Deck 14: Touch and Pain

Question 1

Pain that develops from direct trauma to the skin is most likely to be ______ pain.

A)nociceptive
B)spindle
C)vestibular
D)algeac

Answer 1

A

Question 2

SAI mechanoreceptors are ______.

A)fast-adapting receptors, with Meissner corpuscle endings and small receptive fields, densely packed near the surface of the skin
B)fast-adapting receptors with Pacinian corpuscle endings and large receptive fields, more widely distributed, deeper in the skin
C)the basic components of the innermost layer of the skin, which also houses touch receptors
D)slow-adapting receptors using Merkel cells, with small receptive fields, densely packed near the surface of skin

Answer 2

D

Question 3

An area in the thalamus that receives input from both the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway is known as the ______.

A)ventral posterior nucleus
B)dorsal root ganglion
C)thalamic pain center
D)Merkel root relay region

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The somatosensory cortex is an area in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex that ______.

A)is devoted to processing the information coming from the skin senses
B)receives input from the spinothalamic pathway
C)is primarily responsible for vestibular responses
D)is the first cortical region that receives input from nociceptors

Question 5

When Wilder Penfield pioneered a technique of directly stimulating areas of the brain with an electrical probe and observing the behavior of the patient, he found that ______.

A)the brain itself contains a large number of nociceptors which override signals coming from within the skin
B)when he stimulated regions of somatosensory cortex, the patients had tingling experiences in specific areas along the skin
C)when he stimulated regions of posterior parietal cortex, the patients experienced pain, usually centered internally
D)patient discomfort reached such high levels that he abandoned using this technique

Question 6

A model that allows for top-down control of the pain signal coming up the spinal cord is known as the ______ theory of pain.

A)endogenous
B)lateral root
C)gate control
D)nociceptive

Question 7

Nonmyelinated nociceptors that are slower and that respond to pressure, extreme degrees of either heat or cold, and toxic chemicals are known as ______.

A)A-delta fibers
B)C-fibers
C)thermonociceptors
D)nociceptors

Question 8

FAII mechanoreceptors are ______.

A)fast-adapting receptors with Pacinian corpuscle endings and large receptive fields, more widely distributed, deeper in the skin
B)slow-adapting receptors using Merkel cells, with small receptive fields, densely packed near the surface of skin
C)slow-adapting receptors using Ruffini endings, with large receptive fields, more widely distributed, deeper in the skin
D)fast-adapting receptors, with Meissner corpuscle endings and small receptive fields, densely packed near the surface of the skin

Question 9

Which of the following is a distinction among the three neuroanatomical regions of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A)Each region receives input from a particular tract in the somatosensory system.
B)Two of the regions are responsible for the somatosensory system, but the third responds to the vestibular system.
C)Only one of the regions receives input directly from the dorsal root ganglion.
D)Despite each region being a different size, there are no functional differences among the regions.

Question 10

The pathway for the mechanoreceptors (tactile perception) and proprioceptors (muscle position) that travels up the spinal column on the ipsilateral side and crosses to the contralateral side in the medulla is known as the ______.

A)spinothalamic tract
B)B-fiber tract
C)dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway
D)ventral column-anterior spiral pathway

Question 11

The pathway for the nociceptors (pain) and thermoreceptors (temperature) that travels up the contralateral side of spinal column is known as the ______.

A)dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway
B)ventral column-anterior spiral pathway
C)A-delta fiber tract
D)spinothalamic pathway

Question 12

A feature whereby the skin of the body plots onto the surface of the primary somatosensory cortex in a systematic way is known as ______.

A)the regional c-fiber distribution
B)corollary discharge
C)the somatotopic map
D)somatospheric regional dispersal

Question 13

The dorsal somatosensory system is associated with ______.

A)determining the "what" of an object from somatosensory input
B)determining the "how" of temperature level from somatosensory input
C)the "where" system, allowing the control of guided movements on the basis of input from the somatosensory system
D)the "when" system, allowing the brain to perceive how much time has elapsed since the occurrence of an event

Question 14

Think about accidentally dropping a hot iron on your bare arm.You get a searing pain, which is the result of the fast action of the ______.Later, you start to feel a dull throbbing, which is the result of ______.

A)G-fibers; warm fibers
B)FAII mechanoreceptors
C)A-delta fibers; C-fibers
D)Merkel cells; D-alpha fibers

Question 15

Pacinian corpuscles are ______.

A)specialized transduction cells in FAII mechanoreceptors
B)specialized transduction cells in SAII mechanoreceptors
C)areas in the brain associated with thermoreception
D)areas in the brain associated with pain perception

Question 16

Sensory receptors in the skin that, when activated, cause us to feel pain, found in both the epidermis and dermis, are known as ______.

A)pain detectors
B)analgesic detectors
C)nociceptors
D)kautoreceptors

Question 17

When we sit working at a desk, we know without looking where our legs, arms, and torso are.This perception of our body's position is known as ______.

A)proprioception
B)chemoreception
C)motoric perception
D)limbic perception

Question 18

The continued but illusory sensory reception in a missing appendage is known as ______.

A)phantom limb syndrome
B)Poggendorf syndrome
C)the amputee illusion
D)the Garcia illusion

Question 19

The dorsal horn is an area ______.

A)of the spinal column that receives input from mechanoreceptors
B)in the somatosensory cortex that processes motor responses
C)in the cochlea that serves both auditory and vestibular functions
D)of the spinal cord that receives input from nociceptors and feedback from the brain

Question 20

The SAI and FAI receptors have relatively small receptive fields with densely packed receptors, resulting in ______.

A)high spatial resolution, allowing detection exactly where on the skin a stimulation occurs
B)low sensitivity to direct pressure on the surface of the skin
C)a marked decrease in sensitivity to fine motor movements
D)low spatial resolution, creating a lack of sensation when the skin is stimulated repeatedly

Question 21

The three tubes located in the inner ear responsible for the signaling of head rotation are known as ______.

A)otolith organs
B)semicircular canals
C)zonules of Zin
D)SAII mechanoreceptors

Question 22

When Klatzky gave participants 100 common objects to touch and identify, she found that ______.

A)most participants were unable to identify a significant percentage of the objects by touch alone
B)despite not being able to see the objects, most participants were nearly 100% accurate at identifying the objects from touch alone
C)in order for the participants to identify the objects by touch, the participants needed to keep the object perfectly still
D)participants lost their ability to identify objects by touch if they had an impairment of one of the other senses

Question 23

Endorphins act through the process of ______.

A)eliminating the sensation of fear in the brain
B)increasing the perception of pain within the brain
C)inhibiting pain responses in the central nervous system
D)decreasing oxygen usage by the respiratory system

Question 24

The sensory system responsible for the perception of balance and acceleration, housed in the semicircular canals and otolith organs, both located adjacent to the inner ear, is known as the ______.

A)proprioceptive system
B)chemoreception system
C)nociceptive system
D)vestibular system

Question 25

Chemicals produced by the body that reduce pain throughout the body are known as ______.

A)flambanoids
B)endogenous opioids
C)internal narcotics
D)B-delta neurotransmitters

Question 26

A marathon runner is nearing the end of a race when her body starts to produce endogenous opioids.These chemicals will ______.

A)generate muscle spasms
B)reduce fatigue and pain
C)induce vomiting
D)cause shortness of breath

Question 27

Which of the following statements about pruriceptors is true?

A)They have been studied more than other types of skin perception.
B)Like nociceptors, they send their axons up the spinothalamic tract.
C)Anatomically they are the same as nociceptors.
D)They respond mainly to serious tissue injury.

Question 28

Reed et al.(1996) studied a patient with tactile agnosia, who had tactile agnosia only in her right hand because of a left hemisphere lesion caused by a stroke in that area.They found that ______.

A)when identifying objects by using only her right hand, the patient showed a massive deficit in object identification
B)even though the left hemisphere was damaged, the patient could not move either hand
C)phantom limb pain was apparent when objects were placed in her affected right hand
D)the patient struggled to recognize objects visually unless she touched them with her right hand

Question 29

Endogenous opioids work by acting as ______.

A)sedatives
B)ointments
C)stimulants
D)analgesics

Question 30

An inability to identify objects by touch is known as ______.

A)haptic amnesia
B)nociceptive aphasia
C)tactile agnosia
D)epidermal pigmentosa

Question 31

The body produces endogenous opioids ______.

A)to warn a person of danger
B)when a person needs to ignore pain
C)when a person needs to sleep
D)to protect a person from overexertion

Question 32

Sig, waking with a mild asthma attack, reached into the cluttered pile of objects on his nightstand and grabbed his inhaler in the dark.Sig identified his inhaler through a process known as ______.

A)mechanoreception
B)pruriception
C)haptic perception
D)multisensory integration

Question 33

The sensation of rocking that a person often experiences after returning from a cruise is created by ______.

A)nautical mechanoreception
B)the pruriception sensors
C)the vestibular system
D)haptic perception

Question 34

Receptors in our skin that respond to mild irritants by producing itch sensations are known as ______.

A)itch modules
B)endemic nociceptors
C)pruriceptors
D)analgesics

Question 35

Larry steps on a hornet and is stung in the foot.He is in a great deal of pain, so he begins crying and becomes very upset.Larry's unpleasant emotional experience due to pain is associated with a portion of the prefrontal lobe of the brain known as the ______.

A)posterior parietal area
B)substantia gelatinosa
C)dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex
D)anterior cingulate cortex

Question 36

Roger is given an unusual object.He picks it up and does a variety of manipulations with it.He moves his hand along the surface to assess texture, he supports it to assess its weight, and he presses on it to assess its hardness.Roger has been engaging in ______.

A)haptic initiation
B)vestibulatory infatuation
C)haptic reception
D)exploratory procedures

Question 37

Pruriceptors in the skin respond mainly to ______.

A)chemical irritants
B)tissue damage
C)temperature change
D)repeated motion

Question 38

How is the sensation of itch similar to the sensation of pain?

A)Neither is more than an inconvenience.
B)Neither can be alleviated quickly.
C)Both are interpreted as unpleasant.
D)Both create a withdrawal response.

Question 39

How do pain and itch interact?

A)Itching acts as a substitute to distract people from real pain.
B)Itching alerts people when pain is due to a serious cause.
C)The sensation of pain leads to the sensation of itch.
D)The sensation of pain inhibits the sensation of itch.

Question 40

When the dorsal horn receives feedback from the cerebral cortex, it can ______.

A)alter the signal from the warm fibers and instead signal from cold fibers
B)change mechanoreceptor signals to reflect intended experience rather than actual experience
C)inhibit the neural signal that allows the upward flow of pain information
D)intensify the neural signal that allows the lateral flow of pain information

Question 41

Leon is bitten by an insect and starts to scratch his arm.Linda tells him not to because she claims it will make the bite itch more and be less likely to heal.Briefly explain what will really happen if Leon scratches the bite and who is correct.

Question 42

FAII mechanoreceptors are fast-adapting receptors with Pacinian corpuscle endings and large receptive fields, more widely distributed and deeper in the skin.

Question 43

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.Which of the following are hypotheses used to explain the relation of itching to scratching?
a.We scratch to remove the possible irritant that may be bothering us.
b.Scratching is a naturally pleasurable experience, which then masks the itch.
c.Scratching is a natural reaction to severe pain, which is how the body perceives an itch.
d.Tissue damage caused by scratching initiates an autoimmune response, which acts to reduce the risk caused by the original irritant.

Question 44

Dirk is in the woods on a dark night without a flashlight.He needs to use a specific tool mixed in with a dozen other items in his backpack.Explain how haptic perception can apply to Dirk's situation.

Question 45

A-delta fibers are myelinated nociceptors that conduct signals rapidly and respond to both heat and pressure.

Question 46

The ability to detect electric fields, seen in many species of fish, is known as ______.

A)aquatic haptics
B)ambulatory inference
C)voltaic perception
D)electroreception

Question 47

Muscle spindles are receptors in the tendons that measure the force of a muscle's contraction.

Question 48

Amy falls into a river and breaks her leg.Despite intense pain, she swims out of the river and walks to safety because she knows if she doesn't get inside before dark, she is likely to freeze to death.Briefly explain what is going on in Amy's body that enables her to reach safety despite experiencing severe pain.

Question 49

Jorge senses that his calf muscle is stretched out.His body detects this from joint receptors in his knee and ankle.

Question 50

Pruriceptors are receptors in our skin that respond to mild irritants by producing itch sensations.

Question 51

Emmi has not been feeling well.Suddenly, she is unable to stand or keep her balance, and she can barely hear.Fearing something terrible, she goes to the doctor, who tells her she simply has a cold that is affecting her vestibular system.Briefly describe how Emmi's vestibular system is connected to a cold.

Question 52

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.Tuberous receptors are ______.
a.able to generate an electric shock that would be fatal to humans
b.usually tuned to receive high frequency AC current
c.tuned by evolution to detect the fields generated by specific electric discharges by nearby fish
d.the organ that contains the hair cells that detect electric fields, used in active electroreception

Question 53

When a person's head moves in any particular direction, the endolymph sloshes from one direction to another.If a person moves the head left, the endolymph piles up along that side, triggering a neural response.This allows the vestibulatory receptors to ______.

A)infer the vector of motion, that is, the direction in which a person is moving
B)make inferences about the position of the body relative to the left or right, in front or behind, and up or down
C)infer pain tolerance under both emotional and non-emotional conditions
D)compute the variance between the input from the auditory system and the haptic system

Question 54

Alan injures his back severely.When he goes to the doctor, the doctor gives him a choice as to whether he thinks he needs an opioid drug.Briefly describe the benefits and risks Alan faces if gets this prescription.

Question 55

There is a class of receptors called thermoreceptors that signal very strongly at both very high temperatures and at very cold temperatures.

Question 56

Gate control theory is a model that allows for top-down control of the pain signal coming up the spinal cord.

Question 57

A fish that is able to generate its own electric fields and then detect disturbances or changes to those electric field caused by external events is using ______.

A)biosonic reception
B)active electroreception
C)passive electroreception
D)amperic perception

Question 58

Passive electroreception is the ability to generate electric fields and then detect disturbances or changes to those electric field caused by external events.

Question 59

SAI mechanoreceptors are slow-adapting receptors using Merkel cells, with small receptive fields, densely packed near the surface of skin.

Question 60

The dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway is a pathway for the nociceptors (pain) and thermoreceptors (temperature) that travels up the contralateral side of spinal column and does not synapse in the brain until the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.