Deck 9: Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes

Question 1

Which of the following characteristics are consistent with a shield volcano?

A)low intensity eruptions
B)high temperature lava - Is this discussed under Sheld volcanoes? I did not see a reference to temperature.
C)low relief slopes
D)all of these
E)none of these It seems that associated options in these types of 'easy' questions should be in the box definition in the text. Ie: The shield volcano box in the text should have a proper definition such as "A potentially very large volcano with low relief and low intensity eruptions due to low viscosity, low gas content basaltic (mafic)lava."

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A fracture in rock along which movement has occurred parallel to the surface is known as a __________. A sharp break in rock associated with a slippage of crustal blocks. Again this 'easy' question should be more associated with the box definition as that is how it would be studied.

A)tension
B)flanks
C)syncline
D)shear
E)fault

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The Hawaiian Islands and Emperor Seamounts represent a hot-spot track that:

A)shows the Pacific Plate as stationary over the past 35 million years
B)is related to a convergent plate boundary
C)is related to mid-ocean ridge divergence
D)shows that the Pacific Plate has been steadily moving to the northwest over the past 30 million years

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Basaltic lavas differ from felsic lavas in that theybasaltic lavas:

A)contain more iron and magnesium
B)do not flow as easily
C)contain more silica I don't remember silica ever being mentioned. Perhaps have another clearly felsic characteristic like 'originates above subduction zones'
D)contain more trapped gases

Question 5

Mafic lava is composed mostly of:

A)magnesium and silica
B)silica and iron
C)magnesium and iron
D)silica

Question 6

The steep slopes and high eruptive potential of stratovolcanoes is a result of a dominantly ______ magma source.

A)mafic
B)plentiful
C)deep
D)felsic

Question 7

Globally, most active volcanoes are located along:

A)subduction zones
B)continental rifts
C)mid-ocean ridges
D)the Arctic Circle

Question 8

Hot-spot volcanoes can:

A)rise up from the ocean floor
B)be found on continents
C)form in the interior of tectonic plates
D)all of these
E)none of these

Question 9

The Richter scale is used to express the:

A)magnitude of an earthquake
B)distance of an earthquake from a seismograph
C)intensity of an earthquake maybe use "damages caused by an earthquake" Intensity is too close to magnitude
D)depth of an earthquake

Question 10

Explosive or voluminous eruptions may cause the volcano to collapse into the floor of the empty magma chamber below, producing a very large depression called a:

A)crater
B)lahar
C)vent
D)caldera

Question 11

The figure below illustrates what type of fault?

A)normal
B)reverse
C)thrust
D)shear
E)strike-slip

Question 12

Which of the following geologic structures has the youngest rocks in the middle?

A)syncline
B)anticline
C)fault
D)craton
E)dome Was young vs. old discussed? If the syncline is a river basin can't the structure be the same age as a nearby anticline?

Question 13

Along continental rifts and hot spots, vast amounts of basaltic lava can flow from fissures, forming:

A)flood basalts
B)lava domes
C)pyroclastic flows
D)ash fall tuffs

Question 14

Which type of volcanic feature is most common in the circum-Pacific mountain belt around the Pacific Ocean basin?

A)shield volcanoes
B)stratovolcanoes
C)fissure eruptions
D)hot-spot volcanism

Question 15

As a result of the subduction of oceanic crust under a continent, magma is most likely to erupt from:

A)an ocean ridge
B)a chain of stratovolcanoes
C)an island arc
D)an ocean trench

Question 16

Which of the following best describes a bend or a warpwave-like structures caused by crustal compression? in a layered rock?

A)fold
B)flank
C)fault
D)tension
E)axis

Question 17

Which of the following features are can be associated with volcanoes?

A)conical shape
B)isolated or part of a long mountain range
C)often found near continental coastlines
D)all of these
E)none of these

Question 18

An elongated region of the crust that has been deformed by continental collision is known as a(n):

A)anticline
B)strike
C)graben
D)axis
E)orogen This term is not in the chapter

Question 19

In the figure below, which structure is bound by normal faults, resulting in a down-dropping block of rock? What is the down-dropped block between two normal faults?

A)horst
B)graben
C)fault plane
D)tension plane
E)none of the above

Question 20

Continental rifting generates ______ faults. The words "continental rifting" are not found together in the text thus are not used to describe normal faults?

A)thrust
B)left-lateral strike-slip
C)right-lateral strike-slip
D)normal
E)reverse

Question 21

The Hawaiian Islands are examples of cinder cones.

Question 22

The area on the surface directly above from where an earthquake occurs is known as the:

A)epicenter
B)focus
C)fault scarp
D)seismic waves

Question 23

The type of collision that occurs when two lithospheric plates converge is determined primarily by plate thickness and :

A)density
B)temperature
C)size
D)magnetism

Question 24

The Himalayan Mountains are an example of which type of tectonic boundary?

A)Spreading
B)Converging
C)Transform
D)None of the Above

Question 25

Mt. St. Helens is which type of volcano?

A)flood basalt
B)shield volcano
C)stratovolcanoes
D)lava dome

Question 26

Knowledge of previous eruptions of a particular volcano is generally helpful in predicting its future eruptions.

Question 27

Which of the following terms does not belong with the others?

A)normal
B)reverse
C)syncline
D)strike slip

Question 28

Magma is able to rise upward through the Earth's crust because it is less dense than the surrounding rocks.

Question 29

The presence of a newly exposed cliff face along a fault, which can indicate how the fault has moved is known as a:

A)anticline
B)strike slip fault
C)fault scarp
D)focus
E)graben

Question 30

Hawaiian eruptions are extremely violent and produce large pyroclastic flows.

Question 31

A strike-slip fault can also be called a __________ fault.

A)transcurrent (transform)
B)overthrust
C)normal
D)reverse
E)none of the above

Question 32

In an earthquake, the exact location where the fault slipped either near the surface or deep underground is known as a(n):

A)epicenter
B)focus
C)fault scarp
D)seismic waves
E)P wave

Question 33

Landforms generated in regions with no active volcanic or tectonic activity often form as a result ofdepend on the rock strengths of different strata. The landforms we see are a result of:

A)differential erosion
B)magma intrusion
C)earthquake activity
D)meteorite impacts

Question 34

A type of fault that exist whenwhere slices of rock move over the underlying rock on fault surfaces with gentle inclination angles during folding is known as a(n)is a(n)

A)normal fault
B)reverse fault
C)strike slip; fault
D)overthrust fault

Question 35

The temperature and pressure in the asthenosphere generally keep the rocks there below the melting point.

Question 36

As a result of the subduction of oceanic crust under a continental crust, magma is most likely to erupt from:

A)an ocean ridge
B)a volcanic conechain
C)an island arc
D)an ocean trench

Question 37

The Basin And Range Province of the Southwestern United States creates is home to which type of landforms?

A)folds
B)domes
C)horst and grabens
D)uniform stress
E)plateau uplift

Question 38

In a subduction zone, when one oceanic plate sinks back into the Asthenosphere under a continental plate after colliding with another plate , a deep depression forms known as a(n):

A)volcanic mountain chain
B)mid-oceanic ridge
C)oceanic trench
D)syncline
E)caldera

Question 39

Folds that usually form along broadly rounded ridges are known as: REWORD. They don't form along them they are broadly rounded ridges.

A)Anticlines
B)Synclines
C): Monoclines
D)Grabens
E)None of the Above

Question 40

The San Andrea Fault is which type of fault? Does the text actually say what kind of fault this is?

A)normal
B)reverse
C)strike slip
D)overthrust
E)none of the above

Question 41

Tsunamis are only generated by earthquakes. Only earthquake tsunamis are discussed in Ch9 so students might believe this as true.

Question 42

The population density of San Francisco is extremely dense, making it a high seismic risk compared to other areas of the United States. Population does not make a high seismic risk; it makes a high environmental risk for humans.

Question 43

Mafic magma has a high amount of dissolved gases and is very explosive.

Question 44

Referencing the figure below from the Jura Mountains, the erosional pattern in an anticline erosion in this ridge and valley system will expose the oldest rocks in the middle.synclinal valleys.

Question 45

Folds are said to be plunging when the fold crest remains horizontal. No reference to "plunging" in Ch9 text.

Question 46

The 2011 earthquake in Japan was one of the largest (in magnitude)in recorded history.

Question 47

The Hawaiian Islands are examples of stratovolcanoes.

Question 48

When lava rises to the surface through long fissures rather than a crater, the resulting formation is a broad, flat plain called a __________.

Question 49

The New Madrid, Missouri, earthquake of 1812 resulted from movement along the San Andreas Fault.

Question 50

Tsunamis are seismic waves that travel through the Earth's core.

Question 51

The __________ directly below the crater of a volcano is the source of the lava during an eruption.
The magma chamber is in the figures but where is it discussed in the text?

Question 52

The figure below shows a stacked anticline and syncline. No reference in text to "stacked" anything in Ch9 text.

Question 53

Over the past 50 years, the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been steadily increasing. Not discussed in this chapter?

Question 54

A fold in rock forming a trough with the youngest? strata in the middle is known as a syncline.

Question 55

When the magma chamber below a volcano has completely cooled and crystallized, the volcano is said to be __________. This isn't clear in the text.

Question 56

Knowledge of previous eruptions of a particular volcano is generally helpful in predicting its future eruptions.

Question 57

__________ lava contains more dissolved gases and tends to be more explosive than __________ lava.

Question 58

Most buildings are not designed to withstand the swaying motion caused by earthquakes.

Question 59

Referencing the figure below from the Jura Mountains,
erosion in this ridge and valley system will expose the oldest rocks on the anticlinal ridges.
the erosional pattern in a syncline will expose the oldest rocks in the middle.

Question 60

A strike-slip fault is a fault in which the direction of movement is horizontal and parallel to the strike of the fault.

Question 61

A fold that forms a trough with the youngest??? rocks in the middle is known as a __________.

Question 62

Explain how tsunamis can be created from subduction zones. What kind of damage can be caused from these type of tsunamis?
Ans. When a subducted plate suddenly snaps back during an earthquake, it displaces a large volume of water, generating long wave range water waves that can travel hundreds of miles across the open ocean at high speeds. As these waves reach the shore, they slow and build into a wall of water many meters high that can cause damage to the coastal areas , possibly killing people and causing damage to boats, houses, etc. along the coastline.

Question 63

The figure below shows a __________ fault.

Question 64

Small volcanoes that form when frothy magma is ejected under high pressure from a narrow vent is called a _________________.

Question 65

The slower moving waves which are generated by an earthquake that usually create an up and down shaking motion are called ________________.

Question 66

What is the primary difference between a normal fault and a reverse fault?

Question 67

What causes a volcano formed by a hot spot to stop forming?

Question 68

A __________ fault is a fault in which the block of rock above the fault surface moves down relative to the block below is where extensional activity results in the crust on one side dropping down relative to the other.

Question 69

The largest earthquake in Japan's history, which occurred on March 11, 2011, had a magnitude of _________ based in the Richter scale. I'm not fond of this kind of memorization?

Question 70

A fault type that is usually associated with compressional centers, where one block rides up over the other is known as a(n)__________ fault.

Question 71

The diagram below shows the formation of a __________ fault.

Question 72

Faults are that are not apparent on the earth's surface and are generally not known until earthquakes occur along them are known as _____________________.

Question 73

Describe the difference between an anticline and a syncline.

Question 74

Explain the horst and graben structures of the Basin and Range Province (western U.S.).

Question 75

How can subduction of a lithospheric plate create volcanoes?

Question 76

Is there a connection between the distribution of earthquakes and the boundaries of the lithospheric plates? If so, please explain.

Question 77

Describe the areas of the United States where earthquakes and earthquake hazards have a greater probability of occurring.

Question 78

The ridge and valley landscape of Pennsylvania below is generated by alternating sequences of parallel __________ and __________. A student might think this could also be "ridges and valleys"

Question 79

A __________ fault is where compressional activity results in a fault in which the block on top of the fault moves up and over the block of rock below.the crust on one side rides up over the other.