Deck 4: Visual System: The Brain

Question 1

The left V1 receives input ______.

A)primarily from the right side of the LGN
B)primarily from the left side of the LGN
C)from both sides of LGN in equal amounts
D)directly from the cones in the retinae

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The allocation of more space in the cortex to some sensory receptors than to others is known as ______.

A)foveal amplification
B)cortical magnification
C)occipital dominance
D)striate precedence

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Parasol retinal ganglion cells project to which layers of the LGN?

A)koniocellular
B)magnocellular
C)parvocellular
D)ochlearcellular

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which pathway is associated with detecting motion?

A)magnocellular
B)parvocellular
C)koniocellular
D)ochlearcellular

Question 5

Information from the nasal side of the retinae goes to the ______ side of the optic tract.

A)contralateral
B)ipsolateral
C)dorsolateral
D)inferolateral

Question 6

One way that the magnocellular pathway differs from the parvocellular pathway is that the magnocellular pathway ______.

A)is not sensitive to wavelength differences
B)is characterized by midget retinal ganglion cells
C)lacks parasol retinal ganglion cells
D)receives input from the K ganglion cells

Question 7

What is the name of the location in the optic tract where the optic nerve from each eye splits in half, with nasal retinae crossing over and temporal retinae staying on the same side of the optic tract?

A)pulvinal
B)lateral geniculate nucleus
C)optic chiasm
D)anterior cingulate gyrus

Question 8

The left visual world is represented in the ______.

A)left hemisphere
B)right hemisphere
C)optic tract only
D)optic chiasm only

Question 9

A column within V1 that is made up of neurons that receive input from only the left eye or only the right eye is called a(n) ______ column.

A)V1 neuron
B)contralateral
C)ocular dominance
D)ipsolateral

Question 10

Interblobs are sensitive to ______.

A)wavelength
B)object shape
C)motion
D)object orientation

Question 11

A pathway characterized by the retinal ganglion cells known as midget retinal ganglion cells and associated with high acuity is the ______ pathway.

A)magnocellular
B)parvocellular
C)koniocellular
D)ochlearcellular

Question 12

What is the name of the structure located at the top of the brainstem, just beneath the thalamus, whose main function in mammals (including humans) is the control of rapid eye movements?

A)bistratified nucleus
B)medial geniculate nucleus
C)striate cortex
D)superior colliculus

Question 13

What is one difference between simple cells and complex cells?

A)A simple cell responds to all wavelengths whereas complex cells respond only to wavelengths in their particular wavelength tuning.
B)Simple cells are connected only to LGN cells, but not to V2 cells, whereas complex cells receive input from both the LGN and V2.
C)A complex cell will respond to a dark bar on a light background and a light bar on a dark background, but a simple cell will only respond to one or the other.
D)Simple cells respond to movement better than complex cells do.

Question 14

The bilateral structure in the thalamus that relays information from the optic nerve to the visual cortex is known as the ______.

A)pulvinar
B)pineal body
C)magnocellular optic chiasm
D)lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 15

The koniocellular layers of the LGN receive input from ______ retinal ganglion cells.

A)bistratified
B)parasol
C)midget
D)giant

Question 16

What is the relationship between V1 and the retina?

A)V1 is a mirror image of the retina.
B)V1 contains a map of the retina.
C)V1 controls the function of the retina.
D)V1 is an exact copy of the retina.

Question 17

Sudden eye movements used to look from one object to another are known as ______.

A)saccades
B)smooth-pursuit movements
C)fixation
D)nonconscious movements

Question 18

The second area in the visual cortex that receives input, often considered the area that starts with visual associations rather than processing the input, is called ______.

A)parietal visual cortex
B)V2
C)ultrastriate cortex
D)MT

Question 19

Neurons that respond to stimuli that end within the cell's receptive field are known as ______ cells.

A)simple
B)complex
C)terminal
D)end-stopped

Question 20

Which LGN layers have the smallest cells?

A)the koniocellular layers
B)the magnocellular layers
C)the parvocellular layers
D)the ochlearcellular layers

Question 21

The region in the temporal lobe that receives input from the ventral visual pathway is called the ______ cortex.

A)dorsolateral temporal
B)medial temporal
C)parietal temporal
D)inferotemporal

Question 22

Single-cell studies with monkeys show that neurons within MT (V5) are sensitive to ______.

A)wavelength but not motion
B)both wavelength and object perspective
C)the direction and speed of motion
D)faces of monkeys, but not other animals

Question 23

One of the least well understood aspects of visual neuroscience is ______.

A)the organization of neuronal space within area V1
B)how the dorsal pathway travels from the occipital cortex and the parietal cortex
C)where the different visual pathways converge to form a single phenomenological experience
D)why blindsight does not occur in people with macular degeneration

Question 24

Monkeys who received lesions in the parietal lobe showed deficits in ______.

A)all aspects of visual processing
B)a color detection task, but not a spatial location task
C)a spatial location task, but not an object recognition task
D)both color detection tasks and object recognition, but not a spatial location task

Question 25

Held and Hein raised kittens in complete darkness for a few weeks.After the initial period of darkness, the kittens were divided into two groups (passive or active).Both groups were still kept in darkness most of the day, but now spent an hour a day on a "kitten carousel." They found that ______.

A)active kittens could not move along the carousel based on visual input
B)each kitten was able to learn the visual task
C)active kittens were more likely to avoid a "visual cliff" than were passive kittens
D)passive kittens developed the inability to recognize motion

Question 26

This pathway starts with midget and bistratified retinal ganglion cells and continues through the visual cortex into the inferotemporal cortex in the temporal lobe; often called the "what" pathway.What is it?

A)the dorsal pathway
B)the occipital pathway
C)the ventral pathway
D)the object pathway

Question 27

Smooth pursuit eye movements allow the eyes to ______.

A)detect hidden objects in camouflage
B)accommodate on nearby objects
C)adjust to varying light levels
D)track moving objects

Question 28

Neuropsychological studies with brain-damaged patients show that patients with damage to the fusiform face area FFA have deficits in ______.

A)identifying familiar faces
B)tracking the movement of familiar objects
C)locating where faces are in visual space
D)orienting themselves to face others

Question 29

Patient T.N.had successive strokes that lesioned his V1 region in both hemispheres.What was the result?

A)T.N.developed object agnosia, but otherwise he could see.
B)T.N.could not see, but he still could make some visual responses.
C)T.N.showed partial vision that was consistent with macular degeneration.
D)T.N.saw the world as if it was a series of still photographs.

Question 30

Wiesel and Hubel (1963) deprived kittens of visual experience in one eye (monocular deprivation).The other eye allowed the kittens to interact normally with their environment.Later, Wiesel and Hubel looked at the receptive fields of neurons in the kittens' V1s.What did they find?

A)Genetic factors were the largest predictor of vision in cats.
B)Monocular deprivation resulted in a reduction in the number of cells that responded to the deprived eye and fewer cells that responded to both eyes.
C)Only when both eyes were deprived of visual input was there any change in function.
D)Monocular deprivation appeared to change the cats' visual behavior without altering receptive fields in the cats' visual cortexes.

Question 31

The presence of visual abilities in the absence of the visual cortex is known as ______.

A)retinitis pigmentosa
B)psychiatric blindness
C)blindsight
D)global agnosia

Question 32

Which of these visual areas is not in the occipital lobe?

A)inferotemporal cortex
B)V1
C)extrastriate cortex
D)V4

Question 33

Area MT (V5) is associated with the ______ pathway.

A)ventral
B)dorsal
C)koniocellular
D)intersensory

Question 34

A patient has suffered significant damage to V5.Which of the following is the most likely result?

A)object agnosia
B)inability to recognize faces
C)lack of color vision
D)inability to describe motion

Question 35

Which of the following is a common result of scotoma?

A)glaucoma
B)a blind spot
C)blindsight
D)object agnosia

Question 36

The binocular depth cue that arises from the fact that the images of most objects that are in the visual scene do not fall on the same location of the retinae of the two eyes is known as ______.

A)binocular rivalry
B)binocular instability
C)binocular transitivity
D)binocular disparity

Question 37

The dorsal pathway is associated with which features?

A)color and object recognition
B)emotion and intersensory integration
C)location and movement of objects
D)binocular rivalry and illusory perceptions

Question 38

Blobs and interblobs are found in which area of the visual system?

A)superior colliculus
B)lateral geniculate nucleus
C)V1
D)posterior parietal cortex

Question 39

Held and Hein raised kittens in complete darkness for a few weeks.What did they learn?

A)Early visual-motor experience can later influence perceptual abilities.
B)Visual development is primarily genetic in nature.
C)Passive kittens unexpectedly outperformed the active ones.
D)Rearing conditions did not affect the kittens' performance.

Question 40

Mishkin et al.(1983) trained rhesus monkeys to do two different tasks.One task was called a landmark task, which required the monkeys to remember the location of an event, and the other task was called an object task, which required the monkeys to learn a particular object.What did they discover?

A)Rhesus monkeys were excellent at the landmark task, but poor at the object task.
B)Lesioning of the inferotemporal cortex resulted in impaired performance on the landmark task.
C)Lesioning of the frontal eye fields resulted in a decline in all performance.
D)Lesioning of the inferotemporal cortex resulted in impaired performance on the object task.

Question 41

One explanation of blindsight is that it arises from spared function in the superior colliculus.

Question 42

The superior colliculus is a structure located at the top of the brainstem, just beneath the thalamus, whose main function in mammals (including humans) is the control of rapid eye movements.

Question 43

The optic chiasm is the location in the optic tract where the optic nerve from each eye splits in half, with nasal retinae crossing over and temporal retinae staying on the same side of the optic tract.

Question 44

Describe the location and anatomy of the optic chiasm.

Question 45

The bilateral structure in the brainstem that is made mostly of axons is known as the ______.

A)internuclear ophthalmoplegia
B)medial longitudinal fasciculus
C)scotoma
D)optic chiasm

Question 46

What causes conjugate gaze palsies?

A)a misshapen lens
B)object agnosia
C)damage to the brainstem
D)lesions in the temporal lobe

Question 47

D.B.was a 34-year-old British computer programmer.Neurologists discovered a large tumor located in the primary visual cortex of his right hemisphere.What did researchers discover after the tumor was removed?

A)D.B.was left with a blind spot and blindsight in the affected field.
B)D.B.had been having visual illusions caused by the tumor.
C)D.B.had no scotomas, but showed impaired color vision throughout his visual field.
D)D.B.could describe familiar objects, but he could not name them.

Question 48

No one treatment for gaze palsies works every time.

Question 49

The dorsal pathway is known as the "what" pathway, whereas the ventral pathway is known as the "where" pathway.

Question 50

An ocular dominance column is a column within V1 that is made up of neurons with similar responses to the orientation of a shape presented to those neurons.

Question 51

How would our visual experiences change if the superior colliculi did not receive input from the auditory and somatosensory systems?

Question 52

Conjugate gaze palsies can be complications of which condition?

A)a compromised pineal gland
B)facial muscle degeneration
C)cataracts
D)allergies

Question 53

It is likely that human visual development depends on innate patterns that are elaborated on through experience.

Question 54

The lateral geniculate nucleus has both magnocellular and parvocellular layers.

Question 55

Explain object agnosia in terms of dorsal and ventral system function.

Question 56

Spared visual function in blindsight is likely associated with ______.

A)touch and audition
B)the 10% of optic nerve fibers that travel to the superior colliculus
C)spared visual function from cells within V4 and V5
D)memory and prediction

Question 57

Explain why scientists do not believe the term "blindsight" is a paradox.

Question 58

Explain what Hubel and Wiesel's research on simple cells revealed about ocular dominance.

Question 59

Just under 75% of axons from the optic nerve make their way to the LGN of the thalamus.

Question 60

V1 is a precise map of the retina.