Deck 7: Animal Adaptations to the Environment

Question 1

Animals that feed exclusively on plant tissue as food are called ________.

Answer 1

herbivores

Question 2

The relationship between surface area and ________ imposes a critical constraint on animal form.

Answer 2

volume

Question 3

Amphibians and reptiles can quickly raise their body temperature by ________ in the sun.

Answer 3

basking

Question 4

________ is often the least available nutrient in terrestrial environments.

Question 5

The ________ zone is a range of environmental temperatures within which homeothermic metabolic rates are minimal.

Question 6

Environmental sources of heat control the rates of metabolism and activity among most ________.

Question 7

Large reptiles (e.g., alligators)are all restricted to ________ environments.

Question 8

Animals that maintain a fairly constant internal temperature independent of external temperatures are called ________.

Question 9

Oxygen is required in ________, a cellular process that releases energy through the breakdown of organic compounds.

Question 10

________ amino acids are those that animals are unable to synthesize for themselves and thus, must be supplied by the diet.

Question 11

Herbivores are unable to digest ________ and thus rely on the help of specialized bacteria and protozoa living in their digestive tracts.

Question 12

________ is the maintenance by an animal of a relatively constant internal environment in a varying external environment.

Question 13

An organism that obtains its energy and most nutrients from consuming plants or animals is called a(n)________.

Question 14

________ is the ability to transmit heat.

Question 15

The predictable change in morphological and physiological features as a function of body size is referred to as ________.

Question 16

What are the risks associated with basking? How can they be mitigated?

Question 17

Herbivores with compartmentalized digestive systems that house microbes that facilitate the breakdown of cellulose are known as ________.

Question 18

In what environment would you expect an organism with evaginated organs to live? Why?

Question 19

The smaller a homeotherm, the ________ the loss of heat to the surrounding environment.

Question 20

The highest-quality plant food for herbivores is high in ________.

Question 21

Aquatic organisms that have a lower salt concentration in their bodies than the surrounding water are considered ________.

Question 22

Which of the following is a feature that allows for long-distance transport of oxygen to animal cells?

A)brain
B)heart
C)stomach
D)mouth

Question 23

________ are less dense than seawater and are present in fish that lack swim bladders.

Question 24

________ of body fluids takes place when the body temperature falls below the freezing point without actually freezing.

Question 25

That organisms rely on multiple environmental cues to determine circadian rhythms is known as ________.

Question 26

Detritivores

A)feed exclusively on live plant material.
B)eat other live animals.
C)drink only water.
D)feed on dead plant and animal material.

Question 27

The isometric scaling exponent (0.67)represents the interaction of

A)body weight and length.
B)body length and volume.
C)body surface area and weight.
D)body volume and surface area.

Question 28

Birds and reptiles reabsorb water from the ________ back into the body.

Question 29

An organism that derives energy and most nutrients through the consumption of plants and animals is a(n)

A)autotroph.
B)heterotroph.
C)organotroph.
D)detritivore.

Question 30

A process of temporarily dropping body temperature to the temperature of the environment for part of the day is called ________.

Question 31

If the value of Hcₒndᵤctᵢₒn of the body core is positive, then the direction of heat flow is ________.

Question 32

The circadian rhythm of many intertidal species is determined by ________.

Question 33

Living tissue is ________ dense than water.

Question 34

Which of the following is incorrect?

A)A grazer has a high cellulose diet.
B)By itself, a browser is unable to extract all the nutrients from woody material.
C)An herbivore may also be a frugivore.
D)A granivore feeds on fruits.

Question 35

The circadian rhythm of an animal is controlled by ________.

Question 36

Many insects undergo ________, a stage of arrested development in their lifecycle from which they emerge when conditions improve.

Question 37

The reproductive, or seasonal, activity is unaffected by day length in ________ organisms.

Question 38

In animals, a cycle of physiological activity that occurs within a 24-hour period is called a ________.

Question 39

What factor is known to constrain animal body shape and size?

A)access to water
B)atmospheric pressure
C)oxygen diffusion rate
D)nitrogen availability

Question 40

________ is a long, seasonal torpor characterized by a cessation of activity.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT expected in response to an increase in human body temperature?

A)sweating
B)cooling due to evaporation of water from skin
C)shivering
D)increased blood flow to the skin

Question 42

Colder climates tend to have larger-sized homeotherms. This trend is stated as

A)the rule of diminishing returns.
B)temperature/size trade-off.
C)Bergmann's rule.
D)Hardy-Weinberg principle.

Question 43

Sharks and tuna are able to maintain a higher internal body temperature than the surrounding water because they possess

A)lungs.
B)a rete.
C)smaller fins.
D)a swim bladder.

Question 44

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in a varying external environment is called

A)thermoregulation.
B)diapause.
C)acclimatization.
D)homeostasis.

Question 45

For every ________ rise in temperature, the poikilothermic metabolic rate approximately doubles.

A)1°C
B)2°C
C)5°C
D)10°C

Question 46

Invagination of structures is characteristic of adaptations to a(n)________ environment.

A)terrestrial
B)aquatic
C)hostile
D)unpredictable

Question 47

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Carnivores usually have longer intestines and more complex stomachs than herbivores.
B)Some fish access nutrients in algal cells by having a low stomach pH.
C)Seed-eating birds rely on chewing alone to mechanically process seeds.
D)Fatty acids produced in the rumen are later absorbed in the omasum.

Question 48

The homeothermic respiration rate is proportional to

A)surface area to volume ratio (SA/V).
B)nitrogen availability.
C)body mass.
D)air temperature.

Question 49

Which of the following factors does NOT influence animal heat exchange?

A)oxygen diffusion rate
B)conductivity of fat
C)movement of blood to the body's surface
D)fat thickness

Question 50

The regulation of body temperature in an animal by internal metabolism is called

A)endothermy.
B)ectothermy.
C)poikilothermy.
D)homeostasis.

Question 51

Which of the following is an incorrect match of animal nutrient and nutrient role?

A)fluorine: a basic constituent of proteins
B)phosphorus: important for bone and tooth formation
C)calcium: gives rigidity to the skeletons of vertebrates
D)cobalt: required by ruminants for the synthesis of vitamin B₁₂

Question 52

Water flows over gills in the opposite direction as blood flow in a process known as

A)inhalation.
B)respiration.
C)diffusion.
D)countercurrent exchange.

Question 53

Which of the following animals does NOT use lungs to acquire oxygen?

A)whale
B)frog
C)bird
D)butterfly

Question 54

The dropping of body temperature to approximately ambient temperature for part of a day is called

A)diapause.
B)hibernation.
C)behavioural thermoregulation.
D)torpor.

Question 55

The regulation of body temperature in an animal by the external environment is called

A)heterothermy.
B)ectothermy.
C)endothermy.
D)homeostasis.

Question 56

The basal metabolic rate per unit of body mass is highest in a

A)large endotherm.
B)small endotherm.
C)large ectotherm.
D)small ectotherm.

Question 57

All the following minerals are provided to animals at a mineral-lick, EXCEPT

A)sulfur.
B)sodium.
C)magnesium.
D)calcium.

Question 58

Which of the following is an advantage of homeothermy?

A)high caloric intake
B)maximum allocation of energy to growth
C)activity regardless of external temperature
D)wide fluctuations in body temperature

Question 59

Which of the following is unique to some small mammals in order to increase heat production?

A)fur
B)brown fat
C)shivering
D)evaporative cooling

Question 60

________ is concentrated in the growing tips, new leaves, and buds of plants.

A)Carbon
B)Hydrogen
C)Nitrogen
D)Oxygen

Question 61

A freshwater fish is ________ and ________ water to/from the environment.

A)hyperosmotic; gains
B)hyperosmotic; loses
C)hypoosmotic; gains
D)hypoosmotic; loses

Question 62

All of the following characterize a hibernating homeotherm, EXCEPT

A)low blood pH.
B)high CO₂ level in blood.
C)increased heart rate.
D)decrease in body temperature.

Question 63

Coprophagy is common among detritus-feeding animals.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by some animals to stay afloat?

A)swim bladder
B)rete
C)lungs
D)lipid deposits

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT a known countercurrent heat exchange mechanism?

A)porpoise fluke
B)beaver tail
C)African desert antelope sinus
D)primate hands

Question 66

________ can cool nasal membranes enough to cause condensation from inhaled air.

A)Spadefoot toads
B)African ungulates
C)Small desert rodents
D)Kangaroos

Question 67

Parietal eyes are found in all the following animals, EXCEPT

A)frogs.
B)lizards.
C)tuna.
D)birds.

Question 68

Ruminants regurgitate food to further break food down into smaller pieces.

Question 69

The seasonal cessation of activities accompanied by a reduction in metabolism in response to cold temperatures during winter is called

A)hibernation.
B)torpor.
C)heterothermy.
D)diapause.

Question 70

As the surface area of a body increases, the surface-area to volume ratio (SA/V)also increases.

Question 71

In seasonal breeders (e.g., sheep)an increase in melatonin

A)occurs in the summer.
B)causes the anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone.
C)increases the sensitivity of the pituitary gland to negative feedback.
D)corresponds with a reduction in fertility.

Question 72

Secretion of ________ from the pineal gland peaks at night and declines during the day.

A)melatonin
B)melanin
C)carbon dioxide
D)glucose

Question 73

The primary problem for carnivores is to digest enough cellulose.

Question 74

Which solute is known to provide protection against freezing damage in some animals?

A)glucose
B)glycerol
C)salt
D)sucrose

Question 75

The transfer of heat energy between a solid and a moving fluid (air or water)is known as

A)conduction.
B)evaporation.
C)convection.
D)radiation.

Question 76

An organism's response to seasonal change in spring and fall is determined by both critical day length and

A)direction of light.
B)temperature.
C)rainfall.
D)food availability.

Question 77

An omnivore feeds primarily on dead plant or animal matter.

Question 78

Immediately prior to flight in cool temperatures, some insects

A)must consume hundreds of calories.
B)increase heat production by shivering flight muscles of the thorax.
C)seek shade.
D)increase anaerobic respiration.

Question 79

Which of the following is a major problem for animals that live in hyperosmotic environments?

A)preventing heat loss
B)access to mineral nutrients
C)preventing water loss
D)obtaining enough oxygen

Question 80

Which of the following will always decrease an organism's thermal conductivity (k)?

A)fur
B)density
C)fat
D)feathers