Deck 3: Visual System: The Eye

Question 1

What is electromagnetic energy?

A)the prions that make up visual particles
B)a form of energy that includes light that is both a wave and a particle
C)a form of energy that produces both visual and auditory experiences
D)the neural basis for all sensation and perception

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The process of adjusting the lens of the eye so that both near and far objects can be seen clearly is ______.

A)accommodation
B)the pupillary reflex
C)macular closure
D)dark adaptation

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is TRUE of human vision?

A)We see fewer fine details than dog and cats.
B)We have a weaker depth perception than most other mammals.
C)We are better at seeing in dim light than most other mammals.
D)We see a much smaller range of colors than goldfish.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The colored part of the eye, really a muscle that controls the amount of light entering through the pupil, is known as the ______.

A)iris
B)pupil
C)sclera
D)cornea

Question 5

Which term names the fovea and its surrounding area?

A)foveal junction
B)anterior chamber
C)macula
D)photon

Question 6

Zonule fibers and the ciliary muscles work to ______.

A)stretch the retina to be thin enough to allow light to pass through it
B)ensure that the cornea is clear of materials, such as hair and other debris
C)change the curvature of the lens, allowing accommodation
D)adjust the amount of fluid in the posterior chamber

Question 7

The wavelength distribution of visible light is ______.

A)100-850 nm
B)400-700 nm
C)50-2500 nm
D)20-20,000 nm

Question 8

The primary difference between the rods and cones of different species has to do with ______.

A)sensitivity
B)ratio
C)arrangement
D)relative size

Question 9

The area along the retina that is highest in acuity and the most dense in cones is the ______.

A)periphery
B)lateral center
C)fovea
D)optic disc

Question 10

Visible light is usually measured by its ______.

A)wavelength
B)Angstrom units
C)DeGrasse function
D)amplitude

Question 11

Animals such as antelope that have eyes on the sides of their head have the advantage of a ______.

A)wider field of view
B)better binocular vision
C)better depth perception
D)great perception of detail

Question 12

What is one visual advantage that some birds and bees have over humans?

A)the ability to see ultraviolet light
B)better depth perception
C)the ability to see gamma radiation
D)better detail perception

Question 13

Cardinals are red because their feathers ______.

A)absorb red light
B)reflect red light
C)absorb ultraviolet light
D)reflect ultraviolet light

Question 14

The clear front surface of the eye that allows light in, which is also a major focusing element of the eye, is known as the ______.

A)retina
B)macular loop
C)iris
D)cornea

Question 15

The adjustable focusing element of the eye, located right behind the iris of the eye, is known as the ______.

A)cornea
B)rods and cones
C)lens
D)zonule fibers

Question 16

The photoreceptors in the fovea of the retina, which are responsible for color vision and our high visual acuity, are called ______.

A)cones
B)rods
C)maculae
D)ganglia

Question 17

Why is the location of the optic disc associated with the blind spot?

A)Receptor cells are not present in this region.
B)There are only cones and no rods in this region.
C)The receptors cells do not connect to retinal ganglion cells.
D)The retinal ganglion cells are non-functional in this region.

Question 18

A single particle of light is known as ______.

A)an electromagnetic particle
B)a solenoid
C)an emanation crown
D)a photon

Question 19

The outside surface of the eye, a protective membrane covering the eye that gives the eye its characteristic white appearance, is known as the ______.

A)iris
B)pupil
C)zonule
D)sclera

Question 20

The term "visual acuity" refers to the ______ of vision.

A)direction
B)depth
C)range
D)clarity

Question 21

What is retinal?

A)a derivative of vitamin A
B)a protein found in cones
C)a wall dividing the lens and the retina
D)a muscle attaching the retina to the lens

Question 22

Retinal ganglion cells that decrease their firing rate (inhibition) when light is presented in the middle of the receptive field and increase (excitation) their firing rate when light is presented in the outside or surround of the receptive field are known as ______.

A)on-center receptive fields
B)off-center receptive fields
C)mediated-center receptive fields
D)switch-center receptive fields

Question 23

The greatest density of cones can be found in the ______.

A)iris
B)hypocratus
C)fovea
D)optic disc

Question 24

Which of the following is TRUE of visual acuity in infants?

A)Most infants are born with 20/20 vision.
B)Most infants develop 20/20 vision within the first year of life.
C)Infants' vision is poor at birth but develops rapidly in the first year of life.
D)Infants' vision is poor at birth and remains so throughout the first three years of life.

Question 25

The process of distinguishing where one object ends and the next begins, making edges as clear as possible, is known as ______.

A)edge prediction
B)edge continuation
C)edge detection
D)edge integration

Question 26

What is a receptive field?

A)the range of wavelengths that a particular sensory neuron responds to
B)the area in the visual world that a particular sensory neuron responds to
C)the range of intensities that a particular sensory neuron responds to
D)the range of speeds at which a particularly sensory neuron reacts

Question 27

The fire department of Conchburne Falls decides to switch their fire engines from red to blue.What is the most likely result?

A)The change will pose a disadvantage because red objects are easier to see at night.
B)The change with pose an advantage because blue objects are easier to see at night.
C)The change will have little to no effect on the visibility of the fire trucks.
D)The change will pose an advantage during the day, but a disadvantage at night.

Question 28

Keyon enjoys exploring caves.Upon emerging from a very dark cave, he squints at first, but then he adjusts to the bright sunshine.This process is known as ______ adaptation.

A)dark
B)light
C)transition
D)gradient

Question 29

Molecules that absorb light, triggering events that alter the voltage in the cell, are known as ______.

A)hyperoptonic chemicals
B)photopigments
C)neurotransmitters
D)Zonule fibers

Question 30

Javier is walking through his yard in deep twilight.Which of the following statements most accurately describes the visual system or systems he is using?

A)He is relying on the photopic system, which is associated with the cones, because cones are sensitive to color.
B)He is relying on the scotopic system, which is associated with the rods, because rods are more sensitive to light than cones are.
C)He is relying on the Purkinje shift to adjust to the decreasing levels of light available to his eyes.
D)He is relying on both the photopic and scotopic systems because it is a time of intermediate light intensity.

Question 31

The doctrine that there are functionally two distinct ways in which our eyes work, the photopic, associated with the cones, and the scotopic, associated with the rods, is known as the ______ theory of vision.

A)Young-Helmholtz
B)duplex
C)inverse
D)retinal-macular

Question 32

Retinal ganglion cells that increase their firing rate (excitation) when light is presented in the middle of the receptive field and decrease (inhibition) their firing rate when light is presented in the outside or surround of the receptive field are known as ______.

A)on-center receptive fields
B)off-center receptive fields
C)mediated-center receptive fields
D)switch-center receptive fields

Question 33

Karin has trouble seeing at night.It is possible that she is suffering from a deficiency of ______.

A)opsin
B)vitamin A
C)vitamin D
D)photons

Question 34

The combination of positive signals coming from bipolar cells and inhibition coming from horizontal cells determines the strength of a signal to a retinal ganglion cell.What does this result in?

A)center-surround orientation
B)inhibitory excitation
C)dark adaptation
D)lateral inhibition

Question 35

Which term describes a receptive field whose center responds in a way opposite to how the rest of the receptive field responds?

A)annular receptive field
B)oppositional receptive field
C)center-surround receptive field
D)off-center receptive field

Question 36

What is spatial summation?

A)the ability to pool light across different regions of space
B)the ability to resolve light to particular locations in the visual world
C)the process of adapting sensitivity to match visual conditions
D)the process of adapting focus based on physical distance

Question 37

Ricardo requires glasses to correct a problem in which his lens cannot become thin enough to focus light from more distant objects.What condition does Ricardo have?

A)presbyopia
B)hyperopia
C)astigmatism
D)myopia

Question 38

What is the goal of lateral inhibition?

A)mediating on-center surround cells
B)facilitating edge detection
C)overriding illusory processes
D)integrating figure and ground

Question 39

What is the Purkinje shift?

A)the observation that photopic vision is less sensitive to color than scotopic vision
B)the observation that long wavelength light excites the L-cone more than short-wavelength light does
C)the observation that short wavelengths tend to be relatively brighter than long wavelengths in scotopic vision compared to photopic vision
D)the observation that people with color deficiencies shift to greater dependence on scotopic at higher light levels than people with normal color vision

Question 40

Rocio enjoys star-gazing.When using a flashlight to look at her star chart on a dark but clear light, she should use a flashlight with ______.

A)red light because red light least interferes with scotopic vision
B)blue light because blue light has higher reflectance values
C)a broad range of wavelengths to compensate for the low ambient light level
D)green light, as green closely corresponds to the wavelengths emitted by stars

Question 41

The optic disk is the area in which human sensitivity to light is the highest.

Question 42

Describe the role of the pupil in human vision.

Question 43

Both on-center receptive fields and off-center receptive fields have difficulty responding to patterns with edges.

Question 44

Frequency and wavelength are considered the inverse of each other.

Question 45

Lucy is an 85-year-old woman with the following symptoms.She has tunnel vision in which she can see only in a small area in the middle of the visual field.She can read, but has difficulty seeing objects approach from the side.Your diagnosis?

A)retinitis pigmentosa
B)cataracts
C)macular degeneration
D)astigmatism

Question 46

Spatial summation usually causes things to appear very sharp and clear.

Question 47

A researcher shines a very intense light at 850 nm into the open eyes of a research participant.Under these conditions, the pupil will instantly shrink and accommodation will occur.

Question 48

Cataracts develop from an irregular shape of the cornea or lens.

Question 49

Dogs do not perceive the world in color.

Question 50

Describe what happens inside your eye as you walk out of a dark movie theater on a sunny day.

Question 51

Latisha is a 22-year-old woman who requires glasses to correct a visual problem.The process of accommodation does not make her lens thick enough to focus the light from closer objects onto the retinae.What condition does Latisha have?

A)myopia
B)hyperopia
C)cataracts
D)presbyopia

Question 52

Explain the physiological mechanism that creates center-surround receptive fields by explaining what happens when you look at a book that is sitting on top of a desk.

Question 53

The cornea is the clear front surface of the eye that allows light in; it also is a major focusing element of the eye.

Question 54

Macular degeneration is a disease that destroys the fovea and the area around it.

Question 55

The Duplex theory of vision is the doctrine that there are functionally two distinct ways in which our eyes work, the photopic, associated with the cones, and the scotopic, associated with the rods.

Question 56

This visual abnormality results from the clouding of the lens.It affects older adults more than younger adults but can occur in anyone at any age.What is it?

A)macular degeneration
B)presbyopia
C)cataracts
D)corneal contusions

Question 57

Harry is a 90-year-old man.He shows impaired visual acuity and color vision in both eyes, though his peripheral vision is unimpaired.He has difficulties reading even with powerful reading glasses.Your diagnosis?

A)retinitis pigmentosa
B)macular degeneration
C)cataracts
D)heterochromia

Question 58

A condition that develops from an irregular shape of the cornea or the lens, which makes it impossible for the lens to accommodate a fully focused image, is known as ______.

A)retinitis pigmentosa
B)macular degeneration
C)presbyopia
D)astigmatism

Question 59

Compare and contrast wet macular degeneration and dry macular degeneration.Be sure to discuss at least one commonality and at least one difference.

Question 60

How does wavelength affect human perception?