Deck 14: Predation

Question 1

________ colouration allows prey to blend into the background and avoid predation.

Answer 1

Cryptic

Question 2

The relationship between the per capita rate of consumption and the number of prey is known as the predator's ________.

Answer 2

functional response

Question 3

The cycle of change in the size of predator and prey populations in response to the other is known as ________.

Answer 3

oscillations

Question 4

A predator's ________ is the increase in predator reproduction in response to an increase in the consumption of prey.

Question 5

The per capita rate at which predators consume prey is assumed to increase ________ with the number of prey.

Question 6

A predator that consumes animal tissue is called a ________.

Question 7

A type ________ functional response occurs when the number of prey taken per predator increases quickly at first with prey density and then increases at a much slower rate as prey density continues to increase.

Question 8

________ is the consumption of one living organism by another.

Question 9

A type ________ functional response describes the per capita rate of predation, which increases linearly with prey density.

Question 10

________ involves the development of novel adaptations in predator and prey populations in response to advances that make each more successful, either at obtaining prey or evading a predator.

Question 11

A numerical response of predators through movement of predators into areas of high prey density is referred to as a(n)________ response.

Question 12

A(n)________ is an organism that lives on or within another without killing the host.

Question 13

What is the significance of the marginal value theorem?

Question 14

Costs can be measured in terms of the ________ and energy expended in the act of foraging, and benefits should be measured in terms of ________.

Question 15

How can predator-prey interaction result in niche compression?

Question 16

The functional response is the relationship between the per capita rate of predation and ________.

Question 17

The trade-off between conflicting demands faced by a predator is described by the ________ theory.

Question 18

The form of predation in which an animal predator consumes all or part of a plant is called ________.

Question 19

The recognition of a particular species by a predator is called the ________ image.

Question 20

________ mimicry involves a non-toxic species that resembles a toxic species while ________ mimicry is the shared colour pattern of unpalatable or toxic species.

Question 21

A ________ wholly consumes animal tissue.

A)carnivore
B)parasite
C)herbivore
D)decomposer

Question 22

Which of the following is considered a predator?

A)autotroph
B)scavenger
C)omnivore
D)decomposer

Question 23

Typically, ________ do not kill the individuals they feed on.

Question 24

________, or the amount of biomass eaten, is not necessarily the best measure of the importance of herbivory within a community.

Question 25

________ defences are not permanently present but, rather, are brought about by the presence or action of predators.

Question 26

Predators have three general methods of hunting: ambush, ________, and ________.

Question 27

Decomposers and scavengers are known as

A)herbivores.
B)biophages.
C)saprophages.
D)parasitoids.

Question 28

As lynx populations increase, snowshoe hare populations ________ and browse vegetation populations ________.

Question 29

A parasitoid

A)is a true predator.
B)actively pursues its prey.
C)attacks the host indirectly by laying its eggs in or on the prey's body.
D)only preys on animals.

Question 30

Which of the following is a positive numerical response made by a predator in response to an increase in prey density?

A)decrease in predator mortality rate
B)increase in predator survival rate
C)immigration of predators to an area of high prey density
D)decrease in predator reproduction rate

Question 31

Which of the following is functionally a true predator?

A)parasite
B)planktivore
C)grazer
D)parasitoid

Question 32

The change in prey consumed per predator as prey numbers increase is called the predator's

A)numerical response.
B)functional response.
C)foraging optimum.
D)oscillation.

Question 33

The ________ functional response depicts a sigmoidal rate of predation.

A)type I
B)type II
C)type III
D)type IV

Question 34

Plants contain a wide variety of chemicals, called ________, that are not involved in the basic metabolism of their cells but may be used to prevent or deter herbivory.

Question 35

The concept of ________ energy is the basis for models of optimal foraging.

Question 36

The net outcome of predator-prey interactions in the basic Lotka-Volterra models is that

A)the predator drives its prey to extinction and then goes extinct itself.
B)the prey population declines and this causes the predator population to also decline.
C)predator and prey populations eventually converge on equilibrium population sizes that are maintained into infinity.
D)predator and prey populations oscillate, with each predictably increasing and decreasing in response to the other.

Question 37

________ defences are fixed features of an organism.

Question 38

Many plants use ________ defences, such as hairy leaves, thorns, or spines to deter herbivory.

Question 39

The sigmoidal relationship between prey density and per capita predation rate in a type III functional response can be explained by all of the following factors, EXCEPT

A)prey access to refuge.
B)predator preference.
C)recognition of prey by predator.
D)predator density.

Question 40

According to the optimal foraging theory, a predator will select prey 1 (P₁)over prey 2 (P₂)when

A)E₁ < E₂.
B)Th₁ < Th₂.
C)E₁/Th₁ < E₂/Th₂.
D)Npᵣₑᵧ₁ > Npᵣₑᵧ₂.

Question 41

The Red Queen hypothesis refers to

A)Hardy-Weinberg evolution.
B)coevolution.
C)directional selection.
D)predator-prey oscillation.

Question 42

________ occurs when prey produce so many offspring in a short period of time that predators can only attack a fraction of them.

A)Numerical response
B)Functional defence
C)Predator satiation
D)Cryptic reproduction

Question 43

What does the slope represent in a graph that plots prey population (Npᵣₑᵧ)against the per capita consumption rate of predation?

A)efficiency of predation (c)
B)efficiency with which food is converted into predator reproduction (b)
C)predator population growth rate (r)
D)the rate of increase in prey availability

Question 44

Which of these are stimulated by the presence of predators?

A)constitutive defences
B)induced defences
C)Batesian mimicries
D)aposematic responses

Question 45

Which animal does NOT employ protective armor for predator defence?

A)armadillo
B)beetle
C)scorpion
D)porcupine

Question 46

Which of the following is an example of Mullerian mimicry?

A)predators who resemble their prey.
B)an insect that resembles its habitat.
C)an edible species that mimics a toxic species.
D)several toxic species that resemble each other.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT considered an evolved defence of prey against predators?

A)cryptic colouration
B)Batesian mimicry
C)flashing colouration
D)character displacement

Question 48

In Richardson's ground squirrels, the sound used to warn kin directly, is the ________ sound.

A)chuck
B)chirp
C)whistle
D)ultrasonic

Question 49

Under the marginal value theorem, when patch quality is equal, what other factor is expected to influence the time a predator spends foraging in a patch?

A)handling time of prey
B)time spent traveling to the patch
C)patch size
D)prey density

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a hunting method used by predators?

A)satiation
B)ambush
C)stalking
D)pursuit

Question 51

The profitability of a prey item

A)increases as its handling time (Th)increases.
B)decreases as its search time (Ts)decreases.
C)increases as its energy content (E)decreases.
D)increases as its E/Th increases.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a class of plant secondary compounds?

A)terpenoids
B)phenolics
C)nitrogen-based compounds
D)alkanes

Question 53

Unlike a scavenger, a predator is a heterotroph.

Question 54

Qualitative inhibitors

A)are produced in large quantities by a plant.
B)are toxic to herbivores.
C)reduce digestibility of plant material.
D)include resins and tannins.

Question 55

In the Lotka-Volterra models of predator-prey interactions, prey density does not influence predator mortality.

Question 56

________ growth is the increased production of biomass as a response to grazing.

A)Aggressive
B)Compensatory
C)Decreased
D)Woody

Question 57

A parasitoid usually kills its host.

Question 58

In the basic Lotka-Volterra equations that describe predator-prey interactions, the growth rate of the prey population (dNpᵣₑᵧ/dt)is zero when the density of predators (Npᵣₑᵧ)is equal to

A)r/N.
B)N/r.
C)r/c.
D)c/r.

Question 59

In response to the nonlethal presence of predatory damsel bugs (Nabis), pea aphids (Acyrrhosiphon)did all of the following, EXCEPT

A)increase reproductive rates.
B)stop feeding.
C)walk away from the predator.
D)drop off the plant.

Question 60

According to the optimal foraging theory, a predator should abandon a patch

A)when the rate of energy gain is at a maximum.
B)at low values of G.
C)when the preferred prey species is unavailable.
D)any time a higher-quality patch is available.

Question 61

The Red Queen Hypothesis describes the response that predators make to increasing prey density.

Question 62

Some plants may be able to compensate for the loss of leaves to herbivores by increasing the rate of photosynthesis in remaining leaves.

Question 63

One explanation for the shape of the type III functional response is that predators develop a search image for prey after they have encountered them.

Question 64

In Mullerian mimicry, one poisonous prey species has evolved the same warning colouration as another poisonous prey species.

Question 65

A type I functional response leads to regulation of the prey population by the predator.

Question 66

The central importance of predator-prey interactions to the population regulation of each is widely accepted by ecologists.

Question 67

If a predator encounters a different prey species than it was searching for, the predator will usually switch and pursue the new prey species.

Question 68

According to the marginal value theorem, the amount of time a predator spends foraging in a patch will vary with resource quality and the time required to extract the resource.

Question 69

Object resemblance is an effective but very uncommon predator avoidance strategy among insects.

Question 70

The basic Lotka-Volterra equations that describe predator-prey interactions assume both a functional response and a numerical response of the predators to the prey.

Question 71

Defoliation kills deciduous plant species.

Question 72

Cryptic colouration is a strategy employed by both predators and prey.

Question 73

In the Lotka-Volterra equations that represent predator-prey interactions, predators are a source of density-independent mortality for prey.

Question 74

Pursuit hunting is typical of reptile and amphibian species.

Question 75

Most grasses tolerate grazing and actually benefit from it.

Question 76

The risk of predation can sometimes have a significant impact on the foraging choices made by animals.

Question 77

A type II functional response is the most commonly reported for predators.

Question 78

The response of a predator's consumption rate to prey density is a key factor as to whether a predator can regulate a prey population.

Question 79

Optimal foraging theory suggests that foraging for food should be much more important to an animal than other time constraints such as defence, avoiding predators, searching for mates, or caring for young.

Question 80

The type of functional response has a strong influence on the ability of a predator to regulate a prey population, while the degree of numerical response has little effect.