Deck 22: An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871

Question 1

Charles Darwin was influenced by Thomas Malthus's theory of population that claimed that more individuals are born than can possibly survive and that thus there must be a struggle for existence.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In seeking unification, many Italian nationalists in the 1850s looked for leadership from

A)the Pope.
B)the kingdom of Piedmont.
C)the house of Habsburg.
D)the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
E)Young Italy.

Answer 2

the kingdom of Piedmont.

Question 3

Among Napoleon III's great domestic projects was

A)the building of the Eiffel Tower.
B)the rededication of the Cathedral of Notre Dame.
C)a reconstruction of Paris with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities.
D)the damming of the Seine River below Paris for flood control.
E)the construction of the Maginot Line against German militarism.

Answer 3

a reconstruction of Paris with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities.

Question 4

England and France entered the Crimean War in 1854 because they feared growing influence in the Mediterranean by

A)Russia.
B)the Ottoman Empire.
C)Prussia.
D)Austria.
E)the United States.

Question 5

Charles Dickens, whose novels focused upon the English lower and middle classes, was the greatest of the Victorian novelists in realistically portraying urban industrial society.

Question 6

The prime minister of Piedmont who organized the Italian unification movement was

A)Giuseppe Mazzini.
B)Giuseppe Garibaldi.
C)Camillo di Cavour.
D)Victor Emmanuel.
E)the Duke of Alba.

Question 7

The Ausgleich of 1867 failed to grant minorities in Austria and Hungary equal rights and status.

Question 8

In 1852 the Second Empire in France was created

A)through the assassination of Louis Napoleon.
B)when the army overthrew the Republic in a coup.
C)when the National Assembly voluntarily disbanded.
D)through a bloody revolution in Paris.
E)when French voters overwhelmingly voted for the restoration of the empire.

Question 9

Although his domestic accomplishments were significant, Napoleon III's foreign policy was much less successful, as exemplified in his failed attempt to install Archduke Maximilian of Austria as emperor of Mexico.

Question 10

The Eastern Question refers to the disintegration of

A)Qing China.
B)Meiji Japan.
C)the Russian Empire.
D)the Ottoman Empire.
E)the Austrian Empire.

Question 11

Napoleon III's most disastrous foreign policy adventure occurred in

A)the Crimea.
B)Italy.
C)Palestine.
D)Schleswig-Holstein.
E)Mexico.

Question 12

In 1861 the new kingdom of Italy was subordinated to the control of Piedmont and Victor Emmanuel II.

Question 13

The beginnings of Marxism can be traced to the publication of Karl Marx's Das Kapital.

Question 14

An overall result of the Crimean War was

A)the reinforcement of the Concert of Europe until World War I.
B)continued Russian expansionism in Europe for the next two decades.
C)increased involvement for Great Britain in continental affairs.
D)the destruction of the Concert of Europe and the creation of opportunities for Italian and German national unification.
E)to lead to the breakup of the Holy Alliance.

Question 15

When Tsar Alexander II emancipated Russia's serfs, he also forced landowners to pay them reparations for generations of exploited labor.

Question 16

The dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification was

A)France.
B)Spain.
C)Papal States.
D)Savoy.
E)Austria.

Question 17

The nation state of Germany was founded at the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871.

Question 18

Of the following, under the Second Empire, Napoleon III was most interested in

A)the industrial development of France.
B)avoiding wars and foreign adventures.
C)enhancing civil liberties like free speech.
D)encouraging people to get involved in politics.
E)enhancing the position of the Catholic Church in French culture.

Question 19

Unike most of the other nations of Europe, Britain did not experience a violent revolution in 1848.

Question 20

The Crimean War was caused primarily by the Ottoman Empire's attempt to destroy the Christian holy places in Jerusalem and Palestine.

Question 21

The Russian zemstvos were

A)radical, populist societies that supported all revolutionary causes.
B)local assemblies with limited self-governing powers.
C)agreements between peasants and landlords concerning work rules.
D)the emancipation proclamations that set groups of serfs free.
E)Russia's two national parliaments, one in Moscow and the other in St.Petersburg.

Question 22

The reforms of Tsar Alexander II centered around

A)government sponsorship of popular societies like the Bolsheviks.
B)improvements in the military.
C)the abolition of serfdom.
D)the formation of local, self-governing assemblies called dumas.
E)nationalizing all the lands of Russia, putting them under state control.

Question 23

The Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867

A)created a loose federation of ethnic states within the Austrian Empire.
B)freed the serfs and eliminated compulsory labor services with the Austrian Empire.
C)made Austria part of the North German Confederation.
D)granted the Czechs and Slovenes home-rule.
E)created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT true of the Dual Monarchy?

A)Austria and Hungary had a single monarch.
B)Ethnic minorities in both Austria and Hungary experienced reduced repression at the hands of dominant ethnic groups.
C)Austria and Hungary each had a constitution and a capital.
D)Austria and Hungary had independent bicameral legislatures.
E)Austria and Hungary were bound together through a common army and foreign policy.

Question 25

Otto von Bismarck belonged to which class?

A)the working class
B)the industrial middle class
C)the Junker class
D)the gentry
E)the lower middle class

Question 26

As chancellor of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck

A)instituted vital liberal land reforms.
B)largely bypassed parliament in pursuing his political goals of military modernization.
C)was totally dependent on the Prussian military.
D)was extremely unpopular among ordinary Germans.
E)opposed any wars, always relying upon diplomacy as alternatives.

Question 27

During the Franco-Prussian War

A)Napoleon III successfully defended the French homeland.
B)the French were decisively defeated at the Battle of Sedan.
C)Bismarck allowed the Prussian army to fall into a subordinate position.
D)a military standoff resulted between the two great armies.
E)a truce was finally agreed to, giving Germany the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, while France gained Schleswig and Holstein.

Question 28

As a consequence of its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, France had to

A)pay an indemnity to Prussia of five billion francs.
B)abandon Nice and Marseilles.
C)agree to allow Prussia to control Luxembourg.
D)try Napoleon III for war crimes before a Prussian tribunal.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 29

Vera Zasulich's successful use of violence against the tsarist regime in Russia led

A)Karl Marx to write positively about the role of women in revolution.
B)to her public denunciation by the reform group Land and Freedom.
C)to her execution as a traitor.
D)to the assassination of Tsar Alexander II by radicals known as the People's Will.
E)to her exile to Great Britain.

Question 30

Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian-born leader of German unification,

A)instituted the Zollverein, the German customs union that drove industrial development.
B)followed a rigid plan for national unification at all costs.
C)was a liberal from lower class origins who used politics to achieve his reform goals.
D)practiced Realpolitik in conducting domestic and foreign policy.
E)relied upon the diplomatic and military support of the Habsburgs in the Austro-Prussian War.

Question 31

The Red Shirts fought for

A)Bismarck.
B)Cavour.
C)Garibaldi.
D)Mazzini.
E)Marx.

Question 32

Among the policies of Camillo di Cavour was all of the following EXCEPT

A)encouraging the development of roads, canals, and railroads in Piedmont.
B)fostering business enterprise by expanding credit.
C)stimulating investment in new industries.
D)securing an alliance with Napoleon III.
E)dramatically reducing government expenditures on the military.

Question 33

The dispute that sparked the Franco-Prussian War concerned

A)the candidacy of a member of the Hohenzollern dynasty to the Spanish throne.
B)Bismarck's decision to invade Luxembourg.
C)the French invasion of Alsace and Lorraine.
D)Napoleon III's annexation of Schleswig and Holstein.
E)the French seizure of Alsace and Lorraine.

Question 34

The Zollverein describes

A)the German states' customs union dominated by Prussia.
B)a conservative German nationalist group bent on unification of the country.
C)the lower house of the Prussian parliament.
D)Bismarck's liberal reform program.
E)Prussian Black Shirts, who led the German unification movement.

Question 35

Prussian leadership of German unification meant

A)a new era of peaceful European interstate relations had begun.
B)the triumph of authoritarian and militaristic values over liberal and constitutional values in the new German state.
C)Austrian bureaucrats would have new opportunities to shape the political culture of the new German Empire.
D)true parliamentary democracy would triumph in the new German state.
E)a new era of peace had arrived in Europe.

Question 36

The Romantic nationalist who challenged Cavour for control of southern Italy was

A)Matteotti.
B)Mazzini.
C)Garibaldi.
D)Sforza.
E)Magenta

Question 37

In 1871, William I was proclaimed kaiser, or emperor, of the Second Reich in

A)Berlin.
B)Frankfort.
C)Paris.
D)Versailles.
E)Rome.

Question 38

As a statesman, Bismarck can best be appreciated as

A)a determined nationalist who planned every move toward German unification.
B)a conservative but a traitor to his aristocratic class.
C)a consummate politician and opportunist capitalizing on unexpected events and manipulating affairs to his favor.
D)a narrow-minded tyrant incapable of mastering the art of negotiation vital to modern European diplomacy.
E)an enlightened despot.

Question 39

The final act of Italian unification occurred in 1870 when

A)Garibaldi's Red Shirts defeated the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
B)Savoy was defeated with the aid of Prussian troops.
C)Rome became the capital city following the withdrawal of French troops.
D)Piedmont took control of Lombardy as a result of French abandonment of Venice.
E)the pope renounced any territorial claims in all of Italy.

Question 40

Bismarck goaded the Austrians into war in 1866 with the occupation of

A)Lorraine.
B)Bavaria.
C)Saxony.
D)Schleswig-Holstein.
E)Hesse-Darmstadt.

Question 41

In addition to examining everyday life, the literary Realists of the mid-nineteenth century were also interested in

A)completely avoiding romantic imagery, as shown in the works of Charles Dickens.
B)employing emotional and poetic language to cause social reform.
C)avoiding sentimental language by using careful observation and description.
D)showing the positive values of middle-class life.
E)using "stream of consciousness" techniques.

Question 42

The First International

A)failed due to Marx's preoccupation with Das Kapital.
B)became the largest working-class trade union in Europe in the nineteenth century.
C)was rejected by Marx as a "bourgeois-dominated institution."
D)served as a type of umbrella organization for all European labor interests.
E)led the various revolutionary movements in the uprisings of 1848.

Question 43

Auguste Comte was responsible for

A)posing an evolutionary theory akin to Darwin's.
B)founding the discipline of sociology.
C)helping to remove theology as a subject from university curricula.
D)integrating science with religion.
E)establishing a utopian community just outside Paris.

Question 44

The American Civil War (1861-1865)

A)was ended by the Missouri Compromise.
B)was highly destructive due to the equal balance of forces between North and South.
C)was a clear precursor of "total war" in the twentieth century.
D)did not completely eradicate slavery in all of the states due to local referendums on the question.
E)led to the adoption of the Bill of Rights.

Question 45

According to Karl Marx, the final result of the struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat would be

A)equal amounts of property for everyone.
B)the dictatorship of the proletariat.
C)all political power transferred to the proletariat.
D)a utopian society.
E)a classless society.

Question 46

Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in

A)1850.
B)1853.
C)1861.
D)1863.
E)1865.

Question 47

The Realist novelist whose Madame Bovary indicated his contempt for middle-class hypocrisy and smugness was

A)Rudyard Kipling.
B)Gustave Flaubert.
C)William Thackeray.
D)Gustave Courbet.
E)Anthony Powell.

Question 48

The belief that everything mental, spiritual, or ideas was simply a result of physical forces is known as

A)Realism.
B)nominalism.
C)materialism.
D)consumerism.
E)thermodynamics.

Question 49

Among the key political consequences of Disraeli's Reform Act of 1867 was

A)the outbreak of mass strikes by industrial workers in Britain.
B)a large increase in the number of voters and tighter organization of Liberal and Conservative political parties.
C)the emergence of female suffrage movements in other European countries inspired by extension of the vote to British women.
D)the freeing of the last British serfs on northern landed estates.
E)the incorporation of India into the British Empire.

Question 50

Women were given the right to take qualifying exams for medical school in Britain in 1876 by

A)a resolution of Royal College of Physicians in London.
B)a proclamation of Queen Victoria.
C)the deans of Oxford.
D)an act of Parliament.
E)the faculty of Cambridge University.

Question 51

The dominant literary and artistic movement in the 1850s and 1860s was

A)Romanticism.
B)Realism.
C)Positivism.
D)Impressionism.
E)Modernism.

Question 52

Real wages for British laborers between 1850 and 1870 increased by

A)more than 25 percent.
B)approximately 50 percent.
C)nearly 100 percent.
D)200 percent.
E)None of these are correct.

Question 53

The scientist who provided the systematic foundation for the period law by classifying material elements by their atomic weights was

A)Charles Darwin.
B)Joseph Lister.
C)Louis Pasteur.
D)Dmitri Mendeleyev.
E)Michael Faraday.

Question 54

Karl Marx embraced the German philosopher Hegel's idea of the dialectic, meaning

A)all change in history is the result of clashes between directly antagonistic elements.
B)no real changes in society can occur before industrialization.
C)dictatorship is the central political force in all history.
D)political diatribes are the highest form of intellectual thought.
E)there is a world soul, which alternates between democracy and dictatorship.

Question 55

The nineteenth century composer associated with the concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk ("total art work") was

A)Brahms.
B)Beethoven.
C)Liszt.
D)Mozart.
E)Wagner.

Question 56

Which of the following statements best applies to Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory?

A)His ideas were readily accepted by religious fundamentalists and cultural conservatives.
B)His works were truly revolutionary in that they were the first to propose a theory of evolution.
C)His theory emphasized the idea of the "survival of the fit" in which advantageous natural variants and environmental adaptations in organisms determine their survival.
D)His On the Origin of Species described man's evolution from animal origins through natural selection.
E)He envisioned utopian evolution, unlike Marx who predicted materialistic revolution.

Question 57

The Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels

A)was a guidebook for the European workers in their revolutions of 1848.
B)viewed the bourgeoisie as leading the proletariat in the destruction of the aristocracy.
C)saw the successful realization of its ideas in the First International.
D)based all historical development on class struggle.
E)predicted peaceful compromise between the social classes.

Question 58

By 1870, by far the largest producer of pig iron was

A)the United Sates.
B)Great Britain.
C)Imperial Germany.
D)France.
E)Russia.

Question 59

Charles Darwin's The Descent of Man

A)is filled with expressions of doubt and hesitancy over the new evolutionary theories.
B)proposed the first theory of genetic mutations.
C)argued for the animal origins of human beings, who had evolved by adapting to their environment over time.
D)placed humans in the center of a rational universe.
E)predicted the extinction of man and the rise of a new creation that would dominate nature.

Question 60

Canada largely gained its independence in

A)1802 in the Provinces of Canada Act.
B)1812 as a result of the War of 1812.
C)1860 as a consequence of the American invasion of Ontario and Quebec.
D)1867 with the Dominion of Canada Act.
E)1848 with the publication of the Communist Manifesto.

Question 61

What were the aims and accomplishments of Bismarck and Cavour? Which statesman faced the greatest challenges, and who was most successful in overcoming challenges? Be specific.

Question 62

Compare and contrast the roles of Cavour, Mazzini, and Garibaldi in the unification of Italy.Whose role was most important and why?

Question 63

Compare and contrast slavery in the United States with the serfdom in Imperial Russia.How and why was the abolition of both accomplished, and what consequences followed for former slaves and former serfs?

Question 64

What were the major ideas of Karl Marx? How were those ideas shaped by his understanding of both history and his own times?

Question 65

In your opinion, what force or forces played the most important role in reviving the progress of European social and political reform in the later nineteenth century?

Question 66

How did the expansion of scientific knowledge affect the Western worldview and the everyday lives of Europeans during the mid-nineteenth century? How does this expansion of scientific knowledge differ from that in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Question 67

Compare and contrast the practice of Realpolitik in the leadership of Napoleon III of France and Otto von Bismark of Prussia.What were their strengths and weaknesses as leaders, and what were their achievements?

Question 68

What domestic reforms did leaders in the Austrian Empire, Russia, and Great Britain put into place between 1850 and 1870? Which was most successful at resolving its midcentury problems?

Question 69

How did Realism differ from Romanticism? How did Realism reflect the economic and social realities of Europe during the middle decades of the nineteenth century?

Question 70

What reasons does the author give to convince the reader that Continental industrialization came of age between 1850 and 1871? How did Continental industrialization differ from that of Britain?