individuals.
C)are concerned with their immediate interests and with external rewards and punishments.
D)are concerned with their long-term interests and with internal rewards and punishments.
E)are unethical.

Question 37

The elements of _____ important to business transactions have been defined as trust, self-control, empathy, fairness, and truthfulness.

A)egoism
B)utilitarianism
C)deontology
D)moral philosophy
E)virtue

Question 38

_____ argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards but also considering what a mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate.

A)Act utilitarianism
B)Virtue ethics
C)Reciprocity
D)Hedonism
E)Rule deontology

Question 39

_____ justice considers the processes and activities that produce the outcome or results.

A)Disruptive
B)Procedural
C)Interactional
D)Communications
E)Evaluative

Question 40

Which moral philosophy is based on the premise that equal respect must be given to all persons?

A)The relativist perspective
B)Deontology
C)Egoism
D)Teleology
E)Utilitarianism

Question 41

What is one of the problems of Kohlberg's cognitive moral development theory?

A)The original theory was transferred from children to adults.
B)It can only apply to those with a deontological perspective.
C)It assumes that very few adults ever reach stage 6.
D)The theory has little reliability or validity.
E)All of the moral philosophies are regarded as equal to one another.

Question 42

The concept of moral philosophies is inexact.

Question 43

This philosophy defines right or acceptable actions as those that maximize a particular person's self-interest as defined by the individual.

A)Teleology
B)Egoism
C)Utilitarianism
D)Deontology
E)Relativism

Question 44

Teleological philosophies are often referred to as consequentialism. ​

Question 45

The famous statement "Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature" is called

A)categorical imperative.
B)economic imperative.
C)philosophy of action.
D)rule of deontologists.
E)utilitarianism.

Question 46

Interactional justice considers the processes and activities that produce a particular outcome.​

Question 47

The moral philosophy of idealism is a branch of the economic value orientation that views ethics as whether an act produces more economic value for its effort.

Question 48

Why might an individual's moral philosophies differ when making a personal decision versus a work-related decision? ​

A)​Individuals tend to act more unethically in large work groups than alone.
B)​Businesses train individuals to adopt different moral philosophies at work.
C)​Personal temptations are rarely a problem in the business environment.
D)​Ethics is not held to be a high concern among managers in the workplace.
E)​Goals and pressures in the workplace are different from those outside of work.

Question 49

Economist Adam Smith viewed profit as the ultimate goal of an enterprise and did not believe it was businesses' responsibility to be concerned about their impact on society. ​