Deck 2: Learning and Motivation

Question 1

When a behaviour has been learned it can be thought of as a skill.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Learning goals are "process-oriented" and focus on the learning process. Performance goals, on the other hand, are "outcome-oriented goals," thus focusing attention on the achievement of specific performance outcomes.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Training motivation predicts learning and training outcomes and is influenced by environmental and individual factors.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

According to the "resource allocation theory," performance of a new task is determined by individual differences in attentional and cognitive resources, the level of complexity of the task, and external environmental factors used to allocate attention across tasks.

Question 5

Training motivation predicts training outcomes but NOT beyond the effects of cognitive ability.

Question 6

Peter will be able to graduate from university in four years if he takes 40 university-level courses. This type of goal should be classified as a proximal goal.

Question 7

Skinner and the behaviourist school of psychology believe that learning is a result of reward and punishment contingencies that follow a response to a stimulus.

Question 8

Email is the most used method for informal learning followed by accessing information from the organization's intranet.

Question 9

There are two types of goal orientations, including a mastery or learning goal orientation and a performance goal orientation.

Question 10

Given that individuals have learning style preferences, better learning outcomes take place when only preferred learning styles are used in the learning process.

Question 11

Conditioning theory suggests that trainees should be encouraged and reinforced throughout the training process.

Question 12

It has been reported that 70 to 90 percent of what employees learn and know about their jobs is learned through formal processes rather than through informal programs

Question 13

According to Robert Gagné, learning outcomes associated with training can be classified into five general categories: declarative knowledge, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, motor skills, and procedural knowledge.

Question 14

Marie, a recent graduate from an automotive college, believes she can rebuild a car engine without much difficulty. Marie's belief in her ability to complete the task successfully is referred to as "generalized transfer of learning."

Question 15

Social cognitive theory involves three key components: observation, self-efficacy, and feedback.

Question 16

Kurt Kraiger and colleagues developed a classification scheme for learning outcomes that includes cognitive outcomes, skill-based outcomes, and affective outcomes.

Question 17

Workplace learning refers to the process of acquiring job-related knowledge and skills through formal training programs and informal social interactions among employees.

Question 18

In the third and final stage of learning, performance is said to be independent of the level of attention paid by the trainee in performing the task.

Question 19

The 70-20-10 model states that 70 percent of workplace learning comes from on-the-job experiences, 20 percent comes from education, and 10 percent from formal learning activities and events.

Question 20

"Adult learning" should be self-directed and problem centred and should take into account the learner's existing knowledge and experience.

Question 21

Core self-evaluation is a personality variable that represents an individual's self-appraisal of his worthiness, competence, and capability as a person.

Question 22

The conditioning process includes three distinct yet connected concepts. Under which concept would a trainer reward each step as the trainee masters it in completing a complex task?

A) shaping
B) generalization
C) chaining and generalization
D) shaping and chaining

Question 23

Which of the following points is NOT supported by material in the textbook?

A) Training is simply the means for accomplishing the goal.
B) Training is the process of acquiring knowledge and skills.
C) Training occurs when a new behaviour has been learned and it can be thought of as a skill.
D) Training is the distal goal of training and development.

Question 24

John Anderson's ACT theory describes learning as a process across three stages. Which of these stages is NOT part of the ACT theory?

A) declarative knowledge
B) knowledge compilation
C) adaptive knowledge
D) procedural knowledge

Question 25

According to Kolb, learning style is an individual's preferred ways of gathering, organizing, and thinking about information.

Question 26

According to Fleming, an individual's learning style is a function of how she gathers information and how she processes information.

Question 27

You just found out you are going to lead a training class made up primarily of adult learners. You recall from a previous training and development class that significant differences exist in the design and delivery of training programs geared toward adults versus children. Which of the following statements about how you should approach the training is NOT congruent with adult learning theory?

A) develop training content around theoretical frameworks versus work-related needs and interests
B) include the trainees in the design and delivery of the training program
C) include the trainees in the needs analysis process
D) attempt to explain the value of the training program and, when possible, incorporate the experiences of the trainees and use them as examples

Question 28

Which psychologist's theories support the following statement: "Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour in response to a particular stimulus or set of stimuli"?

A) David Kolb?b.
B) F. Skinner
C) Robert Gagné
D) Neil Fleming

Question 29

A trainee's cognitive abilities influence how much and how quickly a trainee will learn, impacting actual job performance.

Question 30

Drawing on Gagné's classification scheme, Kurt Kraiger and colleagues developed a multidimensional classification scheme of learning outcomes. What outcomes would Kraiger and colleagues include under their "affective outcomes" scheme?

A) knowledge organization and declarative knowledge outcomes
B) attitudinal and motivational outcomes
C) technical or motor skills and compilation outcomes
D) cognitive and declarative outcomes

Question 31

What additional input must be incorporated into social cognitive theory for observed behaviours to be attempted?

A) self-motivation
B) self-assessment
C) self-regulation
D) self-efficacy

Question 32

What is the first stage of the ACT theory?

A) knowledge compilation
B) declarative knowledge
C) procedural knowledge
D) knowledge acquisition

Question 33

Which of the following best describes the conditioning theory concept known as generalization?

A) the conditioned response occurs in circumstances different from those during learning
B) the reinforcement of each step in a process until it is mastered
C) the reinforcement of entire sequences of a task
D) the desired behaviour that is associated with a learning outcome

Question 34

According to Robert Gagné, which of the following is generally related to the learning outcomes associated with intellectual skills?

A) being able recall the capital of Argentina
B) being able to remember the last three Stanley Cup winners
C) being able to recite the alphabet
D) being able to operate a tractor

Question 35

John, a novice sky diver, is told by his close friends that given the level of training he has received he should be able to perform his first jump "without any problems." From a training and motivation perspective, what are John's friends trying to do?

A) increase John's self-awareness
B) increase John's chaining ability
C) increase John's self-efficacy
D) increase John's self-regulation

Question 36

You have been asked to write a short report highlighting key points on how conditioning theory principles may be used in training. Which of the following points is NOT likely to be included in your report?

A) training material should be broken up into logical parts
B) trainees should be rewarded and encouraged throughout the training process
C) generalization means that the conditioned response occurs in circumstances different from those in the training environment
D) trainees should only be rewarded when they are able to generalize concepts learned in the training process

Question 37

What conclusions would you draw from the adaptive character of thought theory (ACT theory)?

A) It suggests that motivational interventions might be more or less effective depending on the stage of learning.
B) It recognizes that learning is a stage-like process that involves four important stages.
C) It indicates that similar types of learning take place at different stages throughout the learning process.
D) It relies on a complete assessment of the training needs of the participants prior to designing the training event.

Question 38

Self-regulation prompts ask trainees questions about their preferred style of learning.

Question 39

Observational learning requires four key elements: attention, retention, reproduction, and reinforcement. What type of activity is associated with reproduction?

A) employees must be aware and observe the behaviour
B) employees must observe and encode the behaviour
C) employees must practise and rehearse the behaviour
D) employees must continue to apply the behaviour

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT an implication you would draw from understanding Kolb's learning styles theory?

A) trainees differ in the way they prefer to learn
B) training methods should be aligned with the trainee's learning preferences
C) a trainee's learning style is related to how trainees acquire knowledge in training and how they use information on the job
D) training design should consider so-called learning modes

Question 41

Why is the concept of informal learning receiving so much attention from managers?

A) because of the need to reduce expenditures in training and development
B) because of the speed of change and demographic realities
C) because of the level of attention the topic of informal learning has received from academics and management gurus
D) because it requires fewer resources and management attention

Question 42

How is the concept of training motivation defined?

A) trainees' beliefs about how their behaviour is controlled
B) the direction, intensity, and persistence of learning-directed behaviour
C) the motivation that stems from a direct relationship between a worker and the task
D) the relationship between worker, task, and valence

Question 43

You have been asked to do a short presentation to your class describing the differences between formal and informal learning. Which of the following points is NOT likely to be included in your presentation?

A) Unlike formal learning, informal learning tends to be highly unstructured.
B) Control over learning outcomes rests with the organization under formal learning processes.
C) Formal learning tends to be tailored to individuals' learning needs much more so than informal learning.
D) Formal learning processes often create time gaps between learning and application on the job.

Question 44

You are a senior human resource manager with a Canadian organization. On your way back home from a business trip, you stumble across an article praising the effectiveness of informal learning. You decide your organization should facilitate a work environment that promotes informal learning. Which of the following is NOT likely to be an action you will take?

A) creating work processes that require team involvement by members from different parts of the organization
B) removing physical barriers so as to facilitate regular contact between management and employees
C) providing work teams with less autonomy so as to ensure quality control over outcomes
D) condensing office spaces and making room for an open gathering area for coffee breaks and socializing

Question 45

According to goal-setting theory, goals can be motivational if they have some specific characteristic. Which of the following would NOT be considered one of those characteristics?

A) time-bound
B) challenging
C) proximal in design
D) supported with feedback

Question 46

Training leads to declarative knowledge, the acquisition of skills and abilities, and the retention of both over time. According to the model of training effectiveness, what other factor does NOT impact a trainee's ability to learn and retain information and knowledge?

A) a trainee's attitude toward his/her job
B) a trainee's "self-belief"
C) a trainee's mental ability
D) organizational effectiveness

Question 47

Marie, a fourth-year human resource student, is able to comprehend and summarizeChapter 2 of the textbook to a very high standard. What is Marie demonstrating?

A) intellectual capital
B) human capital
C) cognitive ability
D) psychomotor ability

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT considered to be part of core self-evaluations?

A) self-esteem
B) conscientiousness
C) general self-efficacy
D) locus of control

Question 49

What training conclusions can be drawn for individuals with an internal locus of control?

A) they tend to have lower self-efficacy for training
B) they tend to have higher training motivation
C) they tend to have higher anxiety about training
D) they tend to make a weaker link between effort and training

Question 50

If a trainer wants to make sure that a training program is appropriate for trainees' learning styles and most of the trainees prefer concrete experience and reflective observation, what learning style should the trainer focus on?

A) converging
B) accommodating
C) assimilating
D) diverging

Question 51

According to the textbook, what are the two most used methods for informal learning?

A) face-to-face interactions and email communication
B) social networking and Internet searches
C) structured mentoring and coaching sessions
D) email communications and intranet sites

Question 52

If a trainer wants to ensure that she is following the 70-20-10 model, how much formal training should she be providing to employees?

A) 70 percent
B) 20 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 30 percent

Question 53

Which of the following is a factor that differentiates formal and informal learning?

A) culture
B) climate
C) management style
D) process driven

Question 54

Training motivation is synonymous with which of the following?

A) motivation to learn
B) motivation to train
C) motivation to perform
D) motivation to change

Question 55

If a trainer wants to use Fleming's model and make use of all four learning styles, then which of the following should be included in the training program?

A) visual, aural/auditory, read/write, and knowledge
B) visual, aural/auditory, read/write, and kinesthetic
C) abstract conceptualization, active experimentation, concrete experience, and reflective observation
D) converging, diverging, assimilating, accommodating

Question 56

Which of the following statements is correct in relation to goal orientation?

A) mastery goals are needs-oriented and focus on learning processes
B) mastery or performance goals have no impact on learning outcomes
C) goal orientation may influence task performance as well as cognitive, affective, and motivational processes
D) when learning to perform a new task, setting a difficult performance outcome goal has been found to be detrimental for performance

Question 57

Where does workplace learning come from according to the 70-20-10 model?

A) 70 percent from relationships and interactions with others, 20 percent from on-the-job experiences and assignments, and 10 percent from formal learning activities and events
B) 70 percent from on-the-job experiences and assignments, 20 percent from formal learning activities and events, and 10 percent from relationships and interactions with others
C) 70 percent from on-the-job experiences and assignments, 20 percent from relationships and interactions with others, and 10 percent from formal learning activities and events
D) 70 percent from formal learning activities and events, 20 from on-the-job experiences and assignments, and 10 percent from relationships and interactions with others

Question 58

John wants to be a member of Canada's Olympic hockey team in ten years. What kind of goal is John pursuing?

A) mastery
B) distal
C) proximal
D) performance

Question 59

The textbook identifies several reasons that informal learning is becoming more prevalent in organizations when compared to formal learning. Which of the following is NOT a reason supported by the material in the textbook?

A) Organizations are finding time constraints impact their ability to deliver formal learning.
B) What is learned tends to be used on the job immediately when informal learning methods are used.
C) Informal learning has been found to deliver consistent learning outcomes.
D) Informal learning has a significant effect on performance.

Question 60

Which of the following characteristics are congruent with the notion of informal learning?

A) spontaneous, immediate, and task-specific
B) strategic, goal-oriented, and long-term focused
C) structured, group-focused, and unplanned
D) defined, organization-wide, and explicit

Question 61

Compare and contrast andragogy and pedagogy and describe the six core assumptions about the adult learner.

Question 62

Describe four ways in which organizations can encourage informal learning. Briefly discuss the role that informal learning plays in workplace learning.

Question 63

List and briefly describe the five general categories of learning outcomes identified by Gagné. Provide an example of each.

Question 64

a) Define locus of control. Differentiate between internal and external locus of control, and explain the impact of locus of control on training motivation.?b) Postulate why those with an internal locus of control might have higher training motivation.

Question 65

Compare and contrast Kolb's and Fleming's models of learning styles.

Question 66

Contrast the learning needs of children vs. the learning needs of adults in terms of personality, motivation, roles, openness and barriers to change, experience, and orientation to learning.?Now that you have contrasted the learning needs of children vs. adults, identify how an instructor could use those differences to enhance the learning experience of students.

Question 67

a) List and briefly describe the four characteristics goals must have in order to be motivational.?b) An important characteristic of goals is the notion of "goal orientation." Identify two general types of goal orientations and provide a brief example of each.