Deck 8: Movement and Action

Question 1

A rare condition in which a patient is unable to detect motion despite intact visual perception of stationary stimuli, caused by damage to area MT, is known as ______.

A)motion sickness
B)cerebral motion unawareness
C)motion amnesia
D)akinetopsia

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What are the two thresholds in perceiving motion at any given point along the retina?

A)the thresholds for the magnitude of the motion and the amplitude of the motion
B)the thresholds for the slowest motion detectable and the fastest motion detectable
C)the threshold for motion on land and the threshold for motion on water
D)the threshold for phi motion and the threshold for simulated motion

Answer 2

B

Question 3

As Alberto sat in the speeding train, he looked out the window and saw telephone poles rush past.Alberto is experiencing a type of ______.

A)phi motion
B)beta motion
C)apparent motion
D)induced motion

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When George looks at movie in a theater, he is experiencing a type of ______.

A)ocular motion
B)peripheral motion
C)sequential motion
D)apparent motion

Question 5

Larsen et al.(2006) compared the neural responses to real and apparent motion by recording brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology.The fMRI brain scans ______.

A)found that the areas of the primary visual cortex that were responsive to apparent motion were the same as those responsive to real motion
B)found that different areas of the occipital lobe were responsible for real and apparent motion
C)could distinguish between real and apparent motion, but only when the scans focused on the lateral geniculate nucleus
D)could distinguish between real and apparent motion, but only when the scans focused on the occipital lobe

Question 6

The visual system must be able to correlate an object at one time (T1) in one position (P1) with the same object at another time (T2) in another position (P2).To detect motion, we must have neurons that fire when objects are ______.

A)at P1 at T1 and at P2 at T2 at a range of differences in (T2-T1), that is, different speeds
B)at P1 at T1 and at P2 at T2 at a range differences in (T2-T1), that is, different positions
C)static so that motion can be detected
D)static so that color changes can be detected

Question 7

Weigelt, Singer, and Kohler (2013) looked at the human MT by recording activity with fMRI technology.They found that ______.

A)attention to motion resulted in a bigger response in MT than did attention to location
B)MT responded to motion regardless of whether or not the participant was attending to that motion
C)a larger response from MT occurred when the motion was apparent than when it was real
D)MT acted exactly like motion detectors in V1; small-scale motion was interpreted similarly to large-scale motion

Question 8

One of the implications of corollary discharge theory is that ______.

A)all motion perception is apparent, not real
B)Reichardt detectors make theoretical sense but are not employed in real neurons
C)we use the fact that we are moving our eyes and heads as a means to detect motion in the world
D)when we detect motion in afterimages, we tend to also see fluctuating colors

Question 9

We have lower motion thresholds in the ______ than in the ______.

A)periphery; fovea
B)macula; fundus
C)iris; lateral geniculate nucleus
D)visual cortex; occipital lobe

Question 10

Newsome and his team trained rhesus monkeys to respond to particular forms of motion with specific behaviors.They found that ______.

A)once their superior colliculus was lesioned, the monkeys were unable to learn the task
B)motion detection is difficult to learn by the monkeys except when M5 is stimulated by transmagnetic cranial stimulation
C)monkeys trained to detect motion showed greater activity in the frontal eye fields than monkeys without the training
D)when MT was lesioned, the monkeys were not impaired at visual tasks that involved stationary objects; only motion tasks were affected

Question 11

Neural circuits that enable the determination of direction and speed of motion by delaying input from one receptive field, to determine speed, to match the input of another receptive field, to determine direction, are known as ______.

A)phi-motion detectors
B)amacrine cells
C)threshold analogs
D)Reichardt detectors

Question 12

You are watching a small plane move across the sky from quite a distance.The eye movements you are making are known as ______.

A)saccades
B)motion saccades
C)smooth pursuit eye movements
D)beta motion movements

Question 13

As Roger watches a tennis match, his eyes track the back-and-forth movement of the ball.After a while, he realizes that he feels the pull of different eye muscles depending on whether he looks to the right or the left and these sensations help his brain to know where the ball is.Roger's experience is an example of ______.

A)Reichardt's theory of motion
B)the Phi model of motion
C)corollary discharge theory
D)the dual perception model of motion

Question 14

In Newsome and Paré's (1988) experiment, 100% condition, all the dots were moving in the same condition.In the 50% condition, half the dots were moving in a consistent direction.In the 20% condition, only one fifth of the dots were moving in a consistent direction.They found that ______.

A)MT neurons could detect motion only in the 100% condition
B)MT neurons integrate across any number of local detectors to infer the general pattern of motion in the display
C)MT neurons actually responded more strongly to the 20% condition than they did to the 100% condition
D)because the MT neurons had already been lesioned, Newsome and Paré could not make a conclusion about MT function

Question 15

In akinetopsia, ______.

A)patients' perception resembles a series of still photographs moving one to the next
B)patients cannot act on motion perception because movements blur together
C)motion perception is preserved, but thresholds are greatly increased for speeding objects detected by the foveae
D)patients are subjectively blind but respond by moving their hands when objects are thrown at them

Question 16

In a study by Becker and Zeki (1995), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied to the MT of healthy volunteers.What happened?

A)The perception of moving objects appeared to speed up for the participants.
B)Objects that were not moving appeared to be moving as long as the TMS was turned on.
C)Participants experienced a temporary inability to perceive motion.
D)The TMS caused participants to see moving objects as blurred images.

Question 17

The way the visual system knows if an object seen at time 1 is the same object at time 2 is known as the ______.

A)correspondence problem
B)corollary discharge theory paradox
C)motion-sensitive illusion
D)motion-depth tradeoff

Question 18

MT, also known as V5, is an area in the ______.

A)temporal lobe responsible for comparing motion across divergent planes
B)parietal lobe responsible for detecting changes in the speed of a moving object
C)occipital lobe in the dorsal pathway, specific to motion detection and perception
D)frontal lobe, responsible for eye movements

Question 19

When an object is perceived as moving on the basis of what is actually a series of stationary images being presented sequentially, such as in the movies, we have ______.

A)threshold-induced motion
B)beta motion
C)real motion
D)phi motion

Question 20

Sudden eye movements used to look from one object to another are known as ______.

A)smooth pursuit eye movements
B)saccades
C)akinetopsia
D)reverse Reichardt detectors

Question 21

Warren, Kay, Zosh, Duchon, and Sahuc (2001) controlled the optic flow pattern that participants were viewing while walking in a specially designed room.Participants were asked to walk toward a goal: a red line visible in the virtual reality setup.They found that ______.

A)when the researchers slowed or sped up the optic flow pattern, participants adjusted their walking to be consistent with their goal of making it to the red line
B)when the researchers introduced interference into flow patterns, participants' motion became unsteady
C)optic flow was a direct result of the pattern of eye movements
D)optic flow was a direct result of an object moving back as a person approaches it

Question 22

Monica looks up at a bowl on a shelf and reaches her hand toward it.By doing this, which of the following is Monica using?

A)LIP and MIP
B)MIP and AIP
C)MT and LIP
D)MT and AIP

Question 23

Yosef is an experienced driver.As Yosef drives his car down the highway, he approaches a bend in the road.According to a study by Kandil, Rotter, and Lappe, Yosef is most likely to ______.

A)take his eyes off the focus of expansion and instead direct his eyes to the upcoming straight road segment
B)pay attention to optic flow patterns and thus miss certain affordances in the driving environment
C)take his eyes off the upcoming straight road segment and instead direct his eyes to the curve
D)pay less attention to optic flow patterns and more attention to flow gradients

Question 24

The point-light walker display could be used in a way that disrupts the identification of motion by having the person being videotaped wearing ______ on their wrists, elbows, shoulders, ankles, knees, and hips.

A)non-blinking lights
B)sporadically blinking lights
C)various colored lights
D)red lights

Question 25

Why is perceived motion in the rotating snakes illusion considered an illusion?

A)because the motion is beta motion, not phi motion
B)because the image is actually static; there is no motion
C)because the motion is a function of lateral inhibition, not beta motion
D)because the apparent motion in the illusion occurs only in dim light

Question 26

Otero-Millan, Macknik, and Martinez-Conde (2012) showed the rotating snake illusion to participants and asked them to indicate when the perceived motion was at a maximum and to indicate when the figure appeared to be not rotating.They found that the perception of motion was ______.

A)highly correlated with the micro-saccades, which they measured via eye tracking
B)associated with smooth pursuit eye movements
C)associated with beta motion induced by the figure
D)highly correlated with activity in the anterior intraparietal region

Question 27

In which of the following scenarios could a person identify a dog using the point-light walker display?

A)after watching a video of a dog trotting in normal motion
B)after watching an upside-down video of a dog trotting
C)after viewing still black-and-white images of the dog trotting
D)after viewing still color images of the dog trotting

Question 28

Information in the visual world that specifies how that information can be used is known as a(n) ______.

A)action potential
B)motion aftereffect
C)affordance
D)Reichardt detector

Question 29

Colby, Duhamel, and Goldberg (1996) performed some interesting experiments on the role of the lateral intraparietal (LIP) area using single-cell recording with rhesus monkeys.They found that ______.

A)monkeys with lesioned LIP areas did not perceive biological motion
B)the LIP area of the parietal lobe is involved with both the anticipation of the eye movement and the eye movement itself
C)the LIP area registers optic flow, but does not control movements in the direction of that flow
D)the LIP area responded most strongly when monkeys viewed complex motion moving either directly toward or directly away from them

Question 30

The destination point in an optic flow display, from which point perceived motion derives, is known as ______.

A)the focus of expansion
B)the optic flow point
C)the gradient point
D)the focus of affordance

Question 31

Louise saw a video of biological motion through point-light displays of people walking.Then she saw the video again, but this time it was inverted.Which of the following statement accurately reflects what she could identify?

A)Louise could identify motion from the first video but not the second one.
B)Louise could identify motion from the second video but not the first one.
C)Louise could identify motion from both videos.
D)Louise could not identify motion from either video.

Question 32

The anterior intraparietal region is associated with what function?

A)planning and control of foot movements
B)controlling eye movements
C)grasping actions of the hands
D)turning the head side to side

Question 33

The lateral intraparietal area is associated with ______.

A)perceiving movement in optic flow patterns
B)detecting biological motion
C)the control of eye movements
D)differentiating between real and apparent motion

Question 34

An experiment in which small lights are attached to the body of a person or an animal, which is then filmed moving in an otherwise completely dark environment, is known as the ______.

A)camouflage detection system
B)Corollary Discharge experiment
C)point-light walker display
D)light threshold detection system

Question 35

In the furrow illusion, when the image is set in motion, the yellow circles move from left to right or right to left across the large gray and white circle.But when a person focuses on the top yellow circle ______.

A)the gray and white circle appears to expand in size
B)the gray and white circle appears to shrink in size
C)the top yellow circle appears to spiral as it makes its way across the screen
D)the lower yellow circle appears to zigzag back and forth as it heads across the screen

Question 36

A motion-based visual illusion in which a stationary object is seen as moving in the opposite direction of real or apparent motion just observed is known as ______.

A)phi-square illusion
B)beta-motion illusion
C)motion aftereffects
D)agnosic illusion

Question 37

Rafael sees a motorcycle speed past him about 10 feet away.Then he sees another motorcycle moving at the same speed a quarter mile away, but it seems to be moving more slowly than the previous motorcycle.Rafael is experiencing ______.

A)speed-accuracy tradeoff
B)optic flow pattern
C)flow threshold
D)gradient of flow

Question 38

After you have watched the falling of the water in a waterfall for about a minute, if you look at a blank surface, such as a white wall, you will get a sense of ______.

A)motion going upward, in the opposite direction of the falling water
B)motion going downward, in the same direction as the falling water
C)akinetopsia, seeing movement upward as separate images
D)akinetopsia, seeing movement downward as blurred images

Question 39

An area of the posterior parietal lobe involved in the planning and control of reaching movements of the arms is known as the ______.

A)MT
B)vast parietal belt
C)medial intraparietal area
D)lateral intraparietal area

Question 40

Thato is in the process of landing his plane on an airstrip in a flat desert.Considering this, Thato would most likely judge the ground as moving ______.

A)slower than in a level savanna area
B)faster than in a level savanna area
C)slower than in a foothills area
D)faster than in a foothills area

Question 41

Explain the two types of apparent motion.Give an example for each type.

Question 42

While flying a plane, a pilot sees what he thinks is a large plane moving very fast in the distance.However, when he realizes that the plane is really quite small, he also realizes that it is ______ than previously thought.

A)higher
B)lower
C)closer
D)further

Question 43

Why should a pilot be careful when he or she sees what seems to be a large plane traveling fast in the distance?

Question 44

How do people infer form from the point-light walker display?

Question 45

The medial intraparietal area is an area of the posterior parietal lobe involved in the planning and control of reaching movements of the arms.

Question 46

One form of apparent motion is the appearance of real motion from a sequence of still images.

Question 47

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.Which of these areas of the brain send(s) information to V5?
a.V1
b.V2
c.the lateral intraparietal
d.the superior colliculus

Question 48

Reichardt detectors are cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus that compute motion by comparing relative position from the left and right eye.

Question 49

Corollary discharge theory is the theory that the motion perception occurs before eye movements, but that apparent motion is discounted when considering spontaneous decisions to make eye movements.

Question 50

We see movement in the rotating snakes illusion because depth cues in the image are triggered, but because we know the image is two-dimensional, we misinterpret the signal as motion.

Question 51

Some motion is so slow that we cannot perceive it, and other motion is so fast that we cannot perceive it.

Question 52

What is an affordance? Give three examples.

Question 53

Warren, Kay, Zosh, Duchon, and Sahuc (2001) controlled the optic flow pattern that participants were viewing while walking in a specially designed room.They found that participants ignored optic flow information when they had a specific goal in mind.

Question 54

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.Which of the following are examples of affordances?
a.Seeing a ripe avocado affords making guacamole.
b.Seeing a chair affords standing.
c.Seeing a cat affords petting.
d.Seeing a stove affords keeping food cold.

Question 55

MT or V5 is an area of the occipital lobe in the dorsal pathway, specific to motion detection and perception.

Question 56

The spoked-wheel illusion happens when a person perceives the clockwise motion of a bicycle's spokes as ______.

A)having a red color
B)being counterclockwise
C)having a stroboscopic effect
D)being static

Question 57

Describe how motion-sensitive neurons account for speed and direction.

Question 58

Research on point-light walker displays shows that in order to perceive biological motion, an observer must see the entire person or animal.

Question 59

If a pilot is flying a plane on a dark, gusty night, and his instruments malfunction, he will most likely have trouble judging the ______ of the plane.

A)roll
B)height
C)speed
D)direction

Question 60

Akinetopsia is a rare condition in which a patient is unable to detect motion despite intact visual perception of stationary stimuli, caused by damage to Area MT.